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Support from viewers like youmakes this program possible.
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Please giveto your PBS station.
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[Michael] I'm a writer.
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I don't havea scientific background.
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And I thought, "Am I qualifiedto take people on this journey
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and offer any kind of advice?"
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But as I delved into it,
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I began to realizeit was actually a strength.
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I brought a very open mind,
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and I thinkI could see it freshly.
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I had spent a lot of timewriting articles and books
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tracing the food chain
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and showing peoplewhere their food came from,
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how it was produced...
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following mealsall the way back to the farm.
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But I found that whatI kept hearingfrom readers was,
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"Yeah, yeah, yeah,
you've told me
where the food comes from
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and how the animals live
and everything."
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But what I really want to know
is what should I eat?
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And it's no wonderpeople are confused.
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Every day,there's a new headline...
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eat more fiber,
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drink less milk,
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eggs are bad,
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eggs are good.
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As eaters we feel whipsawedby the changes
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in the nutritional advicewe're getting.
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And I became absorbedin this question,
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"Yeah, what do we know?"
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What do we know about the linksbetween diet and health?
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That was something I hadn'treally focused on very much.
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So, I decided to seeif I could come up with
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some guidance for myself,
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for my readers,for my family...
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on how to eat if you'reconcerned about your health.
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I really thought
the answer to this question
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would be so much more complex
than it has turned out to be.
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[applause]
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Thank you.
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[Michael] I'm Michael Pollan.
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Join me as I make the case"in defense of food."
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[indistinct chatter]
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[slow instrumental
music playing]
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[Michael] Food...
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Why does it need defending?
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It's everywhere around us.
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And who doesn't love it?
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[woman]
Oh my goodness, I love pizza.
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[kid] My favorite dinneris chicken pot pie.
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[man 1] A nice pieceof char-grilled steak.
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[man 2] I love arugula...can't get enough of it.
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[old man] And, of course,I like ice cream, too. [laughs]
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[woman] I think food is one oflife's greatest pleasures.
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I don't have one favorite food.I just like food.
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[Michael] But the foodwe're eating today
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is very differentfrom what it used to be.
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And that change has been takinga heavy toll on our health.
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[amusing instrumental
music playing]
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[cow mooing]
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The Scavotto familylives outside Boston.
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-Would you call this
shredded carrots?
-Yes.
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[Michael] Anthony is 11.
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Yes, I would.
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[Anthony] Last year,when I went to the doctor's,
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he said that I gained30 pounds in a year.
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I didn't like that at all.
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See if that says
"whole wheat" on it.
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[Anthony] Most of my friends,they can run
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and they can not get tired.
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They can, like, be athleticand I can't do that.
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I couldn't do that.
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[Anthony's mother]
When I found outhe gained 30 pounds
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under my watch,
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that's crazy to me.
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I definitely felt I failedin the food department.
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[Anthony]
My mother and my father
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were buying foodsthat said they were healthy,
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but they weren't.
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[Nancy]
You know, granola bars...
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they're not so healthyif you look at the sugar.
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Yogurt...
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We were doing all that.
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All right,
then it's not healthy.
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[Anthony] I was mad at myself.
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I was trying to eat healthy,
but apparently it didn't work.
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I didn't like it.
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I wanted to change my body.
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[indistinct chatter]
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[Michael] Anthony's doctorreferred him to a program
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for overweight kidsat Boston Children's Hospital.
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It's a busy place.
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[woman] Anthony.
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[Michael]
Over the last 30 years,
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the rate of childhood obesityin America
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has more than doubled.
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More and more young peopleare now getting a disease
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that used to be very rarein children--
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type-2 diabetes.
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[Doctor] Okay.
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[Michael] Being overweightincreases your chances ofgetting the disease.
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Hold your hand out like that.
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[Michael]
So Anthony may be at risk.
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[Doctor] Obesity can affect
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virtually every organ system
of a child's body.
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And in some cases, uh,
resulting in type-2 diabetes...
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the ultimate metabolic meltdown.
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Swallow.
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It's one thingfor an overweight adult
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to develop type-2 diabetesat age 50
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and then have a heart attackat age 60.
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Take a deep breath.
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It's a very different thing
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if the clock starts tickingat age ten.
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[breathing deeply]
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[Michael] Since 1975,the percentage of Americans
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who have type-2 diabeteshas more than tripled
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and is expectedto keep on growing.
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Four of the top ten thingsthat will kill you
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are chronic diseaseslinked to diet.
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So something's wrong.
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The diet most of us eatthese days
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has become knownas the Western diet.
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It includes lots of meat,
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white flour,
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vegetable oils and sugar,
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and very little fruit,vegetables, and whole grains.
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It's cheap.
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It's convenient.
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[sizzling]
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And most of it has beenprocessed to taste really good.
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[man]
The food industry has gottenincredibly good at manipulating
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the properties of food
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so it has
just the right texture,
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just the right color,
just the right smell
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to make you consumeas much of it as possible,
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miss it when you don't have it,
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crave it to the point where
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you want to keepcoming back for more.
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[Michael] And the keyto getting us hooked
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is our inborn craving for salt,
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sugar,
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and fat.
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[Kelly]
We're biologically designed
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to like foods that arevery high in calories,
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very high insugar, fat, and salt
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because that was adaptive during
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almost all of human history
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when food was scarce and
there were things like famines.
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But now food is abundantand our biology is mismatched
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with what's occurringout there in the environment.
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[man] Take Buffalo wings.
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What are they?
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You start off withthe fatty partof the chicken.
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Usually fried inthe manufacturingplant first.
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That pushes a lot of fat
into that chicken wing.
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Fried usually againin the restaurant.
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That pushes more fatinto that wing.
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That red sauce, what is it?Sugar and salt.
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That white creamy sauceon the side?
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Fat, sugar, and salt.
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What are we eating?
We're eating fat on fat,
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on fat on sugar,
on fat, sugar, and salt.
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[Michael] From fast food meals
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to all the packaged productsin the supermarket,
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we're eatingmore processed foodsthan ever before.
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They now make upsome 60 percent of our diet.
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[man] The food industrymakes its greatest profits
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through the mostextensively processed foods.
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[Michael] The key ingredientsfor those foods...
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corn, soybeans,wheat, and rice...
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don't costthe food companies much
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because government subsidieskeep supplies highand prices low.
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The food companiesturn those crops
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into thingslike hydrolyzed soy protein,
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mono and diglycerides,
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and high fructose corn syrup,
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ingredients that end upin so many processed foods.
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[man] The American farm system
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has turned intoa calorie conveyor belt
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that produces massive
amounts of commodities
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to make sugary beverages,
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fast food, junk food...
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very, very cheap.
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[Michael] You've addedall this packaging,
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and this marketing,and these characters,
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you know, that appeal to kids,and you're selling it
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for an order of
magnitude more money.
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[Kelly] And, of course,this is a good business modelfor the companies
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'cause they wantto maximize their sales.
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But it's not very good
for human health.
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[Michael] People who eata lot of processed foods
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struggle morewith health problems.
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And so we've been really curious
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to understand
what happened to the food.
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So we look at what's presentand absent from processed foods
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to understandwhere they went wrong,
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why they make people sick.
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Take bread,one of my own favorite foods.
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It's made froma few basic ingredients...
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flour, water, yeast and salt,
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which you mix together,let rise,
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and then eventually bake.
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We've been eating itfor thousands of years.
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But the bread our ancestors atewas very different
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from what you findin most supermarkets today.
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Flour used to be madeby grinding grains like wheat
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between two big stones.
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This kind of flourcalled whole wheat,
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contains all of the wheat seedincluding the branand the germ.
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But whole wheat bread wasusually dense and hard to chew.
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Removing the bran and germ
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made the flour whiteand the bread softer.
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But white flour was a luxuryfew people could afford
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until the late 19th century,
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when a new technologycame along.
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[man] Roller millingwas this great idea.
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You could shake the branand the germ of that grain off.
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And it would fall down
into the bottom
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underneath the roller.
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You could feed that stuff
to the cattle.
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Whoops, it turns out that
that stuff is the good stuff.
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[Michael] The branand the germ are richin many nutrients,
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including vitamins.
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The part that's leftis mostly carbohydrates,
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which break downwhen we eat them
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into the sugar molecule,glucose...
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one of the body'smain sources of energy.
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And we love that.
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We love that sensation
of sugar coming into our body.
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Our brains crave sugar.
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They live on glucose.
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That's the brain's
high-octane fuel.
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And white flour is very stable.
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It will last on the shelfindefinitely.
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Unlike whole wheat flour,it doesn't turn rancid
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because the germ, which caneasily spoil, has been removed.
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And when you movedto white flour,
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it was a great boonfor the food industry
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because, you know,one giant mill could feedmillions of people
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and send out flourthat would last forever.
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The one little problem is,as you made the flour last,
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you basically ruined it
as a food source
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because you were taking out
all the nutrients,
or most of them.
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You still had some starch
and you still had some protein,
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but you lost the vitamins.
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The shift to white flour,and to processed corn and rice,
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took a toll on people's health.
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They were getting diseases,like Beriberi and Pellagra,
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which are often fatal.
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But the link betweenthose diseasesand people's diets
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remained unclearuntil the 20th century,
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when we discoveredthey were causedby a lack of vitamins.
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[woman] You hadthese deficiency diseases.
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Nobody knewwhere they came from.
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And then you fed these people
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a food that hadthe right vitamin in it,
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and they'd become healthy.
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This was a true miracle.
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Scientists,nutritionists, chemists
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00:13:26,533 --> 00:13:30,800
were delving intothe miracle of vitamins.
261
00:13:30,834 --> 00:13:35,967
And this information wasdelivered to an excited public,
262
00:13:36,066 --> 00:13:39,834
through newspapers,through magazines.
263
00:13:39,867 --> 00:13:43,967
[Michael] Before long,everyone wastalking about vitamins.
264
00:13:44,066 --> 00:13:47,800
And food companiesjumped on the opportunity.
265
00:13:47,834 --> 00:13:49,700
[woman] For food marketers,it was kind of like
266
00:13:49,734 --> 00:13:52,333
being given thisbeautiful gift of this word
267
00:13:52,367 --> 00:13:53,967
that the public's obsessed with
268
00:13:54,066 --> 00:13:55,467
that no one really understood,
269
00:13:55,500 --> 00:13:57,266
you know,
the chemical details of.
270
00:13:58,266 --> 00:13:59,500
My favorite example was
271
00:13:59,533 --> 00:14:02,900
Schlitz beer came up withSchlitz Vitamin-D beer,
272
00:14:02,934 --> 00:14:04,734
with the tag line that"beer is good for you,
273
00:14:04,767 --> 00:14:07,600
but Schlitz Vitamin-D beeris extra good for you."
274
00:14:09,433 --> 00:14:13,133
[Rima]
Manufacturers were quickto pick up on the fact that
275
00:14:13,166 --> 00:14:16,066
vitamins werea very good selling point
276
00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:19,133
and if they weren'tnaturally in the food,
277
00:14:19,166 --> 00:14:20,900
then why don't you add it?
278
00:14:20,934 --> 00:14:23,266
[over television]
You want to grow biggerand stronger, don't you?
279
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:25,734
-Golly, sure!-Okay!
280
00:14:25,767 --> 00:14:28,867
A sandwich dailyand two slices of Wonder Breadevery meal
281
00:14:28,900 --> 00:14:30,900
give you eight elementsyou need...
282
00:14:30,934 --> 00:14:33,633
as much muscle building proteinas roast beef,
283
00:14:33,667 --> 00:14:36,967
as much calcium for bonesand teeth as cottage cheese,
284
00:14:37,066 --> 00:14:38,800
as much vitamin B1...
285
00:14:38,834 --> 00:14:40,467
[Michael] The story ofWonder Bread, in a way,
286
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:44,133
is the story of the food systemwrit small.
287
00:14:44,166 --> 00:14:48,100
Why do you needto add all thesespecial vitamins to bread?
288
00:14:49,266 --> 00:14:51,100
Well, because you'vetaken them out of flour.
289
00:14:52,934 --> 00:14:54,967
And had we leftgood enough alone,
290
00:14:55,066 --> 00:14:58,467
and we'd continuedto either eat whole grains
291
00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:01,066
or even partially whole grains,
292
00:15:01,066 --> 00:15:03,166
you wouldn't have createdthis problem.
293
00:15:05,633 --> 00:15:08,433
So Wonder Breadwas an amazing technology
294
00:15:08,467 --> 00:15:11,367
solving a problem
that technology created.
295
00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:14,166
I mean,you're essentially selling
296
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:17,834
the problem and the solutionin one neat package.
297
00:15:24,133 --> 00:15:26,066
Some of our dietary problems
298
00:15:26,066 --> 00:15:28,533
began long before the riseof modern technology.
299
00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:32,834
When we invented agriculture,which gave us bread,
300
00:15:32,867 --> 00:15:35,066
we set in motion other changes
301
00:15:35,066 --> 00:15:38,233
that are still affectingour health today.
302
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:42,867
We used to eat a lotof green plants.
303
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:46,367
They're one ofnature's best sourcesof a class of fatty acids
304
00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:49,633
called omega-3sthat are vital to our health.
305
00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:54,200
But once we startedfarming seed crops
306
00:15:54,233 --> 00:15:57,600
like wheat, rice, and corn,
307
00:15:57,633 --> 00:15:59,600
they beganto dominate our diet.
308
00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:06,200
The bulk of whatagriculture does is grow seeds.
309
00:16:07,066 --> 00:16:08,433
Seeds are full of energy.
310
00:16:08,467 --> 00:16:11,066
They have lots of carbohydratein them and protein.
311
00:16:11,066 --> 00:16:12,200
I mean,
they're wonderful things.
312
00:16:12,233 --> 00:16:14,567
They have everything
a new life needs.
313
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:18,600
But green, leafy plantsare usually much betterthan seeds
314
00:16:18,633 --> 00:16:21,066
as sources of omega-3s.
315
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:26,500
Omega-3 fats are essential
for optimal brain growth,
316
00:16:26,533 --> 00:16:30,066
for optimal heart health,
and for optimal
immune function.
317
00:16:31,233 --> 00:16:35,700
And omega-3 fats can't be madeby the human body.
318
00:16:35,734 --> 00:16:37,300
They have to be eaten.
319
00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:40,166
[laughter]
320
00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:44,667
[Michael]
Traditional diets gave usmany ways to get omega-3s.
321
00:16:44,700 --> 00:16:46,967
In addition to Green plants,
322
00:16:47,066 --> 00:16:49,433
omega-3s are alsoplentiful in fish,
323
00:16:49,467 --> 00:16:51,600
which eat lots of plantsin the ocean.
324
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:57,900
Meat used to be a good sourceof omega-3s
325
00:16:57,934 --> 00:17:01,066
because farmers fed livestocktheir natural diet...
326
00:17:01,100 --> 00:17:02,633
green, leafy grass.
327
00:17:04,300 --> 00:17:07,200
But now, most of the animalswe raise for food
328
00:17:07,233 --> 00:17:09,300
are mainly eating corn and soy.
329
00:17:09,967 --> 00:17:12,400
So they get fewer omega-3s
330
00:17:12,433 --> 00:17:15,066
and their meat and milkhave less of them, too.
331
00:17:16,734 --> 00:17:19,066
But many of the foods we eat
332
00:17:19,066 --> 00:17:22,233
are quite rich ina rival group of fatty acids
333
00:17:22,266 --> 00:17:23,567
called omega-6s.
334
00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:27,567
There are lots of themin oils pressed from seeds,
335
00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:29,967
like soy and corn oil.
336
00:17:30,066 --> 00:17:33,133
Omega-6s are the darlings
of the food industry
337
00:17:33,166 --> 00:17:38,300
because they have a much longer
shelf life than omega-3s do.
338
00:17:38,333 --> 00:17:42,867
[Michael]
Though we need both omega-6sand omega-3s to survive,
339
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:45,533
there's evidencethat eating too many sixes
340
00:17:45,567 --> 00:17:47,433
blocks out the threes.
341
00:17:47,467 --> 00:17:50,200
[Susan]
It's like a gameof musical chairs.
342
00:17:50,233 --> 00:17:53,300
There are only so many seats.
343
00:17:53,333 --> 00:17:56,734
And if they're occupiedby the omega-6s
344
00:17:56,767 --> 00:17:59,767
you're gonna havemany fewer omega-3s.
345
00:18:01,066 --> 00:18:02,934
[Michael]
And some scientists believe
346
00:18:02,967 --> 00:18:06,300
the loss of omega-3sis hurting our health.
347
00:18:07,266 --> 00:18:09,467
A deficiency
in omega-3 fatty acids
348
00:18:09,500 --> 00:18:12,400
increases risk
of heart disease death.
349
00:18:13,467 --> 00:18:16,633
It will impair the developmentof kid's brains
350
00:18:16,667 --> 00:18:19,066
so that they don't haveoptimal IQ.
351
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,533
They will have greater riskof major depression.
352
00:18:26,367 --> 00:18:27,967
[Michael]
So we've gone from a diet
353
00:18:28,066 --> 00:18:31,400
that gave usall the omega-3s we needed
354
00:18:31,433 --> 00:18:33,667
to one wherethey're much harder to get.
355
00:18:36,166 --> 00:18:39,934
♪ I'd like to buyThe world a home ♪
356
00:18:39,967 --> 00:18:41,900
♪ And furnish it with love ♪
357
00:18:41,934 --> 00:18:44,500
[Michael]
But perhaps the biggestthreat to our health
358
00:18:44,533 --> 00:18:46,700
comes not fromlosing a nutrient,
359
00:18:46,734 --> 00:18:48,433
but from flooding our bodies
360
00:18:48,467 --> 00:18:50,734
with one we seempowerless to resist.
361
00:18:50,767 --> 00:18:53,900
♪ I'd like to teachThe world to sing ♪
362
00:18:53,934 --> 00:18:56,900
♪ Sing with mePerfect harmony ♪
363
00:18:56,934 --> 00:18:58,934
♪ Perfect harmony ♪
364
00:18:58,967 --> 00:19:01,600
♪ I'd like to buyThe world a Coke ♪
365
00:19:01,633 --> 00:19:04,867
♪ And keep it company ♪
366
00:19:04,900 --> 00:19:09,967
[Micheal] We now consume
about 1,000% more sugar per day
367
00:19:10,667 --> 00:19:14,333
than we did 200 years ago.
368
00:19:14,367 --> 00:19:17,266
[Michael]
Sugar's appearing in foods thatwere never sweetened before.
369
00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:19,266
There's sugars now in bread.
370
00:19:19,300 --> 00:19:21,066
There's sugars in ketchup
371
00:19:21,066 --> 00:19:23,233
and condimentsof all different kinds.
372
00:19:28,734 --> 00:19:30,734
We have figured out a wayin this country
373
00:19:30,767 --> 00:19:34,266
to make sugar, sweeteners
very, very cheap.
374
00:19:35,667 --> 00:19:38,200
When soda costs less than milk,
375
00:19:39,266 --> 00:19:41,600
or even bottled water,
376
00:19:41,633 --> 00:19:44,734
and is marketedas a normal thingto have with a meal
377
00:19:44,767 --> 00:19:47,100
or give to toddlersand young children,
378
00:19:47,133 --> 00:19:49,200
we have a problem.
379
00:19:49,233 --> 00:19:53,500
[man] When we look at factorsthat are relatedto obesity and diabetes,
380
00:19:53,533 --> 00:19:55,934
the single most important factor
we have seen
381
00:19:55,967 --> 00:19:58,467
is sugar-sweetened beverages.
382
00:19:58,500 --> 00:20:00,900
[man] Increasingly,you're seeing sugary drinks
383
00:20:00,934 --> 00:20:03,734
that have labels on them
that'll say that
they have vitamin C
384
00:20:03,767 --> 00:20:05,400
or they're good in antioxidants
385
00:20:05,433 --> 00:20:08,633
or otherwise somehow imply
that they're healthy for you.
386
00:20:08,667 --> 00:20:10,266
They're stillbasically sugary drinks.
387
00:20:15,567 --> 00:20:18,600
There's more sugar ina 20-ounce bottle of lemonade
388
00:20:18,633 --> 00:20:20,066
than there is in a Coca-Cola.
389
00:20:21,767 --> 00:20:23,867
We know that sugar
has a lot of calories.
390
00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,800
But sugar causes other
metabolic changes, as well.
391
00:20:27,834 --> 00:20:31,066
[Michael]
Roughly half of the sugarin sweetened drinks and foods
392
00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:34,367
is a kind of sugarcalled fructose.
393
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,767
[man] Fructose isthe sweet molecule in sugar.
394
00:20:36,800 --> 00:20:37,867
We love it.
395
00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:41,066
It's the reason
we go after sugar.
396
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:43,433
[Michael] But there's evidencethat too much fructose
397
00:20:43,467 --> 00:20:45,433
can damage the liver.
398
00:20:45,467 --> 00:20:47,266
[man]
And when your liver gets sick,
399
00:20:47,300 --> 00:20:49,400
type-2 diabetes, hypertension,
400
00:20:49,433 --> 00:20:53,800
heart disease, liver disease,
all start accumulating.
401
00:20:55,667 --> 00:20:59,800
[Michael] Eating foodslike potatoes, white rice,
402
00:20:59,834 --> 00:21:02,300
or anything madefrom white flour,
403
00:21:02,333 --> 00:21:04,233
also floods our bodieswith sugar.
404
00:21:05,567 --> 00:21:08,500
Because, even thoughthey may not haveadded sugar,
405
00:21:08,533 --> 00:21:10,233
they're made upof carbohydrates
406
00:21:10,266 --> 00:21:12,867
that break down into glucosewhen we digest them.
407
00:21:14,066 --> 00:21:16,100
And flooding our bodieswith glucose
408
00:21:16,133 --> 00:21:18,433
triggers the releaseinto our bloodstream
409
00:21:18,467 --> 00:21:22,066
of a very important hormonecalled insulin.
410
00:21:22,066 --> 00:21:25,166
[man] Insulin isnecessary for life.
411
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:27,600
So what does insulin do?
Well, it lowers blood sugar.
412
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:31,433
Your blood sugar risesbecause you've eaten.
413
00:21:31,467 --> 00:21:33,533
When you're healthy,
414
00:21:33,567 --> 00:21:35,900
your pancreassenses the blood sugar rise.
415
00:21:35,934 --> 00:21:37,600
The insulin goes up,
416
00:21:37,633 --> 00:21:40,800
and the various cellsof the bodywill take up the glucose
417
00:21:40,834 --> 00:21:45,667
so that the glucosewill come back downin the blood to normal.
418
00:21:45,700 --> 00:21:48,934
[Michael]
But there is evidencethat eventually too much sugar
419
00:21:48,967 --> 00:21:51,633
can push insulinto the breaking point
420
00:21:51,667 --> 00:21:55,166
and lead to type-2 diabetes.
421
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:59,300
It's a disease that's hittinglow-income communitiesthe hardest.
422
00:21:59,333 --> 00:22:03,200
[Girl] Yesterday, I decided
to write down some ingredients
in my day-to-day diet.
423
00:22:03,233 --> 00:22:06,500
First, there was
a million things
I could not pronounce
424
00:22:06,533 --> 00:22:09,533
and then there was sugar,
flour, sugar...
425
00:22:09,567 --> 00:22:13,066
[Michael]
This video was madeby the Bigger Picture campaign,
426
00:22:13,066 --> 00:22:14,800
which brings togetheryoung poets
427
00:22:14,834 --> 00:22:17,834
and health care workersin the San Francisco Bay area
428
00:22:17,867 --> 00:22:20,700
to highlight the problemof diabetes.
429
00:22:20,734 --> 00:22:22,567
It's like let me hit
that cookie one time.
430
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:25,700
It's like knowing most
of your family has diabetes
431
00:22:25,734 --> 00:22:28,567
but your still smacking
on your Sour Patches
432
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:31,166
as you're walking your aunt
into her dialysis appointment.
433
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:34,400
It's like aunty Marlo
being blind at 32.
434
00:22:34,433 --> 00:22:38,467
It's like grandma Suzie dying
from a heart attack at 51.
435
00:22:38,500 --> 00:22:40,066
[man] The peoplewho are suffering the most
436
00:22:40,066 --> 00:22:43,633
in the obesity epidemic today
are the poor and the minorities.
437
00:22:43,667 --> 00:22:47,400
Twice the rate of diabetes
in African Americans,
Latinos as whites.
438
00:22:47,433 --> 00:22:49,166
That's not because
of their genes.
439
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,100
That's because of the marketingin thoselow-income neighborhoods
440
00:22:52,133 --> 00:22:54,734
of food that's bad for people.
441
00:22:54,767 --> 00:22:58,700
[man]
We dealing with a crisisthat's at an emergency level.
442
00:22:58,734 --> 00:23:00,266
Their lives are at stake.
443
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:02,734
I think all
of our lives are at stake.
444
00:23:02,767 --> 00:23:05,734
[Erica] It's like damn.
445
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:09,066
It's like suicide.
446
00:23:11,066 --> 00:23:13,066
It's very painful for me
447
00:23:13,100 --> 00:23:15,700
to watch my family
literally pass away.
448
00:23:15,734 --> 00:23:18,900
We will go to funerals that
were caused because of food,
449
00:23:18,934 --> 00:23:22,066
and then turn around
and eat the same food
450
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:24,433
that put the person in the grave
in the first place.
451
00:23:24,467 --> 00:23:26,800
So what if I told you
that a hundred years ago,
452
00:23:26,834 --> 00:23:28,600
one in a hundred people
453
00:23:28,633 --> 00:23:30,967
contracted a disease
called type-2 diabetes.
454
00:23:31,066 --> 00:23:33,166
Only one in a hundred people.
455
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:35,500
What if I told you
that 50 years from now,
456
00:23:35,533 --> 00:23:37,066
one in three people...
457
00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:39,633
one in three people are
gonna have type-2 diabetes.
458
00:23:39,667 --> 00:23:41,066
How would that
make you all feel?
459
00:23:41,066 --> 00:23:46,467
Type-2 diabetes, obesity,
heart disease, heartbreak...
460
00:23:46,500 --> 00:23:50,066
you know, a lot of miseryhas been createdby this modern diet.
461
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:56,433
[amusing instrumental
music playing]
462
00:24:02,934 --> 00:24:05,433
It seemed clearthat the Western diet
463
00:24:05,467 --> 00:24:07,300
is making lots of people sick.
464
00:24:08,834 --> 00:24:10,967
So I started lookingat the kind of diet
465
00:24:11,066 --> 00:24:12,934
that we evolved to eat...
466
00:24:14,066 --> 00:24:16,200
Food that comes notfrom factories,
467
00:24:16,233 --> 00:24:17,667
but from nature.
468
00:24:18,834 --> 00:24:21,967
My search took me backto the beginning of life.
469
00:24:23,333 --> 00:24:27,433
[man]
It turns out that one thingdid literally evolve
470
00:24:27,467 --> 00:24:30,266
to nourish
healthy individuals...
471
00:24:30,834 --> 00:24:32,066
lactation and milk.
472
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:37,533
Everything that the infantrequires has to be in milk.
473
00:24:39,166 --> 00:24:43,266
So milk is literallya comprehensive dietin one product...
474
00:24:43,300 --> 00:24:44,834
All the essential nutrients,
475
00:24:44,867 --> 00:24:47,867
every vitamin, every mineral,
every amino acid,
476
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:51,200
every fatty acid that the infant
needs has to be in milk.
477
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:55,300
[Michael] At the Universityof California at Davis,
478
00:24:55,333 --> 00:24:58,200
Bruce German andhis colleague Daniela Barile
479
00:24:58,233 --> 00:25:02,600
are trying to understandhow mother's milkkeeps babies healthy
480
00:25:02,633 --> 00:25:05,367
and what the rest of uscan learn from that.
481
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:11,467
[Daniela] Milk is reallythe perfect foodbecause it's always changing.
482
00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:15,834
If you have milk from day one
and milk from day ten,
483
00:25:15,867 --> 00:25:19,233
the vitamin content,
the lipid content, the protein,
484
00:25:19,266 --> 00:25:25,066
the carbohydrate is evolving
to match the needs of the baby.
485
00:25:25,066 --> 00:25:27,533
[Michael]
But not all motherscan breastfeed.
486
00:25:27,567 --> 00:25:29,100
[woman] If there'sany kind of challenge
487
00:25:29,133 --> 00:25:30,500
that you'd like
to share with us,
488
00:25:30,533 --> 00:25:33,734
that gives us an opportunity
to discuss it mother to mother.
489
00:25:34,533 --> 00:25:36,166
[woman] I've had struggles
490
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:37,600
with breastfeeding
from the very beginning.
491
00:25:37,633 --> 00:25:39,867
I had low supply,
492
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:42,500
so I've beensupplementing with formula.
493
00:25:42,533 --> 00:25:46,233
[man] Mothers have beenunable to feed their babiesthroughout history.
494
00:25:47,700 --> 00:25:50,066
If you couldn'tbreastfeed a baby,
495
00:25:50,066 --> 00:25:52,200
that babywas really in trouble.
496
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:55,400
[woman]
In the 19th century,
497
00:25:55,433 --> 00:25:59,100
infant mortality rateswere extremely high.
498
00:26:00,767 --> 00:26:03,800
People were very fearful forthe lives of their children,
499
00:26:03,834 --> 00:26:05,233
particularly infants.
500
00:26:06,367 --> 00:26:08,066
[Michael] Then, in the 1860s,
501
00:26:08,100 --> 00:26:11,767
parents were offereda potentiallylife-saving alternative
502
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:14,967
when a German scientistnamed Justus Von Liebig
503
00:26:15,066 --> 00:26:18,667
introduced the firstcommercial baby formula.
504
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:20,800
He believedhis product contained
505
00:26:20,834 --> 00:26:23,400
all the essential nutrientsin breast milk.
506
00:26:24,734 --> 00:26:28,500
Liebig's food opened up
an entire market.
507
00:26:28,533 --> 00:26:31,533
It quickly was followedby many copiers.
508
00:26:33,166 --> 00:26:35,934
[Michael]
But our attempts to makea substitute for breast milk
509
00:26:35,967 --> 00:26:38,133
have taught usjust how hard it is
510
00:26:38,166 --> 00:26:41,367
for science to mimic nature.
511
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:44,834
Those early formulas weremissing valuable nutrients.
512
00:26:44,867 --> 00:26:46,867
Vitamins hadn't beendiscovered yet.
513
00:26:48,367 --> 00:26:50,266
And the importance of omega-3s
514
00:26:50,300 --> 00:26:52,800
wasn't understooduntil the 1970s.
515
00:26:54,133 --> 00:26:57,100
We learned that
as close as we get,
516
00:26:57,133 --> 00:26:59,867
the ultimate goal
is constantly retreating
517
00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:02,900
because mother's milk
is a very complex food.
518
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:07,166
In 2006,Bruce German and his colleagues
519
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:08,633
discovered one of its secrets
520
00:27:08,667 --> 00:27:11,700
when they solveda longstanding mystery.
521
00:27:11,734 --> 00:27:15,900
One of the things
that was absolutely astonishing
522
00:27:15,934 --> 00:27:20,066
is that human milk contains
indigestible material.
523
00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:23,233
The babies
literally can't digest it.
524
00:27:23,266 --> 00:27:24,400
It goes right through them.
525
00:27:28,066 --> 00:27:31,266
[Bruce]
When we lookedat how much there was,
526
00:27:31,300 --> 00:27:33,300
it was staggering.
527
00:27:33,333 --> 00:27:36,333
It was the third-mostabundant component in milk.
528
00:27:37,934 --> 00:27:42,934
[Michael]
It was a kind of complex sugarcalled an oligosaccharide.
529
00:27:42,967 --> 00:27:46,734
Mothers literally are feeding
indigestible matter
to the baby.
530
00:27:47,767 --> 00:27:48,900
Why?
531
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:52,066
[Michael] German had a hunch.
532
00:27:52,066 --> 00:27:55,600
The first thought was,
"Well, babies can't digest them.
533
00:27:55,633 --> 00:27:57,900
Maybe bacteria can."
534
00:27:57,934 --> 00:28:00,266
Because we knowbacteria inhabit
535
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:03,400
the intestine of all of us,including babies.
536
00:28:04,567 --> 00:28:07,400
Bruce came over to my lab
and we tested
537
00:28:07,433 --> 00:28:11,066
to see if the oligosaccharides
that he found in milk
538
00:28:11,066 --> 00:28:13,367
could grow any bacteria
539
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:16,567
that I happened to havein my lab.
540
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:18,533
[Bruce] And he tested themand he came back and he said,
541
00:28:19,133 --> 00:28:22,066
"No, they don't."
542
00:28:22,066 --> 00:28:25,467
And he was looking atbacterium after bacteriumafter bacterium.
543
00:28:26,233 --> 00:28:27,567
Nothing... no growth at all.
544
00:28:28,967 --> 00:28:30,767
But then he found one.
545
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:36,900
And at that point, we began
to realize the genius of milk.
546
00:28:36,934 --> 00:28:40,400
[Michael]
What Mills found wasa little-understood bacterium
547
00:28:40,433 --> 00:28:43,500
calledbifidobacterium infantis.
548
00:28:44,767 --> 00:28:47,867
[Bruce]
And when you lookat breastfed babies,
549
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:53,367
their lower intestine is full
of just that bacterium.
550
00:28:55,467 --> 00:28:59,233
The great question is why wouldthis bacteria be valuable?
551
00:28:59,266 --> 00:29:02,200
What could the bacteria
do for the baby?
552
00:29:02,233 --> 00:29:07,066
It occupies all of the surfacesof the baby's large intestine
553
00:29:07,066 --> 00:29:10,467
and prevents germsthat could cause disease
554
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:11,667
from attacking the baby.
555
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:14,667
So it starts to growand multiply
556
00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:18,500
and grows and multipliesuntil the babyis literally full
557
00:29:18,533 --> 00:29:20,734
of just this one groupof bacteria.
558
00:29:21,567 --> 00:29:24,200
And no other bacteria
can compete.
559
00:29:24,233 --> 00:29:26,066
That's an ingenious process.
560
00:29:27,967 --> 00:29:29,700
[Michael]
The story of mother's milk
561
00:29:29,734 --> 00:29:32,233
shows how wellnature provides for us.
562
00:29:34,667 --> 00:29:38,066
And that's somethingthat remains truethroughout our lives.
563
00:29:39,133 --> 00:29:40,767
No matter where we live,
564
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:44,700
nature offers us an astonishingvariety of healthy foods.
565
00:29:46,433 --> 00:29:48,433
We are omnivores.
566
00:29:48,467 --> 00:29:52,233
We live on six
of the seven continents.
567
00:29:52,266 --> 00:29:56,133
We have managed to constructfrom what nature has to offer
568
00:29:56,166 --> 00:29:57,834
in all thosedifferent places...
569
00:29:59,567 --> 00:30:00,867
deserts...
570
00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:03,100
jungles...
571
00:30:04,100 --> 00:30:05,567
grasslands...
572
00:30:06,667 --> 00:30:09,600
forests... a healthy diet.
573
00:30:09,633 --> 00:30:11,867
[horn tooting]
574
00:30:11,900 --> 00:30:14,500
In the Andes mountains in Peru,
575
00:30:14,533 --> 00:30:18,133
the Quechua people eatmostly potatoes and grains
576
00:30:18,166 --> 00:30:19,867
with a small amount of meat.
577
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:25,166
In East Africa,the Masai thrive on a diet
578
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,266
consisting mostlyof cattle blood,milk, and meat.
579
00:30:30,367 --> 00:30:33,967
In the Arctic,the Inuit people'straditional diet
580
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:36,433
includes tremendousamounts of fat
581
00:30:36,467 --> 00:30:38,400
from whales, seals, and fish.
582
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:43,867
And here in Tanzania,members of the Hadza tribe
583
00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:47,000
eat hundreds of differentwild plants and animals.
584
00:30:49,133 --> 00:30:51,533
Although one in fiveHadza babies
585
00:30:51,567 --> 00:30:54,533
still die beforetheir first birthday,
586
00:30:54,567 --> 00:30:58,667
those who survive childhoodtend to live longand healthy lives.
587
00:31:01,233 --> 00:31:04,667
[woman]
We don't see theseso-called Western diseases
588
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:07,066
among the Hadza.
589
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:10,066
Things like cancer,things like obesity,
590
00:31:10,066 --> 00:31:14,600
type-2 diabetes,
heart disease... very low rates.
591
00:31:14,633 --> 00:31:17,867
For the most part, they area very healthy population.
592
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:23,467
[Michael]
So what can we learnfrom the way they eat?
593
00:31:25,734 --> 00:31:28,433
The Hadza are someof the last people on Earth
594
00:31:28,467 --> 00:31:31,433
who still get their foodthe way our ancestors did...
595
00:31:32,133 --> 00:31:33,533
by hunting and gathering.
596
00:31:35,767 --> 00:31:38,433
[woman]
For the bulk of our history,
597
00:31:38,467 --> 00:31:40,967
we were living like the Hadza.
598
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:42,900
We were foragers.
599
00:31:44,066 --> 00:31:47,867
What we are doing now
in the industrialized West
600
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:50,700
is what's different or odd.
601
00:31:52,500 --> 00:31:56,967
[Michael] They're doingwhat people used to doeverywhere on the planet,
602
00:31:58,233 --> 00:32:02,867
which is figure out a way
to use what nature
has to offer.
603
00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:08,200
[speaking in African language]
604
00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:34,934
[Michael] The women digfor roots called tubers.
605
00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:38,467
They're very hard to chew.
606
00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:42,066
But when other foodsare scarce, they're almostalways available.
607
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:46,333
They also collect a fruit
608
00:32:46,367 --> 00:32:49,066
that falls to the groundfrom tall trees.
609
00:32:49,066 --> 00:32:50,834
It's called Baobab.
610
00:32:52,333 --> 00:32:56,166
The inside is kind ofchalky and dry.
611
00:32:56,200 --> 00:33:00,633
To make it easier to eat,the Hadza pound itinto a powder
612
00:33:00,667 --> 00:33:03,834
and sometimes add waterto make a sort of smoothie.
613
00:33:05,266 --> 00:33:08,567
This is a kind offood processing,but very minimal.
614
00:33:10,834 --> 00:33:15,367
[speaking in African language]
615
00:33:19,066 --> 00:33:21,867
[Michael]
While the women and childrengather plant foods,
616
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:25,533
the men go out hunting for meatand searching for honey.
617
00:33:27,233 --> 00:33:29,900
[woman] Honey isthe number-one rankedHadza food.
618
00:33:31,433 --> 00:33:34,500
Foragers will goto incredible lengths
619
00:33:34,533 --> 00:33:37,300
in order to access honey.
620
00:33:37,333 --> 00:33:39,367
[speaking in African language]
621
00:33:56,667 --> 00:33:59,200
[Michael] Imagineif we had to climb a tree
622
00:33:59,233 --> 00:34:01,433
every time we wanteda sugar fix from a Coke.
623
00:34:02,767 --> 00:34:04,600
We'd probably think twice.
624
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,600
[speaking in African language]
625
00:34:25,767 --> 00:34:28,934
[Michael]
The Hadza get their meatstraight from nature, too.
626
00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,834
[intense instrumental
music playing]
627
00:34:56,467 --> 00:34:58,266
[shouting]
628
00:35:26,300 --> 00:35:28,633
[Michael]
On days when the Hadzakill a big animal,
629
00:35:28,667 --> 00:35:31,367
they eat lots ofprotein and fat.
630
00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:34,433
On other days they might havemostly sugar or starch,
631
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:38,567
it's not what we might think ofas a balanced diet,
632
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:40,433
but it worksvery well for them.
633
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:45,500
The Hadza eatwhat their parents ate
634
00:35:45,533 --> 00:35:47,400
and their grandparents ate
635
00:35:47,433 --> 00:35:50,100
and they don't stress about it.
636
00:35:50,133 --> 00:35:54,066
[singing in African language]
637
00:35:59,233 --> 00:36:03,934
[Michael] Here is a peoplethat don't knowwhat a nutrient is,
638
00:36:03,967 --> 00:36:06,467
and have very gooddietary healthat the same time.
639
00:36:09,100 --> 00:36:11,567
I think that hassomething to teach us.
640
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:20,300
[amusing instrumental
music playing]
641
00:36:26,633 --> 00:36:28,333
What you're gonna do is
you're gonna go down the center.
642
00:36:28,367 --> 00:36:29,767
[Michael]
So, whenever I give a talk,
643
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:31,734
I explain the choicewe're facing.
644
00:36:33,066 --> 00:36:36,333
We are at a fork in the road
when it comes to food.
645
00:36:36,367 --> 00:36:38,066
We have two options:
646
00:36:38,066 --> 00:36:41,233
one, surrender
to the Western diet,
647
00:36:41,266 --> 00:36:44,900
stay on processed food,
and junk food, and fast food,
648
00:36:44,934 --> 00:36:47,834
and wait for evolution
to adapt us to it.
649
00:36:47,867 --> 00:36:49,367
[laughter]
650
00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:51,333
It will happen eventually.
651
00:36:51,367 --> 00:36:52,734
It should happen eventually,
652
00:36:52,767 --> 00:36:55,667
but there will be
so much suffering.
653
00:36:55,700 --> 00:36:59,633
There will be so much expense
before that happens
654
00:36:59,667 --> 00:37:02,467
that I would argue
it's really not sustainable.
655
00:37:02,500 --> 00:37:04,066
Well, there's another option.
656
00:37:04,066 --> 00:37:08,066
We can take the more practical,
the more economical,
657
00:37:08,066 --> 00:37:10,066
and the more beautiful path,
658
00:37:10,100 --> 00:37:13,200
which is simply to change
the way we're eating.
659
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:19,400
And everything I've learnedabout healthy eating
660
00:37:19,433 --> 00:37:22,100
can be summed upin just seven words.
661
00:37:24,633 --> 00:37:28,066
Eat food, not too much,
mostly plants.
662
00:37:29,367 --> 00:37:32,467
And those seven wordstell you all you need to know
663
00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:34,700
about how to eatin a healthy way.
664
00:37:35,834 --> 00:37:37,433
When I say, "eat food,"
665
00:37:37,467 --> 00:37:39,834
I'm basically saying
eat the kinds of things
666
00:37:39,867 --> 00:37:41,767
that people have been eating
for a long time...
667
00:37:42,333 --> 00:37:43,500
meat...
668
00:37:44,133 --> 00:37:45,567
fish...
669
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:46,767
vegetables...
670
00:37:47,433 --> 00:37:48,900
and fruits...
671
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:51,133
Grains.
672
00:37:51,166 --> 00:37:54,533
Eat food, which is to say,
"Eat real food."
673
00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:59,667
And that other stuff,we shouldn't even dignify
674
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:01,967
with that beautiful word,"food."
675
00:38:02,066 --> 00:38:03,900
And so I call itsomething else.
676
00:38:03,934 --> 00:38:07,333
I call it
"edible food-like substances."
677
00:38:07,367 --> 00:38:09,166
And that's allthat processed stuff
678
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:11,567
in the middleof the supermarket.
679
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:14,266
The Western dietis in the center aisles.
680
00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:17,367
Go to the produce section.
681
00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:20,433
The healthiest foodin the storeis in the produce section,
682
00:38:20,467 --> 00:38:22,133
and there are no health claims.
683
00:38:23,266 --> 00:38:24,900
You go to the middleof the store
684
00:38:24,934 --> 00:38:29,734
where the food is justscreaming aboutits whole grain goodness,
685
00:38:29,767 --> 00:38:33,667
and there's cerealsthat are gonna, like,save you from heart attacks.
686
00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:35,967
They don't talk that way over
in the apples and the broccoli.
687
00:38:36,066 --> 00:38:37,066
Why is that?
688
00:38:37,934 --> 00:38:39,834
Well, they don't have packages,
689
00:38:39,867 --> 00:38:41,133
they don't have big budgets.
690
00:38:42,266 --> 00:38:43,934
The quieter the food,
691
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:46,834
likely the healthier the food.
692
00:38:49,066 --> 00:38:52,900
[woman]
You don't have to bea scientist to know how to eat.
693
00:38:52,934 --> 00:38:55,367
To me, that's one
of the interesting things
about nutrition...
694
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:57,533
is everybody
can eat a healthy diet,
695
00:38:57,567 --> 00:38:59,633
and they can put together
their own healthy diet
696
00:38:59,667 --> 00:39:04,066
without knowing thing one
about the biology of nutrients.
697
00:39:05,100 --> 00:39:07,500
Just go around the outsideof the supermarket
698
00:39:07,533 --> 00:39:09,800
and pick up fruits,vegetables, meat,
699
00:39:09,834 --> 00:39:12,200
and stay outof the processed foods
700
00:39:12,233 --> 00:39:15,133
because they're fun to eat
once in a while,
701
00:39:15,166 --> 00:39:16,900
but they shouldn't be
daily fare.
702
00:39:16,934 --> 00:39:19,200
[indistinct chatter]
703
00:39:19,233 --> 00:39:23,367
[Michael] Saying thatwe should eat foodmay sound obvious.
704
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:25,467
But these days,much of the food industry
705
00:39:25,500 --> 00:39:28,066
is built on a different idea...
706
00:39:28,066 --> 00:39:31,433
that what really mattersis eating the right nutrients.
707
00:39:31,467 --> 00:39:33,800
Manufacturers bombard uswith claims
708
00:39:33,834 --> 00:39:37,533
about the good nutrientsthey've put into their products
709
00:39:37,567 --> 00:39:40,200
and the bad onesthey've taken out.
710
00:39:40,233 --> 00:39:45,066
This way of thinkinghas a name... nutritionism.
711
00:39:45,066 --> 00:39:48,500
And the more I learnedabout it, the moreconvinced I became
712
00:39:48,533 --> 00:39:51,900
that it's the reasonsomething as simple as eating
713
00:39:51,934 --> 00:39:54,066
has become so complicated.
714
00:39:54,767 --> 00:39:56,166
Nutrition is one thing.
715
00:39:56,200 --> 00:40:01,333
Nutrition science is a science,but nutritionismis an ideology.
716
00:40:01,367 --> 00:40:04,133
It's the ideology of believing
717
00:40:04,166 --> 00:40:07,300
that the nutrient is the key
to understanding food.
718
00:40:07,333 --> 00:40:09,000
The big premise of nutritionism
719
00:40:09,033 --> 00:40:11,500
is that the most
important thing about any food
720
00:40:11,533 --> 00:40:13,900
are the nutrients
it contains, right?
721
00:40:13,934 --> 00:40:16,300
A food is the sum
of its nutrient parts,
722
00:40:16,333 --> 00:40:18,667
which is basically how
science studies food.
723
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:21,700
So, take an apple,
or take carrots.
724
00:40:21,734 --> 00:40:23,734
And what's important
about carrots
725
00:40:23,767 --> 00:40:25,567
is a certain amount
of beta-Carotene
726
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:27,367
and a certain amount
of vitamins
727
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:29,767
and a certain amount of fiber
and a certain amount of sugar.
728
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:31,400
That's what a carrot is.
729
00:40:31,433 --> 00:40:34,266
So that seems kind of,
"Okay, no big deal.
730
00:40:34,300 --> 00:40:37,767
That's... nutrients are
the basis of food."
731
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:42,233
But if you accept that idea
that the important thing
about a food
732
00:40:42,266 --> 00:40:44,300
are the nutrients it contains,
733
00:40:44,333 --> 00:40:46,734
you suddenly find yourself
dragged along
734
00:40:46,767 --> 00:40:48,800
to tenet number two
of nutritionism.
735
00:40:48,834 --> 00:40:53,600
And that is the idea that since
nutrients are invisible,
736
00:40:53,633 --> 00:40:57,400
then it falls to experts
to tell us how to eat.
737
00:40:57,433 --> 00:41:00,100
It's sort of like a religion,
'cause, now,
738
00:41:00,133 --> 00:41:03,400
if what matters about a food
is something you can't see,
739
00:41:04,667 --> 00:41:06,066
then you need a priesthood
740
00:41:06,066 --> 00:41:10,200
to mediate your relationship
to that mystery.
741
00:41:10,233 --> 00:41:14,367
And so we have a priesthood
that consists of doctors,
742
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:17,300
who we consult about food,
and various experts
743
00:41:17,333 --> 00:41:19,667
and writers of books
on nutrition
744
00:41:19,700 --> 00:41:22,533
and nutrition scientists
of all kinds.
745
00:41:22,567 --> 00:41:24,834
And, and we defer to them.
746
00:41:24,867 --> 00:41:28,834
Like most ideologies,
nutritionism divides the world
747
00:41:28,867 --> 00:41:32,600
into good and evil
so that, in the nutrition area,
748
00:41:32,633 --> 00:41:36,066
there is always a group
of blessed nutrients
749
00:41:37,066 --> 00:41:38,967
and a group of evil nutrients.
750
00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:41,400
So let's get a few examples.
751
00:41:41,433 --> 00:41:43,767
Give me some examples
of a blessed nutrient.
752
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:44,967
[woman] Kale!
753
00:41:45,066 --> 00:41:47,533
Kale is not a nutrient.
It's a food.
754
00:41:47,567 --> 00:41:49,066
But thank you.
755
00:41:49,066 --> 00:41:51,533
-[woman 1] Vitamin C!
-Vitamin C.
756
00:41:51,567 --> 00:41:53,066
-[woman 2] Fiber!
-Fiber.
757
00:41:53,066 --> 00:41:55,333
-[woman 3] Antioxidants!
-Antioxidants.
758
00:41:55,367 --> 00:41:57,400
-[woman 4] Omega-3s!
-Omega-3s, yes.
759
00:41:57,433 --> 00:41:59,066
So those are
the blessed nutrients.
760
00:41:59,066 --> 00:42:00,233
And, on the other side,
761
00:42:00,266 --> 00:42:02,834
there is always
the evil nutrients
762
00:42:02,867 --> 00:42:05,200
we are trying to drive
from the food supply...
763
00:42:05,233 --> 00:42:08,300
Saturated fat,
high-fructose corn syrup,
764
00:42:08,333 --> 00:42:11,200
sugar, in general.
Evil nutrients.
765
00:42:11,233 --> 00:42:13,633
But it's important
to know that the identity
766
00:42:13,667 --> 00:42:17,266
of the good and evil nutrients
is constantly changing.
767
00:42:17,300 --> 00:42:19,800
[amusing instrumental
music playing]
768
00:42:19,834 --> 00:42:21,700
You go back to the turnof the last century,
769
00:42:21,734 --> 00:42:25,100
around 1900,there was an ideology then
770
00:42:25,133 --> 00:42:27,800
that the great evil nutrient,
was protein.
771
00:42:28,633 --> 00:42:30,066
Now we think protein's great,
772
00:42:30,100 --> 00:42:34,900
but then some people thoughtprotein was really bad.
773
00:42:34,934 --> 00:42:39,367
The best-known criticof protein wasDoctor John Harvey Kellogg...
774
00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:41,667
a member of a Christiandenomination called
775
00:42:41,700 --> 00:42:47,633
the Seventh-day Adventiststhat promoted vegetarianism.
776
00:42:47,667 --> 00:42:51,066
People flockedto his sanitariumin Battle Creek, Michigan,
777
00:42:51,100 --> 00:42:55,266
to be cured ofthe gastrointestinal curseof the day.
778
00:42:55,300 --> 00:42:58,500
[woman] America's dietin the 1800s and early 1900s,
779
00:42:58,533 --> 00:43:00,133
it was a lot
of meat and potatoes.
780
00:43:00,166 --> 00:43:02,066
And constipation was, like,
an obsession.
781
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:04,800
Everyone was obsessed
with constipation.
782
00:43:04,834 --> 00:43:08,834
[Michael] Which Kelloggclaimed was caused bybacteria in our colon
783
00:43:08,867 --> 00:43:12,667
that thrive on the proteinin a meat-heavy diet.
784
00:43:12,700 --> 00:43:15,133
They thought that it released
toxins in your gut
785
00:43:15,166 --> 00:43:16,734
as it fermented and,
786
00:43:16,767 --> 00:43:20,166
and that would lead to cancer
and all sorts of things.
787
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:25,233
Celebrities includingHenry Ford, Amelia Earhart,
788
00:43:25,266 --> 00:43:27,667
and future presidentWarren Harding
789
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:30,900
eagerly submittedto Kellogg's vegetarian diet
790
00:43:30,934 --> 00:43:33,066
and anti-bacterial treatments.
791
00:43:34,266 --> 00:43:37,667
And people didthe most insane things
792
00:43:37,700 --> 00:43:40,400
under the directionof this pseudo-science.
793
00:43:40,433 --> 00:43:43,433
I mean, go on all-grape dietsfor a day
794
00:43:43,467 --> 00:43:45,934
and eat 14 pounds of grapesand nothing else,
795
00:43:47,066 --> 00:43:48,300
take yogurt enemas.
796
00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:53,066
And you were supposed to chewevery bite a hundred times.
797
00:43:54,266 --> 00:43:56,100
That can interfere
with the pleasure of a meal.
798
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:03,166
Kellogg asked his brother Will
799
00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:07,200
to perform experimentsto design healthier foods.
800
00:44:07,233 --> 00:44:10,166
They really wantedto dethrone protein,
801
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:14,133
which was the morning meal...eggs and bacon and sausage.
802
00:44:14,166 --> 00:44:16,500
And they thought
that carbohydrates
803
00:44:16,533 --> 00:44:18,567
were the clean,
blessed nutrient.
804
00:44:19,367 --> 00:44:21,400
One day in 1894,
805
00:44:21,433 --> 00:44:23,066
the brothers stumbledon a discovery
806
00:44:23,066 --> 00:44:26,633
they hoped would transformthe American breakfast...
807
00:44:26,667 --> 00:44:30,734
the flaked cereal, made mostlyof carbohydrates.
808
00:44:31,767 --> 00:44:33,834
First came wheat flakes.
809
00:44:33,867 --> 00:44:36,533
And then Willinvented the corn flake...
810
00:44:36,567 --> 00:44:39,834
so wildly successfulit would make him wealthy.
811
00:44:42,734 --> 00:44:46,200
But John Kellogg's theoriesabout the perils of protein,
812
00:44:46,233 --> 00:44:49,066
not to mention his ideasabout yogurt enemas,
813
00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:51,700
were eventually disprovenby science.
814
00:44:53,200 --> 00:44:56,700
You know, we look back on that
and we think
this is complete quackery.
815
00:44:56,734 --> 00:44:58,633
Well, I hate to say it,
816
00:44:58,667 --> 00:45:01,133
but someone will look back
on us in a hundred years,
817
00:45:01,166 --> 00:45:05,567
and say much the same thing
for a lot of our own
nutritional practices.
818
00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:08,533
We look at glutenthe way they looked at protein.
819
00:45:08,567 --> 00:45:11,066
You know,we have millionsof Americans now
820
00:45:11,066 --> 00:45:13,433
working to remove glutenfrom their diet.
821
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:16,266
We're looking for answers.
822
00:45:16,300 --> 00:45:19,066
We're lookingfor dietary salvation.
823
00:45:19,066 --> 00:45:21,200
And when someone comes forward
with a theory,
824
00:45:21,233 --> 00:45:22,800
we fall into line.
825
00:45:24,066 --> 00:45:26,567
[man]
Because so many womenare concerned about
826
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:30,066
too much saturated fat,a great change in eating habits
827
00:45:30,100 --> 00:45:32,233
is taking placein homes all over America.
828
00:45:32,266 --> 00:45:35,867
♪ Oh, I don't want itYou can have itIt's too fat for me ♪
829
00:45:35,900 --> 00:45:38,066
♪ It's too fat for me ♪
830
00:45:38,066 --> 00:45:41,066
[Michael]
The campaignto reduce fat in our diets
831
00:45:41,100 --> 00:45:44,100
is the best example yetof what can go wrong
832
00:45:44,133 --> 00:45:46,867
when the science of nutritiongets hijacked
833
00:45:46,900 --> 00:45:49,900
by the ideologyof nutritionism.
834
00:45:49,934 --> 00:45:52,367
[woman] Reducing fatin your overall diet
835
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:54,133
can help make you healthier.
836
00:45:54,166 --> 00:45:57,266
[Michael]
We spent 30 years in this
country obsessing about fat.
837
00:45:57,300 --> 00:45:58,767
[woman]
Health specialistsrecommend that
838
00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:00,233
children more thantwo years old
839
00:46:00,266 --> 00:46:02,700
begin eating a dietthat is lower in fat.
840
00:46:02,734 --> 00:46:04,367
Eat foods that are low in fat.
841
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:06,166
-[woman 1] Low fat, low fat.
-[woman 2] Low fat.
842
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:07,333
-[man 1] Fat.
-[man 1] Fat.
843
00:46:07,367 --> 00:46:09,066
[man] Fat.
844
00:46:11,967 --> 00:46:17,467
[Michael] Fat got a reputationas an evil nutrientback in the 1950s
845
00:46:17,500 --> 00:46:20,166
when scientists begansearching for the cause
846
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:22,900
of what seemed to be a bigincrease in heart disease.
847
00:46:24,233 --> 00:46:27,200
Finding the reason whybecame an obsession
848
00:46:27,233 --> 00:46:31,567
for a Minnesota physiologistnamed Ancel Keys.
849
00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:33,967
He and his wife Margaret,a biochemist,
850
00:46:34,066 --> 00:46:37,100
traveled the worldstudying heart disease.
851
00:46:37,133 --> 00:46:40,734
Ancel Keys' hypothesis
at the beginning
of his research
852
00:46:40,767 --> 00:46:44,100
was that something in
people's diets
853
00:46:44,133 --> 00:46:48,100
was responsible
for the generation
of heart disease.
854
00:46:49,233 --> 00:46:53,300
His studies in Naples
made him think that
855
00:46:53,333 --> 00:46:55,400
that something was fat.
856
00:47:00,967 --> 00:47:04,700
[Micheal]
Ancel and Margaret firstvisited Naples in 1952.
857
00:47:06,066 --> 00:47:09,100
They had heardthat working-class Neapolitans
858
00:47:09,133 --> 00:47:12,200
had less heart diseasethan their more comfortableneighbors.
859
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:17,066
So they decidedto compare their diets.
860
00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:20,600
[woman]
Those who were more affluentloved their steaks.
861
00:47:20,633 --> 00:47:22,333
They loved their veal.
862
00:47:22,367 --> 00:47:25,433
They lovedtheir rich, creamy sauces.
863
00:47:26,300 --> 00:47:28,533
Now amongst
the working classes,
864
00:47:28,567 --> 00:47:30,467
they were eating lots of pasta,
865
00:47:30,500 --> 00:47:34,066
lots of vegetables,
lots of fresh fruits.
866
00:47:34,066 --> 00:47:36,667
But they were missing the fat
867
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:40,100
that was so common
on the dinner plates
868
00:47:40,133 --> 00:47:43,767
of the upper crust
of Neapolitan society.
869
00:47:45,867 --> 00:47:48,367
The connectionthat Ancel Keys saw
870
00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:53,367
between fatand cardiovascular diseasewas cholesterol.
871
00:47:54,967 --> 00:47:56,867
[Michael] This sticky substance
872
00:47:56,900 --> 00:47:59,734
is something our bodiesmake and need.
873
00:48:00,867 --> 00:48:02,567
But scientistswere finding that
874
00:48:02,600 --> 00:48:05,600
too much of itin the bloodstreamclogged arteries.
875
00:48:07,667 --> 00:48:10,734
[woman] Scientistscould see cholesterol
876
00:48:10,767 --> 00:48:14,400
on the interior liningsof arteries,
877
00:48:14,433 --> 00:48:17,233
especially the arteriesof those people
878
00:48:17,266 --> 00:48:18,934
who suffered heart attacks.
879
00:48:20,300 --> 00:48:22,266
[Michael]
Keys and others found that
880
00:48:22,300 --> 00:48:24,166
your blood-cholesterollevel went up
881
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:27,200
the more you atea particular kind of fat.
882
00:48:27,233 --> 00:48:30,967
Saturated fat, like
palmitic acid, stearic acid...
883
00:48:31,066 --> 00:48:33,800
they are saturatedwith hydrogens.
884
00:48:33,834 --> 00:48:37,300
[Michael]
Saturated fats are usuallysolid at room temperature.
885
00:48:37,333 --> 00:48:43,066
We get them most often frommeat, milk, butter, and cheese.
886
00:48:44,166 --> 00:48:46,333
[woman] As he lookedaround the globe,
887
00:48:46,367 --> 00:48:50,934
Keys foundthat the more animal fat,
888
00:48:50,967 --> 00:48:54,066
red meat, and dairy products,
889
00:48:54,100 --> 00:48:58,266
the more heart disease
within the population.
890
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:00,834
[Michael] Keys was practicinga statistical kind of science
891
00:49:00,867 --> 00:49:03,800
called epidemiology.
892
00:49:03,834 --> 00:49:07,066
He was looking through dataabout large numbers of people,
893
00:49:07,100 --> 00:49:08,867
trying to find patterns.
894
00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:13,100
[woman] Epidemiologyis very powerful in its way
895
00:49:13,133 --> 00:49:17,400
because it identifies trendsand potential relationships.
896
00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:21,133
But you always
have to be skeptical
897
00:49:21,166 --> 00:49:23,333
of any of those kinds
of associations,
898
00:49:23,367 --> 00:49:27,834
unless you've got other kinds
of data that show causality.
899
00:49:27,867 --> 00:49:31,967
And it should be writtenon every singleepidemiological study...
900
00:49:32,066 --> 00:49:37,834
"Red flag, association does not
necessarily mean causation."
901
00:49:37,867 --> 00:49:41,800
[Michael] But based onthe strong associationKeys saw in his data
902
00:49:41,834 --> 00:49:44,166
between heart diseaseand saturated fat,
903
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:46,700
he advised peopleto eat less of it.
904
00:49:46,734 --> 00:49:49,633
[rock music playing]
905
00:49:52,433 --> 00:49:54,233
By the 1970s,
906
00:49:54,266 --> 00:49:57,066
Keys' theory wasbeing discussed in the Senate.
907
00:49:57,100 --> 00:49:59,400
There were some
one million people
908
00:49:59,433 --> 00:50:03,533
who died in 1967
from heart disease...
909
00:50:03,567 --> 00:50:06,867
[Michael] In 1976,George McGovern was chairman
910
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:09,400
of the Senate's SelectCommittee on Nutrition.
911
00:50:09,433 --> 00:50:11,567
We're eating muchmore animal fat.
912
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:16,166
[man] They hear overand over againthat animal fat is the problem.
913
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:18,400
And they issuea set of guidelines
914
00:50:18,433 --> 00:50:21,567
called the dietary goalsof the United States.
915
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:24,700
The goals urged Americansto reduce fat
916
00:50:24,734 --> 00:50:27,667
to 30% of the caloriesin their diets.
917
00:50:27,700 --> 00:50:28,900
How?
918
00:50:28,934 --> 00:50:31,567
By eating less meatand less dairy.
919
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:35,000
"Decrease consumptionof meat," they said.
920
00:50:35,033 --> 00:50:39,400
And never has
a nutrition report been
more controversial.
921
00:50:39,433 --> 00:50:41,800
The meat industry
would have none of that.
922
00:50:41,834 --> 00:50:44,033
They went right
to their friends in Congress.
923
00:50:44,066 --> 00:50:46,166
Congress held hearings.
924
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:50,967
[Cathrine]
And McGovern had to rewritethose guidelines.
925
00:50:52,166 --> 00:50:55,433
[Michael]
So, "Eat less red meat,"is rewritten as,
926
00:50:55,467 --> 00:51:01,133
"Choose meats that will reduceyour saturated fat intake."
927
00:51:01,166 --> 00:51:04,266
And in the move
from that first sentence
928
00:51:04,300 --> 00:51:07,433
to that second sentence,
that translation process,
929
00:51:07,467 --> 00:51:10,867
to my mind, is the beginning
of full-blown nutritionism.
930
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:12,533
Because think about it.
931
00:51:12,567 --> 00:51:14,734
First of all, we're no longer
talking about a food
932
00:51:14,767 --> 00:51:17,900
that everybody recognizes...
meat, red meat.
933
00:51:17,934 --> 00:51:21,100
We're talking about a nutrient
that no one has ever seen,
934
00:51:21,133 --> 00:51:24,133
really understands,
and is an abstraction...
935
00:51:24,166 --> 00:51:25,433
saturated fat.
936
00:51:28,266 --> 00:51:31,667
For the food industry,the mandate to reduce fat
937
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:34,367
was an opportunityto sell new products...
938
00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:38,567
low in fat, perhaps,but often high in sugar.
939
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:41,200
The food industry
could all of a sudden
940
00:51:41,233 --> 00:51:45,200
use low-fat or no-fat
as a marketing strategy.
941
00:51:45,233 --> 00:51:48,066
Don't you want something
that's healthy for you?
942
00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:50,533
Why not buy a highly processed,
943
00:51:50,567 --> 00:51:54,800
sugar-laden cookiethat is fat-free?
944
00:51:56,066 --> 00:51:58,367
People thought,
"God, there's no fat in this.
945
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:01,767
I'm not just gonna have one
of those cookies,
I'm gonna have a whole box."
946
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:04,266
I think they're zesty.
I could eat a million.
947
00:52:04,300 --> 00:52:06,133
I think I will.
948
00:52:06,166 --> 00:52:09,300
The message to eat less fat
was translated into,
949
00:52:09,333 --> 00:52:11,767
"It's okay to eat more sugar."
950
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:14,767
[Michael]
So the food industryre-engineers the food,
951
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:17,700
and if you look at it,fat as a proportion
952
00:52:17,734 --> 00:52:20,233
of calories in the dietgoes down,
953
00:52:20,266 --> 00:52:21,700
which sounds really good.
954
00:52:21,734 --> 00:52:23,266
But, in fact, what happened is
955
00:52:23,300 --> 00:52:26,867
fat stayed level and we atea lot more carbohydrate.
956
00:52:26,900 --> 00:52:28,800
And that meant more calories.
957
00:52:30,300 --> 00:52:32,233
So we were kidding ourselves,
958
00:52:32,266 --> 00:52:35,066
and the industry was helping
to let us kid ourselves.
959
00:52:35,100 --> 00:52:36,934
♪Ba-ba-do-ah ♪
960
00:52:36,967 --> 00:52:39,266
♪ It looks like and cooks likeThe high-priced ♪
961
00:52:39,300 --> 00:52:41,166
[Michael] Proddedby health experts,
962
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:43,066
the industry also encouraged us
963
00:52:43,066 --> 00:52:45,500
to switch frombutter to margarine.
964
00:52:45,533 --> 00:52:47,834
[woman]
America's favorite margarine.
965
00:52:47,867 --> 00:52:49,066
[man] Blue Bonnet.
966
00:52:49,100 --> 00:52:53,533
♪ Everything's betterWith Blue Bonnet on it ♪
967
00:52:53,567 --> 00:52:55,934
[Michael] Margarine is madefrom vegetable oils.
968
00:52:55,967 --> 00:52:58,934
They containpolyunsaturated fats,
969
00:52:58,967 --> 00:53:01,367
which were toutedas blessed nutrients
970
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:04,367
because some of themcan lower cholesterol.
971
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:07,667
But to make vegetable oilhard enough to spread,
972
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:09,867
you have to hydrogenate it.
973
00:53:09,900 --> 00:53:13,333
That means injectinghydrogen gas into the oil
974
00:53:13,367 --> 00:53:16,066
under controlledtemperature and pressure...
975
00:53:16,100 --> 00:53:19,300
a process that changes someof the polyunsaturates
976
00:53:19,333 --> 00:53:22,133
into a kind of fatcalled trans fat.
977
00:53:23,233 --> 00:53:25,700
Margarine and othervegetable oil products
978
00:53:25,734 --> 00:53:27,867
with trans fatwere cheaper than butter
979
00:53:27,900 --> 00:53:30,233
and stayed fresh longer.
980
00:53:30,266 --> 00:53:33,300
They became popularin baked goods,
981
00:53:33,333 --> 00:53:37,567
deep frying, and all kindsof processed foods.
982
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,834
For decades, we were toldthey were healthy alternatives
983
00:53:40,867 --> 00:53:42,767
to foods with saturated fats.
984
00:53:43,767 --> 00:53:46,834
But in the 1990s,scientists discovered
985
00:53:46,867 --> 00:53:51,467
that trans fats were in factnot very healthy at all.
986
00:53:51,500 --> 00:53:54,567
Many people associated with
the American Heart Association
987
00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:56,867
had been advising people
to consume margarine
988
00:53:56,900 --> 00:54:01,166
that was loaded with trans fat,
although lower in saturated fat.
989
00:54:01,200 --> 00:54:04,133
As it turns out, people who hadmore trans fat in their diet
990
00:54:04,166 --> 00:54:07,967
had higher ratesof heart disease and diabetes.
991
00:54:08,066 --> 00:54:11,133
Those margarines were about
the worst things
that people could be eating.
992
00:54:12,800 --> 00:54:14,433
[Michael] So, think of it...
993
00:54:14,467 --> 00:54:16,567
what we told peopleis to get off
994
00:54:16,600 --> 00:54:20,133
a possibly unhealthy fatcalled saturated fat
995
00:54:20,166 --> 00:54:23,734
and replace it with a fat
that we subsequently learned
996
00:54:23,767 --> 00:54:25,900
actually does
give you heart attacks.
997
00:54:28,166 --> 00:54:29,633
As time went on,
998
00:54:29,667 --> 00:54:33,834
many people began thinkingthat all fats were bad.
999
00:54:33,867 --> 00:54:37,967
[man] Fat was oversoldas public enemy number one.
1000
00:54:38,066 --> 00:54:39,667
Now, fat is
an essential ingredient.
1001
00:54:39,700 --> 00:54:41,767
You will die
without certain fatty acids
1002
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:44,800
so you, you need some fat.
1003
00:54:44,834 --> 00:54:46,433
There are many peoplein the United States
1004
00:54:46,467 --> 00:54:48,333
who think you should eata no-fat diet.
1005
00:54:49,100 --> 00:54:50,266
You'd be dead.
1006
00:54:52,900 --> 00:54:54,433
[Michael] In 2001,
1007
00:54:54,467 --> 00:54:57,900
scientists at theHarvard School of Public Health
1008
00:54:57,934 --> 00:54:59,266
issued a scathing report.
1009
00:55:00,600 --> 00:55:02,967
"The low-fat campaign,"they wrote,
1010
00:55:03,066 --> 00:55:06,100
"has been basedon little scientific evidence
1011
00:55:06,133 --> 00:55:09,200
and may have caused unintendedhealth consequences."
1012
00:55:11,066 --> 00:55:13,300
Essentially,to read this article
1013
00:55:13,333 --> 00:55:15,800
is to seethe entire scientific edifice
1014
00:55:15,834 --> 00:55:18,100
around the low-fat campaign
1015
00:55:18,133 --> 00:55:20,333
crumble before your eyes.
1016
00:55:20,367 --> 00:55:23,233
The scientists saidthe low-fat campaign
1017
00:55:23,266 --> 00:55:25,834
had oversimplified the science.
1018
00:55:25,867 --> 00:55:28,567
They reportedthat replacing saturated fat
1019
00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:32,800
with unsaturated fat did lowerthe risk of heart disease.
1020
00:55:32,834 --> 00:55:36,066
But they noted that whilea significant association
1021
00:55:36,066 --> 00:55:38,533
between saturated fatand heart disease
1022
00:55:38,567 --> 00:55:40,066
was found in two studies,
1023
00:55:40,066 --> 00:55:43,700
it was not foundin seven others.
1024
00:55:43,734 --> 00:55:46,900
And they pointed outthat as people replaced fat
1025
00:55:46,934 --> 00:55:49,166
with carbohydrates and sugar,
1026
00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:53,066
the prevalence of obesityand diabetesgrew dramatically.
1027
00:55:54,900 --> 00:55:58,967
It's tragic because,in the process of doing this,
1028
00:55:59,066 --> 00:56:03,433
all supposedly with the ideaof improving the public health,
1029
00:56:03,467 --> 00:56:05,667
we may have made
the public health worse.
1030
00:56:07,300 --> 00:56:10,200
This was a tremendouspublic health mistake.
1031
00:56:11,834 --> 00:56:15,433
And that mistakewas getting so obsessedwith a single nutrient.
1032
00:56:16,800 --> 00:56:19,767
The glamor is in the nutrients,
and there's no question
1033
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:23,300
that when you do that,
you stumble down the path
1034
00:56:23,333 --> 00:56:26,066
and you hit something
and you say, "Oh, that's it.
1035
00:56:26,066 --> 00:56:30,066
That's it... it's fat.
It's fat. Cut out the fat."
1036
00:56:31,100 --> 00:56:33,367
And then about ten years later,you say,
1037
00:56:33,400 --> 00:56:35,900
"Well, now, wait a minute.It really isn't all fat."
1038
00:56:37,300 --> 00:56:39,600
And they're always coming outwith something new
1039
00:56:39,633 --> 00:56:41,600
telling youwhat's the ideal diet.
1040
00:56:43,467 --> 00:56:45,400
So, of course,people are confused.
1041
00:56:48,767 --> 00:56:51,867
[Michael]
Scientists now understandthat a healthy diet
1042
00:56:51,900 --> 00:56:56,700
has to do with a lot more thanone kind of food or nutrient.
1043
00:56:56,734 --> 00:57:00,066
[man] A single nutrientor a single food
1044
00:57:00,066 --> 00:57:02,066
are not the magic bullet.
1045
00:57:02,066 --> 00:57:04,600
That is the combination of foods
1046
00:57:04,633 --> 00:57:09,533
that is the most important
determinant of health.
1047
00:57:09,567 --> 00:57:12,600
[man]
We should not be talkingabout nutritionism,
1048
00:57:12,633 --> 00:57:15,133
we should talk about nutrition.
1049
00:57:15,166 --> 00:57:17,266
We shouldn't talk about
components of food.
1050
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:18,667
We should talk about food.
1051
00:57:21,400 --> 00:57:24,867
[Michael] But eating foodisn't always easy,
1052
00:57:24,900 --> 00:57:28,533
especially for the millionsof people who live inlow-income neighborhoods
1053
00:57:28,567 --> 00:57:31,934
where so much of what'savailable is processed food.
1054
00:57:33,867 --> 00:57:35,500
[man] If you go shoppingacross the street,
1055
00:57:35,533 --> 00:57:38,367
you'll be able to purchasea wide variety of cigarettes,
1056
00:57:38,400 --> 00:57:42,967
chocolates, soda, malt liquor,and potato chips.
1057
00:57:43,066 --> 00:57:44,667
Probably some canned vegetables,
1058
00:57:44,700 --> 00:57:48,367
rice, sugar, bread, cheese,
and processed meat.
1059
00:57:49,834 --> 00:57:53,100
People make decisions basedon what they can afford.
1060
00:57:54,333 --> 00:57:58,500
And sadly,what they can affordoften is cheap food...
1061
00:57:58,533 --> 00:58:02,800
Things that will enable you
to stretch your dollar
as far as possible.
1062
00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:08,734
[man] Growing up,what I typicallyate was fast food,
1063
00:58:08,767 --> 00:58:12,533
whether it's Mickey-D'sor a Burger King,
1064
00:58:12,567 --> 00:58:16,667
going to the corner store
buying a bag of chips
and a soda for less than $3.
1065
00:58:17,700 --> 00:58:19,300
That's what you're used to.
1066
00:58:20,900 --> 00:58:23,667
We're gonna move
all these towers
into this beautiful formation
1067
00:58:23,700 --> 00:58:25,100
and then
we're going to go farming.
1068
00:58:26,266 --> 00:58:27,767
[Michael]
But all over the country,
1069
00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:29,834
including herein the South Bronx,
1070
00:58:29,867 --> 00:58:34,166
people are finding ingeniousways to get real food.
1071
00:58:34,200 --> 00:58:35,567
Malik found a home.
1072
00:58:35,600 --> 00:58:37,066
One for you, But don't cut yet.
1073
00:58:37,066 --> 00:58:39,066
Let's walk our way through this.
1074
00:58:39,066 --> 00:58:41,900
Do we want to take
all the leaves off the plants?
1075
00:58:41,934 --> 00:58:43,533
-No.
-No.
1076
00:58:43,567 --> 00:58:45,233
So what we're gonna do...
we're gonna come over here.
1077
00:58:45,266 --> 00:58:46,767
We're gonna go
right down to the bottom.
1078
00:58:46,800 --> 00:58:49,934
Take the top shoots off...
boom, boom, boom, boom, boom.
1079
00:58:49,967 --> 00:58:51,500
Boom.
1080
00:58:51,533 --> 00:58:54,433
[Michael]
Teacher Steve Ritz runsa network of food projects,
1081
00:58:54,467 --> 00:58:58,266
which includes thishydroponic vegetable garden.
1082
00:58:58,300 --> 00:59:00,066
There's a myth
that people are happy
1083
00:59:00,066 --> 00:59:02,767
with cheeseburgers
and French fries.
They're not.
1084
00:59:02,800 --> 00:59:05,934
You got a whole lot of crop
going on here, sweetie.
1085
00:59:06,266 --> 00:59:07,433
I know.
1086
00:59:07,467 --> 00:59:10,500
But many people don't knowthere are other options.
1087
00:59:10,533 --> 00:59:11,900
And that's whatwe're doing here...
1088
00:59:11,934 --> 00:59:13,333
teaching people about options.
1089
00:59:13,367 --> 00:59:16,200
-Tastes good and fresh.
-I know, right?
1090
00:59:16,233 --> 00:59:18,700
What we found is
that when you give people
1091
00:59:18,734 --> 00:59:21,934
in low-income areas
the opportunity to grow food,
1092
00:59:21,967 --> 00:59:24,400
they respond resiliently.
1093
00:59:24,433 --> 00:59:26,767
You'll be picking the produce
at the peak
1094
00:59:26,800 --> 00:59:28,834
of freshness
and nutritional value.
1095
00:59:28,867 --> 00:59:30,633
So you'll not only
be getting fresh food,
1096
00:59:30,667 --> 00:59:33,567
you'll be getting
healthier food.
1097
00:59:33,600 --> 00:59:37,734
[Michael] Ritz got his startgrowing food back in 2005.
1098
00:59:37,767 --> 00:59:42,900
He had become tired of seeinghis students grow fatand become diabetic.
1099
00:59:42,934 --> 00:59:45,900
With fresh vegetableshard to find in the Bronx,
1100
00:59:45,934 --> 00:59:48,633
he and his kids got accessto a vacant lot
1101
00:59:48,667 --> 00:59:51,066
and started growing their own.
1102
00:59:52,367 --> 00:59:54,667
[Ritz] We were ableto transform this space
1103
00:59:54,700 --> 00:59:57,133
from somethingthat was a blighted area
1104
00:59:57,166 --> 00:59:59,633
into somethingthat was a productive area.
1105
01:00:01,467 --> 01:00:03,900
And that madethe kids feel good.
1106
01:00:03,934 --> 01:00:07,200
It made me feel great.
I couldn't believe it.
1107
01:00:07,233 --> 01:00:11,433
[Michael]
Ritz now has kids growingvegetables all over the Bronx,
1108
01:00:11,467 --> 01:00:14,000
and they're feedinghundreds of people a week.
1109
01:00:16,033 --> 01:00:19,600
One group he works with areteenagers who've dropped out,
1110
01:00:19,633 --> 01:00:22,100
or been kicked out,of the public schools.
1111
01:00:22,133 --> 01:00:24,400
All right, listen up,
advanced culinary guys.
1112
01:00:24,433 --> 01:00:26,467
That's you, you, and you.
1113
01:00:26,500 --> 01:00:28,433
If these kids don't know what
they're doing, give them a hand.
1114
01:00:28,467 --> 01:00:30,300
This is only their fourth day
in the kitchen.
1115
01:00:30,333 --> 01:00:31,400
All right?
1116
01:00:31,433 --> 01:00:34,100
[Michael] Ritz learnedthat JVL Wildcat Academy,
1117
01:00:34,133 --> 01:00:36,734
a school that gives kidssecond chances,
1118
01:00:36,767 --> 01:00:38,166
had a restaurant kitchen
1119
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:41,233
and was training kidsto become professional cooks.
1120
01:00:41,266 --> 01:00:43,300
I'm gonna demonstrate
how to make pesto...
1121
01:00:43,333 --> 01:00:45,100
classic pesto, okay?
1122
01:00:45,133 --> 01:00:49,834
It's a basil-based sauce, uh,
with nuts and cheese, all right?
1123
01:00:49,867 --> 01:00:51,300
Why don't you guys
go get washed up,
1124
01:00:51,333 --> 01:00:53,900
claim your stations,
and let's go.
1125
01:00:53,934 --> 01:00:55,900
Bring that over here.
Put that over here with this.
1126
01:00:55,934 --> 01:00:58,266
I saw a greatcommercial kitchen
1127
01:00:58,300 --> 01:01:01,400
that has kidsfrom troubled backgrounds
1128
01:01:01,433 --> 01:01:03,567
learning how to cookand be engaged
1129
01:01:03,600 --> 01:01:05,066
in the food service industry.
1130
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:08,867
And next to that kitchen,
I saw a huge, open space.
1131
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:11,900
And I said to myself,
"Hmm, wouldn't it be great
1132
01:01:11,934 --> 01:01:14,767
to grow the food
that they need for that kitchen
1133
01:01:14,800 --> 01:01:18,734
right next door to it...
zero miles to plate,
if you will?"
1134
01:01:18,767 --> 01:01:20,867
[Michael] So the basilthey grow in the garden
1135
01:01:20,900 --> 01:01:23,633
goes right into the pestothey make in the kitchen.
1136
01:01:23,667 --> 01:01:25,200
Let's grab some chives.
1137
01:01:25,233 --> 01:01:27,667
[Michael] The headof the kitchen is Bill Peacock.
1138
01:01:27,700 --> 01:01:30,400
Let's head on down here.
Let's go over to here.
1139
01:01:30,867 --> 01:01:32,834
Five arugula.
1140
01:01:32,867 --> 01:01:35,066
[Michael] After years cookingin restaurants,
1141
01:01:35,066 --> 01:01:37,700
he came here to teach in 2003.
1142
01:01:37,734 --> 01:01:39,066
-And two Butterheads?
-Yep.
1143
01:01:39,100 --> 01:01:40,233
All right.
1144
01:01:40,266 --> 01:01:42,133
These students,
they're going out to fast food
1145
01:01:42,166 --> 01:01:44,567
and they're eatingconvenience foods.
1146
01:01:44,600 --> 01:01:47,066
They're not gonna be eating
fresh fruit or fresh vegetables
1147
01:01:47,066 --> 01:01:48,100
because it's not there.
1148
01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:52,133
But now we've gotthe hydroponic garden.
1149
01:01:52,166 --> 01:01:53,700
They're seeing the life cycle,
1150
01:01:53,734 --> 01:01:56,066
and seeing these thingsactually growing.
1151
01:01:56,066 --> 01:01:58,667
They're moving themfrom stage to stage.
1152
01:01:59,467 --> 01:02:01,266
Makes a big difference.
1153
01:02:03,633 --> 01:02:05,400
[man] Being able to growour own product
1154
01:02:05,433 --> 01:02:08,533
right next to where we cookjust seemed mind blowing...
1155
01:02:08,567 --> 01:02:09,934
the fact that we can do that
1156
01:02:10,834 --> 01:02:13,066
and show, you know,
where we live
1157
01:02:13,100 --> 01:02:16,367
that we can do this
is something I can't describe.
1158
01:02:16,400 --> 01:02:17,567
It's an amazing thing.
1159
01:02:20,834 --> 01:02:23,600
Okay, why are we making it...
making sure it's so dry?
1160
01:02:23,633 --> 01:02:25,300
So the salad won't fall off.
1161
01:02:25,333 --> 01:02:27,233
-Not the salad, the salad what?
-The salad dressing.
1162
01:02:27,266 --> 01:02:29,834
There you go...
the salad dressing.
1163
01:02:29,867 --> 01:02:31,200
All right, listen up.
1164
01:02:31,233 --> 01:02:33,767
We are coming towards
time to eat.
1165
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:36,800
Now everybody is gonna cook
their own plate of pasta.
1166
01:02:36,834 --> 01:02:38,200
Have fun.
1167
01:02:38,233 --> 01:02:40,467
All right, there you go.
Where's your plate?
1168
01:02:44,166 --> 01:02:46,066
The saladwas a big winner today,
1169
01:02:46,100 --> 01:02:47,767
which was surprising
1170
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:50,567
because these kidshave never eatenanything like this...
1171
01:02:50,600 --> 01:02:53,500
never knew that a greencan have a peppery flavor,
1172
01:02:53,533 --> 01:02:56,166
never knew that a green could
have a soft, subtle flavor.
1173
01:02:59,767 --> 01:03:02,367
All right, let's see
what we got here, Gustavo.
1174
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:03,967
Very nice.
1175
01:03:04,066 --> 01:03:05,300
All right, grab your salad,
1176
01:03:05,333 --> 01:03:08,700
get yourself an iced tea,
and enjoy your meal.
1177
01:03:08,734 --> 01:03:11,700
The fact that all those kidsshoved that lettucein their mouth today
1178
01:03:11,734 --> 01:03:14,066
was only because
they grew that lettuce.
1179
01:03:15,500 --> 01:03:17,333
So it's an ownership.
1180
01:03:17,367 --> 01:03:19,800
You look like you're eating it.
1181
01:03:19,834 --> 01:03:24,133
[man] If you expose peopleto locally grown, healthy food,
1182
01:03:24,166 --> 01:03:25,233
they tend to like it.
1183
01:03:25,700 --> 01:03:27,800
They really do.
1184
01:03:27,834 --> 01:03:30,500
It's not something
that's exclusive.
1185
01:03:30,533 --> 01:03:32,867
It's not something
for the highfalutin
1186
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:36,533
or for the fringe, you know...
fringe outliers.
1187
01:03:36,567 --> 01:03:39,133
And when you can growyour own food,
1188
01:03:39,166 --> 01:03:41,200
people are really inspired
by that.
1189
01:03:45,467 --> 01:03:48,066
[Michael]
But the big food companies,of course,
1190
01:03:48,066 --> 01:03:51,500
still provide mostof the food people eat.
1191
01:03:51,533 --> 01:03:54,700
And they say they're makingprocessed food healthier.
1192
01:03:55,066 --> 01:03:56,367
How?
1193
01:03:56,400 --> 01:03:58,533
By doing whatthey've always done...
1194
01:03:58,567 --> 01:04:00,066
tweaking the nutrients.
1195
01:04:00,100 --> 01:04:02,400
This is really seeing can
dietary protein alone
1196
01:04:02,433 --> 01:04:04,367
impact lean mass
cause it's always been...
1197
01:04:04,400 --> 01:04:07,767
[Michael]
More than 20,000 peopleare gathering in Chicago
1198
01:04:07,800 --> 01:04:10,500
for America's biggestfood expo...
1199
01:04:10,533 --> 01:04:13,533
the annual meetingof the Instituteof Food Technologists,
1200
01:04:14,333 --> 01:04:16,166
the IFT.
1201
01:04:16,200 --> 01:04:20,266
[man] The IFT brings togetherall manner of companies
1202
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:22,100
from the small to the medium
1203
01:04:22,133 --> 01:04:26,533
to the huge, multi-billion
dollar corporations.
1204
01:04:26,567 --> 01:04:29,333
It's a supermarketof ingredients
1205
01:04:29,367 --> 01:04:31,600
for the food producers.
1206
01:04:31,633 --> 01:04:35,166
[Michael]
And those producersare making foods that last.
1207
01:04:35,200 --> 01:04:36,900
If you want something fresh,
1208
01:04:36,934 --> 01:04:38,567
you could go
to the bottom of the garden.
1209
01:04:38,600 --> 01:04:42,500
If you want somethingthat is going tolive in your pantry
1210
01:04:42,533 --> 01:04:44,834
for three months, nine months,
1211
01:04:44,867 --> 01:04:47,266
or more than that,then you'll haveto have something
1212
01:04:47,300 --> 01:04:52,734
that's well-preservedand built n such a waythat it is stable.
1213
01:04:52,767 --> 01:04:56,066
[Michael]
People from companieslike Kraft and General Mills
1214
01:04:56,066 --> 01:05:00,633
come here to seewhat food scientistsare developing for tomorrow...
1215
01:05:00,667 --> 01:05:03,633
like hot dogs madewith rice bran...
1216
01:05:03,667 --> 01:05:05,734
the vitamin-rich partof the rice seed
1217
01:05:05,767 --> 01:05:08,166
that's usually thrown away.
1218
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:11,567
Or gluten-free pizzawhose crust has no wheat,
1219
01:05:11,600 --> 01:05:14,433
and is made insteadfrom a byproductof cheesemaking
1220
01:05:14,467 --> 01:05:16,333
called whey.
1221
01:05:16,367 --> 01:05:19,166
[woman]
The gluten-free industryhas gone crazy.
1222
01:05:19,200 --> 01:05:21,667
And it's amazing how many are
interested in the gluten-free.
1223
01:05:21,700 --> 01:05:24,600
And they can't believe
that it doesn't taste funny.
1224
01:05:24,633 --> 01:05:29,100
It tastes likethe real pizza crustthat would have wheat in it.
1225
01:05:29,133 --> 01:05:32,567
[Michael]
And one of the world's biggestfood companies, Cargill,
1226
01:05:32,600 --> 01:05:34,266
is here showing prototypes
1227
01:05:34,300 --> 01:05:37,967
for healthier, processedfood products for kids.
1228
01:05:38,066 --> 01:05:41,600
[man] The themeof our exhibit this yearis around childhood nutrition.
1229
01:05:41,633 --> 01:05:43,900
We understand,
or, recognize that obesity
1230
01:05:43,934 --> 01:05:45,834
is a concern
in the United States
1231
01:05:45,867 --> 01:05:47,900
and that more and more peopleare looking
1232
01:05:47,934 --> 01:05:51,066
for more healthful alternatives
to the food choices.
1233
01:05:51,066 --> 01:05:54,367
[Michael] Cargill buysa huge shareof the world's farm products,
1234
01:05:55,533 --> 01:05:58,066
from which it makes hundredsof food ingredients.
1235
01:05:59,333 --> 01:06:02,066
The company is showinghow some of these ingredients
1236
01:06:02,066 --> 01:06:03,700
could be used to take advantage
1237
01:06:03,734 --> 01:06:07,333
of the growing interestin healthier eating.
1238
01:06:07,367 --> 01:06:10,467
[man] The first exhibitwe're gonna look atis a peanut butter spread
1239
01:06:10,500 --> 01:06:13,066
that hasadded chicory root fiber.
1240
01:06:13,100 --> 01:06:15,200
You get three grams of fiber
per serving.
1241
01:06:16,500 --> 01:06:20,133
Next, we have a chewy
chocolate chip granola bar.
1242
01:06:20,166 --> 01:06:23,166
This contains whole grain corn
1243
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:26,200
so you can get some
added fiber there, as well.
1244
01:06:26,233 --> 01:06:28,900
This is our
reduced-sugar chocolate milk,
1245
01:06:28,934 --> 01:06:31,800
and it's had 25 percent
of the sugar replaced
1246
01:06:31,834 --> 01:06:34,066
with Cargill Stevia
leaf extract,
1247
01:06:34,100 --> 01:06:37,333
which is a natural sweetener
that reduces
the overall sugar content.
1248
01:06:38,767 --> 01:06:41,467
One thing we've learned
over and over again
1249
01:06:41,500 --> 01:06:44,800
is if food does not taste good,consumers simply won't buy it.
1250
01:06:44,834 --> 01:06:47,200
And that's the challengethat the food scientiststake on
1251
01:06:47,233 --> 01:06:49,533
is to findthat perfect sweet spot
1252
01:06:49,567 --> 01:06:51,967
of health, convenience,and taste.
1253
01:06:54,433 --> 01:06:58,700
[Michael] There's no questionthat processed foodis convenient and often tasty.
1254
01:06:58,734 --> 01:07:02,333
But when it comes to health,the claims manufacturers use
1255
01:07:02,367 --> 01:07:04,734
to sell their productsare frequently confusing,
1256
01:07:04,767 --> 01:07:06,734
if not deceptive.
1257
01:07:06,767 --> 01:07:09,400
A trip to the supermarket
has become kind of a journey
1258
01:07:09,433 --> 01:07:11,700
through a treacherous landscape.
1259
01:07:11,734 --> 01:07:15,633
I mean, what are we
to make of a product
like Splenda with fiber?
1260
01:07:16,066 --> 01:07:19,066
[laughter]
1261
01:07:19,100 --> 01:07:22,967
They're selling the lack
of one nutrient, sugar,
1262
01:07:23,066 --> 01:07:27,533
and the gratuitous presence
of another, fiber.
1263
01:07:27,567 --> 01:07:29,967
So it allows you
to have this amazing thing
1264
01:07:30,066 --> 01:07:32,767
never before tasted
in the history of mankind,
1265
01:07:32,800 --> 01:07:34,367
which is high-fiber coffee.
1266
01:07:34,400 --> 01:07:36,433
[laughter]
1267
01:07:39,100 --> 01:07:41,400
These guys are really the champs
1268
01:07:41,433 --> 01:07:44,767
of aggressive health claims...
Pom Wonderful.
1269
01:07:44,800 --> 01:07:46,867
They were advertising
these products
1270
01:07:46,900 --> 01:07:49,467
as helping everything
from, uh, your heart
1271
01:07:49,500 --> 01:07:52,300
to your prostate,
to... and I kid you not...
1272
01:07:52,333 --> 01:07:53,834
erectile dysfunction.
1273
01:07:54,367 --> 01:07:55,934
This drink right here.
1274
01:07:55,967 --> 01:07:58,300
And they got
in a little hot water for that
because they tested it.
1275
01:07:58,333 --> 01:08:01,567
They performed these experiments
on, uh, rabbits.
1276
01:08:01,600 --> 01:08:04,667
And some animal rights people
got very upset.
1277
01:08:04,700 --> 01:08:08,300
Okay, but the thing
that struck me is,
do rabbits have this problem?
1278
01:08:08,333 --> 01:08:09,500
[laughter]
1279
01:08:09,533 --> 01:08:12,133
Anyway,
they went too far, though,
1280
01:08:12,166 --> 01:08:15,867
when they put a health claim on,
or a slogan that was...
1281
01:08:15,900 --> 01:08:17,133
I'm not kidding...
1282
01:08:17,166 --> 01:08:19,400
"Cheat death with this product."
1283
01:08:20,667 --> 01:08:23,100
And the FTC said,
"You can't do that."
1284
01:08:23,133 --> 01:08:26,734
You can't promise, uh,
immortality with your products.
1285
01:08:30,467 --> 01:08:34,066
You think about people trying
to make good choices
in the supermarket
1286
01:08:34,066 --> 01:08:36,567
and finding themselves
not losing weight,
1287
01:08:36,600 --> 01:08:39,300
not improving their health,
and you wonder why?
1288
01:08:39,333 --> 01:08:40,633
Well, look at yogurt.
1289
01:08:40,667 --> 01:08:43,767
Yogurt is a healthy choice,
we're told.
1290
01:08:43,800 --> 01:08:45,500
We give it to our kids
in huge amounts.
1291
01:08:46,066 --> 01:08:47,400
This is Yoplait.
1292
01:08:47,433 --> 01:08:50,767
This is one of the first of
the very successful
yogurt brands.
1293
01:08:50,800 --> 01:08:52,934
And this is, uh, YoCrunch,
1294
01:08:52,967 --> 01:08:54,734
and this one comes with M&Ms.
1295
01:08:56,734 --> 01:09:00,500
Talk about a confused message,
but here's the thing.
1296
01:09:01,233 --> 01:09:02,934
Yoplait, Coca-cola...
1297
01:09:02,967 --> 01:09:05,533
obviously, this is
the better choice, right?
1298
01:09:05,567 --> 01:09:08,367
But if you look
at how much sugar is in this,
1299
01:09:08,400 --> 01:09:12,600
there is exactly
the same amount
of sugar in these two things.
1300
01:09:13,700 --> 01:09:17,100
This is the latest
sugar delivery system.
1301
01:09:17,133 --> 01:09:20,266
And so we feel good about
not giving our kids soda,
1302
01:09:20,300 --> 01:09:22,300
but we give them this instead.
1303
01:09:22,333 --> 01:09:24,600
So that's what I mean when I say
1304
01:09:24,633 --> 01:09:27,200
it's really gotten
treacherous out there.
1305
01:09:32,433 --> 01:09:36,500
So how do you knowwhat's really healthyand what's not?
1306
01:09:36,533 --> 01:09:38,934
How can you tellthe difference between food
1307
01:09:38,967 --> 01:09:41,133
and ediblefood-like substances?
1308
01:09:42,600 --> 01:09:44,834
I've come up with somecommon-sense guidelines
1309
01:09:44,867 --> 01:09:46,433
I call food rules.
1310
01:09:47,734 --> 01:09:51,066
Like eat only foodsthat will eventually rot.
1311
01:09:54,300 --> 01:09:57,066
Eat only foods thathave been cooked by humans.
1312
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:03,200
And avoid foods you seeadvertised on television.
1313
01:10:05,467 --> 01:10:08,000
So, if we'regoing to eat real food,
1314
01:10:08,033 --> 01:10:11,734
the next obvious question is,"What kind of real food?"
1315
01:10:13,100 --> 01:10:16,600
And that partof my overall food guidance is,
1316
01:10:16,633 --> 01:10:18,400
in some ways,the most controversial...
1317
01:10:19,100 --> 01:10:20,467
mostly plants.
1318
01:10:21,667 --> 01:10:24,033
Why do I say mostly plants?
1319
01:10:25,934 --> 01:10:28,100
It didn't please vegetarians,
1320
01:10:28,133 --> 01:10:30,133
who thoughtI should go all the way.
1321
01:10:31,133 --> 01:10:32,400
I know. I'm tempted.
1322
01:10:32,433 --> 01:10:34,200
[Michael]
And it certainly didn'tplease meat-eaters,
1323
01:10:34,233 --> 01:10:35,767
who thought I was dissing meat.
1324
01:10:35,800 --> 01:10:39,367
These are animals
that were carved this week.
1325
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:43,667
[Michael]
But I used that wordafter a lot of consideration,
1326
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:46,233
because it's a somewhatequivocal message.
1327
01:10:47,700 --> 01:10:49,100
There are people
who demonize meat,
1328
01:10:49,133 --> 01:10:50,867
but there's no reason
to do that.
1329
01:10:50,900 --> 01:10:52,100
Meat is healthy food.
1330
01:10:52,967 --> 01:10:54,066
Humans have eaten meat
1331
01:10:54,100 --> 01:10:56,233
for a very long timewith great pleasure.
1332
01:10:57,800 --> 01:10:59,800
I think our problem iswe eat too much of it.
1333
01:11:01,133 --> 01:11:03,066
So, and that's whyI say mostly plants.
1334
01:11:04,767 --> 01:11:08,900
Every additional daily servingof vegetables and fruit
1335
01:11:08,934 --> 01:11:11,734
reduces yourrisk of stroke by five percent
1336
01:11:11,767 --> 01:11:14,300
and your risk of heart diseaseby four percent.
1337
01:11:14,333 --> 01:11:16,600
We only eat about
between two and three portions
1338
01:11:16,633 --> 01:11:19,200
of vegetables and fruit
in this country.
1339
01:11:19,233 --> 01:11:23,600
If we up that by just one more,that would save 30,000 lives
1340
01:11:23,633 --> 01:11:26,467
and five billion dollarsin health-care costs.
1341
01:11:36,166 --> 01:11:38,100
[man] Great, how's it look?
1342
01:11:38,133 --> 01:11:39,500
[indistinct chatter]
1343
01:11:39,533 --> 01:11:41,266
[woman] Remember our rulesfor letting them out?
1344
01:11:41,300 --> 01:11:43,300
-Don't bother them.
-Don't bother them.
That's right.
1345
01:11:43,333 --> 01:11:47,100
But we are gonna police them
away from our vegetables, right?
1346
01:11:47,133 --> 01:11:49,834
[Michael] At a day campin Sunnyvale, California,
1347
01:11:49,867 --> 01:11:53,600
Stanford scientistChristopher Gardneris exploring what it takes
1348
01:11:53,633 --> 01:11:56,066
to get childrento eat more vegetables.
1349
01:11:57,633 --> 01:11:59,467
[Christopher]
One of my research interests
1350
01:11:59,500 --> 01:12:02,767
is just how many vegetablescould I get a kid to eat.
1351
01:12:03,367 --> 01:12:04,500
What are the barriers?
1352
01:12:04,533 --> 01:12:06,133
What are the things
that get in the way?
1353
01:12:06,166 --> 01:12:07,567
Is it a peer pressure thing?
1354
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:10,633
Is it really a taste thing?
Is it familiarity?
1355
01:12:10,667 --> 01:12:13,667
[woman] So, today,
we have garlic-basil hummus
1356
01:12:13,700 --> 01:12:15,800
and we also have
lemon cucumbers,
1357
01:12:16,367 --> 01:12:18,166
green beans, and corn.
1358
01:12:18,200 --> 01:12:19,834
You can try the raw veggies
by themselves.
1359
01:12:19,867 --> 01:12:22,233
You can dip them
into the hummus.
1360
01:12:22,266 --> 01:12:25,066
Here's another
really big one over here.
1361
01:12:25,066 --> 01:12:28,567
What they learn is
that it's really delicious food.
1362
01:12:28,600 --> 01:12:30,734
But it's just taking
that first jump
1363
01:12:30,767 --> 01:12:33,500
into feeling comfortable
enough to try it.
1364
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:36,200
So, in terms of teamwork...
1365
01:12:36,233 --> 01:12:39,100
[Michael]
To make that jump easier,in the cooking assignment
1366
01:12:39,133 --> 01:12:41,467
that culminates the week,the kids have been told
1367
01:12:41,500 --> 01:12:45,500
to use three differentvegetables to make... pizza.
1368
01:12:45,533 --> 01:12:47,333
Uh, does pickles
count as a vegetable?
1369
01:12:47,367 --> 01:12:49,600
Yeah.
1370
01:12:49,633 --> 01:12:51,367
[Christopher]
One of the main pointsof the camp
1371
01:12:51,400 --> 01:12:53,867
is to get the kidsconnected with food,
1372
01:12:53,900 --> 01:12:56,700
because you see this light bulb
go off over their heads
1373
01:12:56,734 --> 01:12:58,667
and this sparkle in their eye
when they see,
1374
01:12:58,700 --> 01:13:02,900
"Oh, that food...
it grows just like this!"
1375
01:13:03,967 --> 01:13:06,266
[woman] So, yesterday,
we came up with a list.
1376
01:13:06,300 --> 01:13:11,900
So we have squash, peppers,
kale, green beans, cucumber.
1377
01:13:11,934 --> 01:13:14,300
Eggs is not considered
a vegetable
1378
01:13:14,333 --> 01:13:18,433
but it can be an additional
topping to your pizza.
1379
01:13:20,700 --> 01:13:23,800
[indistinct chatter]
1380
01:13:23,834 --> 01:13:25,166
It's pretty much dough,
1381
01:13:25,200 --> 01:13:29,567
and then I have pesto,
tomato paste, or sauce.
1382
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:33,367
I have cheese, a mixture--
1383
01:13:33,400 --> 01:13:36,066
we cooked onions, peppers,
1384
01:13:36,066 --> 01:13:38,967
and garlic together
so I have that on my pizza.
1385
01:13:39,066 --> 01:13:42,533
Tomatoes, and then I havean inner ring of pickles,
1386
01:13:42,567 --> 01:13:44,900
which I'm really excited aboutbecause I've never hadpickles on a pizza.
1387
01:13:50,900 --> 01:13:53,867
[woman] What do you think?
Does that look done?
1388
01:13:53,900 --> 01:13:56,567
[man]
I'm kind of stunned actuallyhow many different vegetables
1389
01:13:56,600 --> 01:13:58,600
they're willing to tryby the end of the week,
1390
01:13:58,633 --> 01:14:01,367
and how many they're willingto say they like
1391
01:14:01,400 --> 01:14:02,934
just within a few days.
1392
01:14:05,800 --> 01:14:08,133
-You want your peppers, right?
-Yes, I want peppers.
1393
01:14:08,166 --> 01:14:11,367
[Michael] When people eata plant-based diet,their whole lives,
1394
01:14:11,400 --> 01:14:13,533
the benefits are impressive.
1395
01:14:14,367 --> 01:14:16,166
Here in Loma Linda, California,
1396
01:14:16,200 --> 01:14:19,166
many people belong to the samereligious denomination
1397
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:23,066
that the Kelloggbrothers did...the Seventh-Day Adventists.
1398
01:14:23,066 --> 01:14:25,867
-Green onions?
-Sure.
1399
01:14:25,900 --> 01:14:27,967
[Michael] Founded backin the 19th century,
1400
01:14:28,066 --> 01:14:31,100
the church has alwaysemphasized healthy living.
1401
01:14:31,133 --> 01:14:34,066
Green chards...
lots of green chards.
1402
01:14:34,066 --> 01:14:37,800
[Michael] Today, Adventistshave the longestlife expectancy
1403
01:14:37,834 --> 01:14:40,233
of any groupin the United States.
1404
01:14:40,266 --> 01:14:43,100
I can't believe
you're gonna be
a 101 in August.
1405
01:14:48,600 --> 01:14:50,867
[Michael] The residentsat this retirement home
1406
01:14:50,900 --> 01:14:53,133
are almost all Adventists.
1407
01:14:53,166 --> 01:14:56,767
[woman]
We feel that our bodiesare the temple of God.
1408
01:14:56,800 --> 01:14:59,533
And we owe it to ourselves
and to our community
1409
01:14:59,567 --> 01:15:01,133
to keep up our health.
1410
01:15:01,166 --> 01:15:06,200
We have at leasttwo or three peoplewho are a 100 years old here.
1411
01:15:06,233 --> 01:15:09,266
And they seemto get along very well.
1412
01:15:11,433 --> 01:15:13,867
I'm 92 years old.
1413
01:15:13,900 --> 01:15:16,166
The average age is 93.
1414
01:15:18,533 --> 01:15:20,133
I walk four miles a day.
1415
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:23,066
I used to walk outside,
1416
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:26,867
but now I walkin the villa here.
1417
01:15:26,900 --> 01:15:31,500
I realized that if I go
from end to the other
1418
01:15:31,533 --> 01:15:35,100
and back six times, it's a mile.
1419
01:15:35,133 --> 01:15:38,734
So I go back and forth 24 timesin the morning.
1420
01:15:43,467 --> 01:15:48,066
[Michael]
Almost all Adventists abstainfrom smoking and alcohol.
1421
01:15:48,066 --> 01:15:51,433
And about 50 percent of themare vegetarians.
1422
01:15:51,467 --> 01:15:54,400
I have been a vegetarian
all my life.
1423
01:15:54,433 --> 01:15:55,667
[man] And you, Richard?
1424
01:15:55,700 --> 01:15:58,166
I could say the same thing,
1425
01:15:58,200 --> 01:16:00,600
and I haven't missed anything.
1426
01:16:00,633 --> 01:16:04,166
It's pretty well-establishedthat especially the red meats
1427
01:16:04,200 --> 01:16:07,066
are not reallythat good for you.
1428
01:16:07,066 --> 01:16:10,066
[Michael] And that's trueif you eat too much of them.
1429
01:16:10,066 --> 01:16:12,467
Studies show thatthe more red meat you eat,
1430
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:15,133
the greater your riskof getting heart disease,
1431
01:16:15,166 --> 01:16:17,500
diabetes, and certain cancers.
1432
01:16:19,767 --> 01:16:21,500
Some of the meat studieswere done
1433
01:16:21,533 --> 01:16:23,734
at the Harvard Schoolof Public Health in Boston.
1434
01:16:25,100 --> 01:16:27,100
[man] From what we've seenin our research,
1435
01:16:27,133 --> 01:16:29,900
eating mostly plantsis a good idea.
1436
01:16:31,133 --> 01:16:34,567
We've done a series of analysesover the last few years
1437
01:16:34,600 --> 01:16:38,767
comparing red meat with poultry
with fish, with nuts,
1438
01:16:38,800 --> 01:16:43,600
with legumes in relation to risk
of cardiovascular disease
and diabetes.
1439
01:16:43,633 --> 01:16:46,900
And very consistentlyreplacing red meat
1440
01:16:46,934 --> 01:16:49,667
with other protein sourcesturns out to be related
1441
01:16:49,700 --> 01:16:53,233
to lower risk of mortalityfrom these diseases.
1442
01:16:55,266 --> 01:16:58,300
[Michael]
In Cleveland, researchershave made a new finding
1443
01:16:58,333 --> 01:17:01,734
that they think might explainsome of the risks of red meat.
1444
01:17:03,834 --> 01:17:06,667
Stanley Hazenis a cardiologist.
1445
01:17:06,700 --> 01:17:09,900
We were looking
for characteristic
markers or features
1446
01:17:09,934 --> 01:17:13,633
in the blood
that predicted near-term risk
1447
01:17:13,667 --> 01:17:15,967
for heart attack,
stroke, and death.
1448
01:17:16,066 --> 01:17:18,400
[Michael]
Hazen and his colleaguesfound something
1449
01:17:18,433 --> 01:17:23,266
that seemed to do just that...a compound called TMAO.
1450
01:17:23,300 --> 01:17:25,800
When we first found
that this compound
1451
01:17:25,834 --> 01:17:28,200
was associated
with heart disease risk,
1452
01:17:28,233 --> 01:17:29,700
we didn't know
very much about it.
1453
01:17:29,734 --> 01:17:32,800
So we tried to essentially
reverse engineer...
1454
01:17:32,834 --> 01:17:34,800
where did it come from?
1455
01:17:34,834 --> 01:17:36,834
[Michael]
The answer pointed to red meat,
1456
01:17:36,867 --> 01:17:40,066
which containsa substance called carnitine.
1457
01:17:40,066 --> 01:17:43,567
Bacteria in our intestinesfeed on carnitine,
1458
01:17:43,600 --> 01:17:46,800
and help turn it into TMAO
1459
01:17:46,834 --> 01:17:50,834
Hazen found that the more TMAOthere is in our bloodstream,
1460
01:17:50,867 --> 01:17:54,600
the more likely we areto develop heart disease.
1461
01:17:54,633 --> 01:17:59,400
What we have found is that TMAO
is enhancing heart disease risk
1462
01:17:59,433 --> 01:18:02,200
by changing
cholesterol metabolism.
1463
01:18:02,233 --> 01:18:04,800
[Michael]
In mice, higher levels of TMAO
1464
01:18:04,834 --> 01:18:08,367
made the sticky depositsof cholesterol called plaque
1465
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:10,500
more likely to formin their arteries.
1466
01:18:12,066 --> 01:18:16,200
[Stanley] I like to think ofTMAO as a rheostaton a light switch.
1467
01:18:16,233 --> 01:18:19,333
If you have a high TMAO,you're gonna have more plaque.
1468
01:18:19,367 --> 01:18:22,433
If you have a low TMAO level,you end up having less plaque.
1469
01:18:24,266 --> 01:18:26,300
Based on our findings,
1470
01:18:26,333 --> 01:18:28,467
I have not stopped
eating red meat,
1471
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:31,934
but I have decreased the amount
and also the frequency.
1472
01:18:31,967 --> 01:18:35,200
So, now, instead of having it
multiple times a week,
1473
01:18:35,233 --> 01:18:37,333
I try to have it, at most,
one time a week.
1474
01:18:39,867 --> 01:18:41,500
[Michael]
We still don't understand
1475
01:18:41,533 --> 01:18:44,500
precisely whymeat causes problems.
1476
01:18:44,533 --> 01:18:48,967
It could be the carnitineor the kind of iron in it
1477
01:18:49,066 --> 01:18:50,567
or the saturated fat.
1478
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:54,900
Or the problem may simply be
1479
01:18:54,934 --> 01:18:57,633
that meat crowds plantsout of our diet.
1480
01:19:01,266 --> 01:19:03,200
But we do know this...
1481
01:19:03,233 --> 01:19:07,567
eating less meatand mostly plantsis good for you.
1482
01:19:08,800 --> 01:19:10,333
-Good.
-Okay.
1483
01:19:10,367 --> 01:19:14,500
[Michael] Nutrition scientistJoan Sabate teachesat Loma Linda university.
1484
01:19:15,834 --> 01:19:17,333
He and his wife Carmen,
1485
01:19:17,367 --> 01:19:20,667
who both grew up inAdventist homes in Barcelona,
1486
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:22,433
follow a vegetarian diet.
1487
01:19:24,967 --> 01:19:28,767
[Joan] For supper,I eat a good salad,or a good soup,
1488
01:19:29,633 --> 01:19:31,600
and vegetables
1489
01:19:31,633 --> 01:19:36,934
with carbohydrate foods
such as pasta,
or potatoes, or bread.
1490
01:19:38,900 --> 01:19:40,667
And then fruit for dessert.
1491
01:19:41,867 --> 01:19:43,834
That seems like a good meal.
1492
01:19:45,967 --> 01:19:51,333
But don't stick with justcauliflower and potatoes.
1493
01:19:51,367 --> 01:19:53,433
The plant kingdom is very rich
1494
01:19:53,467 --> 01:19:57,266
in textures, in flavors,in colors.
1495
01:19:57,300 --> 01:20:02,500
So a rich varietyof plant foods is the best.
1496
01:20:02,533 --> 01:20:05,533
[Michael]
Sabate has done studiescomparing the longevity
1497
01:20:05,567 --> 01:20:07,467
of both kinds of Adventists...
1498
01:20:08,233 --> 01:20:10,867
meat-eaters and vegetarians.
1499
01:20:10,900 --> 01:20:13,633
He's found thatvegetarian Adventists
1500
01:20:13,667 --> 01:20:17,667
live three to four years longerthan non-vegetarian ones
1501
01:20:17,700 --> 01:20:20,800
and six to nine years longerthan the rest of us.
1502
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:24,900
You're awfully easy to please,
honey, I must say.
1503
01:20:24,934 --> 01:20:28,800
[Michael]
Ellsworth Wareham is oneof those vegetarian Adventists.
1504
01:20:28,834 --> 01:20:31,133
He's 99.
1505
01:20:31,166 --> 01:20:34,066
He was a heart surgeonfor more than five decades,
1506
01:20:34,100 --> 01:20:38,100
and retired at the age of 95.
1507
01:20:38,133 --> 01:20:42,200
[Ellsworth]
During the last 20 years,I assisted in cardiac surgery.
1508
01:20:42,233 --> 01:20:46,333
I wasn't the principal surgeon,but I worked full-time.
1509
01:20:47,900 --> 01:20:50,967
I try to livea healthy lifestyle.
1510
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:55,900
And that involves, of course,trying to haveproper nutrition.
1511
01:20:55,934 --> 01:20:59,100
Do I keep a list of things
that I'm going to eat?
1512
01:20:59,133 --> 01:21:00,166
No.
1513
01:21:00,200 --> 01:21:02,100
This has little
hot peppers in it.
1514
01:21:02,133 --> 01:21:04,400
You eat a plant-based diet.
1515
01:21:04,433 --> 01:21:07,066
I want to just sayhow simple it is.
1516
01:21:07,066 --> 01:21:09,633
It is simple
to have good eating habits.
1517
01:21:12,900 --> 01:21:14,600
[Michael] At the Universityof Pittsburgh,
1518
01:21:14,633 --> 01:21:19,367
researchers are exploringjust how eating mostly plantsmay promote health.
1519
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:20,834
We're particularly interested...
1520
01:21:20,867 --> 01:21:24,066
Colon cancer specialistStephen O'Keefe
1521
01:21:24,100 --> 01:21:26,400
spent many years workingin Africa,
1522
01:21:26,433 --> 01:21:29,867
where he saw very littlecolon canceramong his patients.
1523
01:21:31,467 --> 01:21:34,200
But when he movedto the United States,
1524
01:21:34,233 --> 01:21:37,266
he was struck by the factthat African-Americans
1525
01:21:37,300 --> 01:21:40,734
have one of the highestcolon cancer ratesin the world,
1526
01:21:40,767 --> 01:21:44,567
even though manyare geneticallysimilar to Africans.
1527
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:49,667
Studies have demonstrated
that the factor most associated
1528
01:21:49,700 --> 01:21:55,567
with differences in colon cancer
between Africans
and African-Americans is diet.
1529
01:21:55,600 --> 01:21:59,166
[Michael]
Most Africans tendto eat more vegetables, fruits,
1530
01:21:59,200 --> 01:22:01,400
beans, and whole grains
1531
01:22:01,433 --> 01:22:04,967
and less processed foodthan we do in the West.
1532
01:22:05,066 --> 01:22:07,834
And those plant-based foodscontain substances
1533
01:22:07,867 --> 01:22:11,533
our bodies can't digest,which we call fiber.
1534
01:22:12,934 --> 01:22:16,467
We understood for a long timethat fiber was important,
1535
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:18,767
and we thought
it was important to help people
1536
01:22:18,800 --> 01:22:21,400
overcome constipation
and improve what's called
1537
01:22:21,433 --> 01:22:24,900
transit time of food
through your body.
1538
01:22:24,934 --> 01:22:28,834
But O'Keefe's studies revealthat fiber does something else.
1539
01:22:28,867 --> 01:22:32,567
It feeds bacteria in the colonthat to help keep it healthy
1540
01:22:32,600 --> 01:22:36,767
by producing a compoundcalled butyrate.
1541
01:22:36,800 --> 01:22:40,667
Our cells don't produce it,
but bacterial cells do.
1542
01:22:41,367 --> 01:22:43,166
If you eat enough fiber,
1543
01:22:43,200 --> 01:22:46,233
you maintaina bacterial population
1544
01:22:46,266 --> 01:22:49,800
that convert the fiberinto butyrate,
1545
01:22:49,834 --> 01:22:52,367
which maintainsthe health of the colon
1546
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:54,200
and prevents cancer.
1547
01:22:55,533 --> 01:22:58,200
[Michael] Fiber is foodfor these microbes,
1548
01:22:58,233 --> 01:22:59,467
and if you don't
feed it to them,
1549
01:22:59,500 --> 01:23:02,533
they're not gonna be well
and you're not gonna be well.
1550
01:23:02,567 --> 01:23:05,300
And the less fiber you eat,O'Keefe has found,
1551
01:23:05,333 --> 01:23:08,800
the more bacteria you havethat make harmful compounds
1552
01:23:08,834 --> 01:23:10,367
that can lead to cancer.
1553
01:23:13,266 --> 01:23:14,633
Since the Western diet
1554
01:23:14,667 --> 01:23:18,066
that many African-Americans eatis low in fiber,
1555
01:23:18,100 --> 01:23:20,967
and most Africansget plenty of fiber,
1556
01:23:21,066 --> 01:23:23,967
O'Keefe wonderedwhat would happen if Africans
1557
01:23:24,066 --> 01:23:27,633
and African-Americansswitched diets?
1558
01:23:27,667 --> 01:23:31,967
O'Keefe's team fed fiber-richdiets to African-Americans
1559
01:23:32,066 --> 01:23:35,066
and fiber-poor dietsto people in South Africa.
1560
01:23:36,400 --> 01:23:39,633
[O'Keefe] Then we basicallymeasured substances
1561
01:23:39,667 --> 01:23:41,967
that are good or badfor the colon
1562
01:23:42,066 --> 01:23:46,100
before and then two weeksafter their dietary switch.
1563
01:23:47,066 --> 01:23:48,633
[Michael]
After just two weeks,
1564
01:23:48,667 --> 01:23:51,500
the amountof harmful compounds increased
1565
01:23:51,533 --> 01:23:53,700
in the colons of the Africans,
1566
01:23:53,734 --> 01:23:56,066
while the amountof beneficial compounds
1567
01:23:56,066 --> 01:23:58,967
like butyrate increasedin the African-Americans.
1568
01:23:59,667 --> 01:24:01,400
This is the butyrate.
1569
01:24:01,433 --> 01:24:03,200
It's very dramatic.
It's very easy to see.
1570
01:24:03,233 --> 01:24:04,667
-Yeah.
-Yeah.
1571
01:24:04,700 --> 01:24:08,767
The exciting thing isthat by changing your diet,
1572
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:12,433
you or I can influence
our risk of colon cancer
1573
01:24:12,467 --> 01:24:14,166
in just two weeks.
1574
01:24:17,133 --> 01:24:18,867
So the larger lesson is
1575
01:24:18,900 --> 01:24:21,867
that we're not just
eating for ourselves.
1576
01:24:21,900 --> 01:24:26,967
We're eating for the trillionsof microbes that inhabit us,
1577
01:24:27,066 --> 01:24:30,533
like the ones that help protectbreastfed babies.
1578
01:24:31,500 --> 01:24:33,633
The communityof microbes inside us
1579
01:24:33,667 --> 01:24:37,100
has become knownas the microbiome.
1580
01:24:37,133 --> 01:24:40,066
But scientists arejust beginning to understand
1581
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:44,934
how big a role those microbesplay in our dietary health.
1582
01:24:44,967 --> 01:24:49,133
[man] Our ability to transformthe complex chemicalsin the foods that we eat
1583
01:24:49,166 --> 01:24:53,967
into products that we can
grab a hold of and use,
1584
01:24:54,066 --> 01:24:58,333
very much dependsupon our microbial partners.
1585
01:24:58,367 --> 01:25:01,500
And, in a sense,we never dine alone.
1586
01:25:02,667 --> 01:25:05,500
And that's why we proceeded
to try to understand
1587
01:25:05,533 --> 01:25:08,367
this intersectionbetween the foods that we eat,
1588
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:11,500
the microbes that we harbor,and our health.
1589
01:25:11,533 --> 01:25:13,700
[Michael] Jeffrey Gordonand his colleagues
1590
01:25:13,734 --> 01:25:16,533
have found that these microbescan actually influence
1591
01:25:16,567 --> 01:25:19,233
both obesity and malnutrition.
1592
01:25:20,734 --> 01:25:24,567
In Malawi, his team studiedunusual pairs of twins.
1593
01:25:25,633 --> 01:25:29,633
Even thoughthey'd been fed similar diets,
1594
01:25:29,667 --> 01:25:32,800
in dozens of cases,one twin was malnourishedand the other one wasn't.
1595
01:25:34,066 --> 01:25:37,200
It turned out that theirintestinal bacteria,
1596
01:25:37,233 --> 01:25:41,066
for reasons still unknown,were starkly different.
1597
01:25:41,066 --> 01:25:45,533
[man] This suggested thatthere may bea causal relationship
1598
01:25:45,567 --> 01:25:48,834
between the microbesand malnutrition,
1599
01:25:48,867 --> 01:25:50,233
but it didn't prove it.
1600
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:56,066
[Michael]
To test this hypothesis,the scientists transplanted
1601
01:25:56,100 --> 01:25:59,600
the children's intestinalbacteria into mice
1602
01:25:59,633 --> 01:26:02,066
that had been bredto have none of their own.
1603
01:26:03,500 --> 01:26:05,967
The mice that gotthe sick twin's bacteria
1604
01:26:06,066 --> 01:26:08,800
developed symptomsof malnutrition.
1605
01:26:08,834 --> 01:26:11,867
Those that gotthe healthy twin's bacteriadid not.
1606
01:26:13,233 --> 01:26:16,834
Gordon did a similar studyof twins in the United States,
1607
01:26:16,867 --> 01:26:19,567
this time looking at obesity.
1608
01:26:19,600 --> 01:26:23,100
In cases where one twinwas obese and the other wasn't,
1609
01:26:23,133 --> 01:26:24,934
it again turned outthat they had
1610
01:26:24,967 --> 01:26:28,600
different kinds ofgut bacteria, which suggests
1611
01:26:28,633 --> 01:26:32,200
that certain microbesmay contribute to obesity.
1612
01:26:33,667 --> 01:26:37,233
[Gordon] If we think aboutour microbes as a garden,
1613
01:26:37,266 --> 01:26:39,834
how can we grow this garden?
1614
01:26:39,867 --> 01:26:42,834
How can we cultivate itto ensure our health?
1615
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:46,867
[Michael]
In places like Bangladesh,
1616
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:50,567
Gordon is investigating whethertraditional diets may do that
1617
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:55,567
by encouraging the growthof a wide varietyof intestinal microbes.
1618
01:26:55,600 --> 01:26:58,934
[Gordon]
One fascinating findingthat we have made is
1619
01:26:58,967 --> 01:27:02,533
Westernization is associated
with a reduction
1620
01:27:02,567 --> 01:27:06,500
in the diversity or richness
of microbial life in the gut.
1621
01:27:06,533 --> 01:27:09,900
And dietsthat increase richness
1622
01:27:09,934 --> 01:27:12,066
are probably goingto be beneficial.
1623
01:27:15,100 --> 01:27:16,734
[Michael] Researcher Jeff Leach
1624
01:27:16,767 --> 01:27:19,934
thinks the Hadza in Tanzaniacan also tell us
1625
01:27:19,967 --> 01:27:22,900
a lot about how to cultivateour microbiome.
1626
01:27:25,266 --> 01:27:28,233
[speaking in foreign language]
1627
01:27:28,266 --> 01:27:30,500
One of the holy grails
in microbiome research
1628
01:27:30,533 --> 01:27:35,333
is trying to figure out what isan optimalor balanced microbiome.
1629
01:27:35,367 --> 01:27:39,500
[Michael]
The Hadza's gut microbesfeed mainly on wild foods,
1630
01:27:39,533 --> 01:27:44,533
like the kind our ancestors atefor tens of thousands of years.
1631
01:27:44,567 --> 01:27:47,667
We think that the Hadza
contain, in their stomach,
1632
01:27:47,700 --> 01:27:50,934
a microbial Noah's Ark
to what ails the world.
1633
01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:53,500
[speaking in foreign language]
1634
01:27:53,533 --> 01:27:55,367
[Michael] To learn moreabout these microbes,
1635
01:27:55,400 --> 01:27:57,433
Leach is collectingstool samples
1636
01:27:57,467 --> 01:28:01,900
from some 500 Hadza...men, women and children.
1637
01:28:01,934 --> 01:28:04,200
[Jeff] We providethe individuals in the village
1638
01:28:04,233 --> 01:28:06,633
little tubes and a swab.
1639
01:28:06,667 --> 01:28:08,533
-[Jeff] Samples for Bahti?
-[man] Bahti.
1640
01:28:08,567 --> 01:28:12,266
[Michael] The samplesare shipped to the labsof Leach's U.S. colleagues,
1641
01:28:12,300 --> 01:28:16,367
who can precisely identifythe microbes they contain.
1642
01:28:16,400 --> 01:28:18,333
[Jeff] At the end of the day,what we hope to find
1643
01:28:18,367 --> 01:28:21,734
is are there certain diets
that drive certain groups
of bacteria?
1644
01:28:21,767 --> 01:28:24,200
And what does that tell us
about the health of the person?
1645
01:28:26,834 --> 01:28:30,166
[Michael] Studies suggest thatthe Hadza havedifferent kinds of microbes
1646
01:28:30,200 --> 01:28:33,133
than peoplein Western countries.
1647
01:28:33,166 --> 01:28:36,333
And this may partly stemfrom the high levelsof fiber they get
1648
01:28:36,367 --> 01:28:37,834
from all the plants they eat.
1649
01:28:39,867 --> 01:28:41,900
[Jeff] I think the Hadzaare gonna teach us that
1650
01:28:41,934 --> 01:28:44,800
plants should bethe primary sourceof calories in the diet
1651
01:28:44,834 --> 01:28:47,967
and that those plants
should also contain
lots of dietary fiber.
1652
01:28:49,700 --> 01:28:53,433
I think one of the mostinteresting thingsthat Jeff Leach is up to is
1653
01:28:53,467 --> 01:28:55,467
looking for that baseline
1654
01:28:55,500 --> 01:28:58,667
of what the human
microbiome looked like
1655
01:28:58,700 --> 01:29:00,200
before the rise of agriculture
1656
01:29:00,233 --> 01:29:02,400
and then before the rise
of processed food.
1657
01:29:03,233 --> 01:29:05,867
[speaking in foreign language]
1658
01:29:05,900 --> 01:29:08,700
We don't knowhow these changes in our diet
1659
01:29:08,734 --> 01:29:11,300
may have affectedthe microbes inside us.
1660
01:29:11,333 --> 01:29:13,867
[speaking in foreign language]
1661
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:17,367
The microbes may providea very important missing link
1662
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:19,266
between food and health.
1663
01:29:20,667 --> 01:29:22,867
We need to take them
into consideration
1664
01:29:22,900 --> 01:29:24,367
when we're deciding what to eat.
1665
01:29:26,333 --> 01:29:30,533
So there are many good reasonsto eat mostly plants.
1666
01:29:30,567 --> 01:29:32,767
There's plenty of evidenceto suggest
1667
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:35,567
that eating a varietyof vegetables and fruits
1668
01:29:35,600 --> 01:29:37,934
can probably reduce ratesof stroke,
1669
01:29:37,967 --> 01:29:41,200
heart disease,and some cancers.
1670
01:29:41,233 --> 01:29:44,166
They're nutritiousand have lots of fiber.
1671
01:29:44,200 --> 01:29:46,767
They're goodfor the microbes in your gut.
1672
01:29:46,800 --> 01:29:48,734
And if you're eatingmostly plants,
1673
01:29:48,767 --> 01:29:52,266
you can be sure you're noteating too much meat.
1674
01:29:53,667 --> 01:29:58,233
So, treat meat as a flavoringor special occasion food.
1675
01:30:00,066 --> 01:30:02,700
If it came from a plant,eat it.
1676
01:30:03,667 --> 01:30:06,100
If it was madein a plant, don't.
1677
01:30:07,333 --> 01:30:08,734
Eat your colors.
1678
01:30:08,767 --> 01:30:11,967
That is, eat as many differentkinds of plants as possible.
1679
01:30:14,567 --> 01:30:17,467
And now the lastand most challenging
1680
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:19,133
of my seven words...
1681
01:30:20,333 --> 01:30:21,367
not too much.
1682
01:30:23,533 --> 01:30:26,834
In a country where two-thirdsof us are overweight,
1683
01:30:26,867 --> 01:30:28,967
this may seem obvious.
1684
01:30:29,000 --> 01:30:31,533
But it can be toughnot to eat too much.
1685
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:34,700
One big reason is that
1686
01:30:34,734 --> 01:30:37,533
we're constantly beingtempted by food.
1687
01:30:38,800 --> 01:30:40,800
[woman] People are eatingmore food more often
1688
01:30:40,834 --> 01:30:42,166
and in greater portions.
1689
01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:44,133
Food is everywhere.
1690
01:30:45,834 --> 01:30:48,166
You used to be asked
to leave food outside
1691
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:50,667
if you came
into a clothing store.
1692
01:30:50,700 --> 01:30:52,367
Now they give you snacks.
1693
01:30:53,800 --> 01:30:57,100
[Michael] The wonderfulhuman institution of the meal,
1694
01:30:57,133 --> 01:30:59,867
this time where people stopwhat they're doing,
1695
01:30:59,900 --> 01:31:01,734
sit down at the table,
1696
01:31:01,767 --> 01:31:04,734
eat socially, is in trouble.
1697
01:31:05,567 --> 01:31:07,166
We eat at our desks.
1698
01:31:08,266 --> 01:31:10,133
We eat while we're driving.
1699
01:31:10,166 --> 01:31:12,133
We eat while we're walkingdown the street.
1700
01:31:13,633 --> 01:31:15,934
There were social taboos
on all these activities
1701
01:31:15,967 --> 01:31:18,066
once upon a time
and they're all gone.
1702
01:31:18,066 --> 01:31:19,600
[indistinct chatter]
1703
01:31:19,633 --> 01:31:24,300
[woman]
We can see, if we look at dataon the number of calories
1704
01:31:24,333 --> 01:31:25,867
that people are eating,
1705
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:27,433
people are eating
much more now
1706
01:31:27,467 --> 01:31:30,367
than they did
25 or 30 years ago.
1707
01:31:30,400 --> 01:31:34,367
And those kinds of trendsare going to take a lot more
1708
01:31:34,400 --> 01:31:37,200
than removing a gram or twoof sugar or salt
1709
01:31:37,233 --> 01:31:39,767
from a food product
to make any difference.
1710
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:43,533
[Michael] And that's whywe need to talk,
1711
01:31:43,567 --> 01:31:47,667
not just about nutrientsor even just about food,
1712
01:31:47,700 --> 01:31:49,433
but about how much we eat.
1713
01:31:50,834 --> 01:31:53,066
[woman]
Thanks for comingfor lunch today.
1714
01:31:53,100 --> 01:31:55,433
Like I promised,
there's a free lunch.
1715
01:31:55,467 --> 01:31:57,367
Okay, so let's go on,
and let's get started.
1716
01:31:58,300 --> 01:32:00,100
One thing that I've learned,
1717
01:32:00,133 --> 01:32:02,200
having done hundredsand hundreds of studies
1718
01:32:02,233 --> 01:32:06,066
related to eating behavior,
is that, to a person,
1719
01:32:06,066 --> 01:32:10,800
we believe we are master
and commander
of all of our food decisions.
1720
01:32:11,433 --> 01:32:12,600
But we're not.
1721
01:32:14,066 --> 01:32:17,367
We make over 200 decisionsabout food a day.
1722
01:32:17,400 --> 01:32:19,867
And the majorityof these decisions
1723
01:32:19,900 --> 01:32:23,133
are basicallyunconscious to us.
1724
01:32:23,166 --> 01:32:26,900
So, um, grab a plate up there.
The pasta is right on the stove.
1725
01:32:26,934 --> 01:32:28,667
Serve yourself up.
1726
01:32:28,700 --> 01:32:32,200
[Michael] Brian Wansinkis an experton eating behavior.
1727
01:32:32,233 --> 01:32:36,967
He's discovered we're oftennot aware of whywe eat as much as we do.
1728
01:32:38,200 --> 01:32:39,734
Sometimes,it's because of something
1729
01:32:39,767 --> 01:32:42,166
we don't givethe slightest thought to,
1730
01:32:42,200 --> 01:32:44,567
like the size of our plate.
1731
01:32:44,600 --> 01:32:46,633
We'll bring people in,
and we'll give them
a large plate
1732
01:32:46,667 --> 01:32:48,100
to serve themselves,
1733
01:32:48,133 --> 01:32:51,133
but what they don't realize is
that the pasta is cold.
1734
01:32:52,100 --> 01:32:54,433
[Michael]
Wansink concocts an excuse
1735
01:32:54,467 --> 01:32:58,500
so that everyone has toget a different plate,which is slightly smaller.
1736
01:32:58,533 --> 01:33:00,633
These things weren't
the right temperature.
1737
01:33:00,667 --> 01:33:01,900
So I'd like you to come back
1738
01:33:01,934 --> 01:33:04,800
and just grab another plate
out of the cupboard, there.
1739
01:33:07,467 --> 01:33:09,433
One of the thingswe find is that
1740
01:33:09,467 --> 01:33:11,233
they'll serve themselvesa second time...
1741
01:33:12,333 --> 01:33:14,433
they won't believe they served
1742
01:33:14,467 --> 01:33:17,800
an amount any differentthan they did the first time.
1743
01:33:17,834 --> 01:33:19,300
Did you guys notice
anything any different
1744
01:33:19,333 --> 01:33:21,633
between the first time
you served yourself
1745
01:33:21,667 --> 01:33:23,633
and the second timeyou served yourself?
1746
01:33:23,667 --> 01:33:25,834
The plate feels a lot smaller.
It looks smaller.
1747
01:33:25,867 --> 01:33:26,934
Oh!
1748
01:33:26,967 --> 01:33:29,600
So here's one thing we found...the size of a plate
1749
01:33:29,633 --> 01:33:33,734
tremendously biases us,in terms of how much we serve.
1750
01:33:33,767 --> 01:33:37,266
[Michael]
The smaller the plate,the less food people take.
1751
01:33:37,300 --> 01:33:39,834
You serve four ounces
on a nine-inch plate, you go,
1752
01:33:39,867 --> 01:33:42,266
"Holy cow, I'll never be able
to eat that."
1753
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:44,100
So let's take a look
at what happened to you guys.
1754
01:33:44,133 --> 01:33:47,633
So the big plate...
207 calories.
1755
01:33:47,667 --> 01:33:51,166
The smaller plate,
it dropped down
to a 162 calories.
1756
01:33:51,200 --> 01:33:52,400
Whoa.
1757
01:33:52,433 --> 01:33:54,767
That's about 40 calories.
1758
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:56,700
If this happened
three times a day
1759
01:33:56,734 --> 01:33:59,567
over the course of a year,
by using a smaller plate,
1760
01:33:59,600 --> 01:34:02,233
you'd end up weighing
nine pounds less
1761
01:34:02,266 --> 01:34:04,667
than you would
if you had a bigger plate.
1762
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:09,467
Just really, really
small things make
this really huge difference.
1763
01:34:09,500 --> 01:34:13,367
When it comes down to it,the changes we can makemost immediately
1764
01:34:13,400 --> 01:34:15,633
are the changes we can make
when we go home tonight.
1765
01:34:15,667 --> 01:34:19,066
They're the changes we can make
in our kitchen
or in our own house,
1766
01:34:19,066 --> 01:34:21,467
like simply usingsmaller plates.
1767
01:34:24,266 --> 01:34:26,500
Use smaller plates and glasses.
1768
01:34:29,600 --> 01:34:31,533
Serve the vegetables first.
1769
01:34:34,433 --> 01:34:37,066
[Michael]
Wansink has also foundthat the order
1770
01:34:37,066 --> 01:34:40,400
in which we encounter foodsinfluences not just
1771
01:34:40,433 --> 01:34:44,200
how much we eat,but what we eat.
1772
01:34:44,233 --> 01:34:46,633
He's now working with schoolsaround the country,
1773
01:34:46,667 --> 01:34:48,633
to re-design lunch lines
1774
01:34:48,667 --> 01:34:52,066
so that kidswill choose healthier food.
1775
01:34:52,066 --> 01:34:55,800
This is about the most
difficult place in the world
to get people to eat better.
1776
01:34:55,834 --> 01:34:58,533
It's a middle schooland a high school cafeteria.
1777
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:00,934
Here's how we do it.
1778
01:35:00,967 --> 01:35:05,533
We re-organize the line...put the healthiest food first.
1779
01:35:05,567 --> 01:35:08,300
We find peopleare 11 percent more likely
1780
01:35:08,333 --> 01:35:10,800
to take the first thingthey see than the third thing.
1781
01:35:10,834 --> 01:35:13,700
So let's load it upwith the healthy vegetables.
1782
01:35:13,734 --> 01:35:16,166
After that, we've got
the low fat hamburgers,
1783
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:19,233
whole grain buns here,
bean quesadillas.
1784
01:35:19,266 --> 01:35:21,433
It's only then do they hit
the really indulgent stuff.
1785
01:35:21,467 --> 01:35:22,934
But, you know,
hey, it's too late.
1786
01:35:22,967 --> 01:35:25,367
Their plates are already full
with the good stuff.
1787
01:35:27,066 --> 01:35:29,834
You know that it's workingby the fact that,
1788
01:35:29,867 --> 01:35:33,066
we used to only do
25 pounds of carrots a week
1789
01:35:33,100 --> 01:35:36,567
for all three buildings,
and now we go anywhere
1790
01:35:36,600 --> 01:35:39,333
from 70 to 75 pounds
of carrots a week.
1791
01:35:40,433 --> 01:35:43,066
And they don't even realize it,a lot of them, that,
1792
01:35:43,066 --> 01:35:45,800
"Wow, we're eating better."It's just happening.
1793
01:35:46,867 --> 01:35:48,967
The other thing we do,
we take the fruit
1794
01:35:49,066 --> 01:35:51,600
and we put it right next
to the cash register.
1795
01:35:51,633 --> 01:35:56,066
What we find is that
fruit sales go up 103 percent
1796
01:35:56,100 --> 01:35:58,367
simply by putting the fruit
in a nice basket
1797
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:00,367
and putting it next
to the cash register.
1798
01:36:00,400 --> 01:36:01,934
And the exact same thing
that works
1799
01:36:01,967 --> 01:36:04,200
for selling Twinkies
in a convenience store
1800
01:36:04,233 --> 01:36:06,567
works for getting people
to eat healthier
1801
01:36:06,600 --> 01:36:08,166
in high schools
and junior highs.
1802
01:36:09,500 --> 01:36:11,767
[Michael]
And it's not just kidswho are influenced
1803
01:36:11,800 --> 01:36:14,667
by whereand when they see food.
1804
01:36:14,700 --> 01:36:17,467
The order of itemsat a breakfast buffet
1805
01:36:17,500 --> 01:36:19,633
had a similar effect on adults.
1806
01:36:19,667 --> 01:36:22,900
We found that the first
three things they saw
1807
01:36:22,934 --> 01:36:26,333
comprised 66%
of everything they took.
1808
01:36:26,367 --> 01:36:29,200
So, in one case,they saw cheesy eggs first,
1809
01:36:29,233 --> 01:36:31,834
they saw bacon,they saw fried potatoes.
1810
01:36:31,867 --> 01:36:33,300
Two-thirds of their plate...
1811
01:36:33,333 --> 01:36:37,467
cheesy eggs, bacon,fried potatoes.
1812
01:36:37,500 --> 01:36:42,333
If instead they saw fruitfirst, and low-fat granola,low-fat yogurt,
1813
01:36:42,367 --> 01:36:46,700
they'd end up takingtwo-thirds of their platefrom those items.
1814
01:36:46,734 --> 01:36:50,533
It's incredible
the impact the order
of food has
1815
01:36:50,567 --> 01:36:52,600
on whether we take it or not.
1816
01:36:53,867 --> 01:36:56,166
All these littleenvironmental cues
1817
01:36:56,200 --> 01:36:59,166
are very importantin our appetite.
1818
01:36:59,200 --> 01:37:02,066
We think of appetite
as this biological absolute...
1819
01:37:02,066 --> 01:37:03,433
"This is how hungry I am."
1820
01:37:03,467 --> 01:37:06,200
But, in fact, it, like so many
other things, is constructed.
1821
01:37:06,233 --> 01:37:09,133
It's socially constructed,
environmentally constructed
1822
01:37:09,166 --> 01:37:12,133
and influenced by allthese little, little things.
1823
01:37:13,967 --> 01:37:18,266
So I see great potentialto harnessthat kind of thinking
1824
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:21,800
and those kind of insightsto redesign the buffet line,
1825
01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:24,166
to redesign the plate,
1826
01:37:24,200 --> 01:37:27,500
to redesignthe food environmentin which we live.
1827
01:37:27,533 --> 01:37:29,066
[boy] Thank you.
Have a good day.
1828
01:37:37,433 --> 01:37:39,233
It's very interestinghow we'll put up
1829
01:37:39,266 --> 01:37:43,066
with social engineeringfrom corporations endlessly.
1830
01:37:44,367 --> 01:37:45,867
When they come up
with the Big Gulp
1831
01:37:45,900 --> 01:37:47,533
they aresocial engineering, right?
1832
01:37:47,567 --> 01:37:50,133
They're getting us to drink
more than we would otherwise.
1833
01:37:51,533 --> 01:37:54,400
When they manipulatethe salt, fat, and sugar.
1834
01:37:54,433 --> 01:37:58,300
All that is social engineering,too, and we don't resent it.
1835
01:37:58,333 --> 01:38:01,266
Yet, as soon as it's being done
on our behalf...
1836
01:38:01,300 --> 01:38:04,333
an elected official
doing it on our behalf...
1837
01:38:04,367 --> 01:38:06,967
this is too much.
This is social engineering.
1838
01:38:07,066 --> 01:38:09,300
This is socialist.
We can't. We can't go there.
1839
01:38:09,333 --> 01:38:12,066
So it seems to me
we have a double standard.
1840
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:16,467
[woman] The governmentis already involvedin food choice up to its ears.
1841
01:38:18,367 --> 01:38:22,500
Government policy hasdetermined the kind offood system that we have.
1842
01:38:22,533 --> 01:38:27,133
It determineswhat food productsget supported
1843
01:38:27,166 --> 01:38:28,633
and which ones don't.
1844
01:38:30,333 --> 01:38:32,266
So what those of us
who are advocating
1845
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:34,433
for a healthier food system
are after
1846
01:38:34,467 --> 01:38:38,100
is not getting the government
involved in food policy.
1847
01:38:38,133 --> 01:38:39,400
It already is.
1848
01:38:39,433 --> 01:38:42,567
We just want it tweaked
so that the government role
1849
01:38:42,600 --> 01:38:44,233
in food policy is to produce
1850
01:38:44,266 --> 01:38:46,233
a food system
that promotes health...
1851
01:38:46,266 --> 01:38:49,100
healthier people
and a healthier environment.
1852
01:38:49,133 --> 01:38:54,667
This is the amount of sugar
that you or your child eat
1853
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:58,066
when you drink one can of soda
a day for a year.
1854
01:38:58,066 --> 01:39:00,066
I'm gonna put this
down in front.
1855
01:39:00,100 --> 01:39:01,834
[cheers and applause]
1856
01:39:01,867 --> 01:39:06,133
[Michael]
In 2012, Richmond, Californiacouncilman Jeffrey Ritterman
1857
01:39:06,166 --> 01:39:09,066
proposed that the city collecta penny-per-ounce tax
1858
01:39:09,066 --> 01:39:11,133
on sugary beverages.
1859
01:39:11,166 --> 01:39:13,367
He hoped the taxwould discourage people
1860
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:15,200
from consuming so much sugar.
1861
01:39:15,233 --> 01:39:18,633
[woman] Please be respectful
while we're discussing this.
Thank you.
1862
01:39:18,667 --> 01:39:20,800
[Michael] Ritterman is alsoa cardiologist.
1863
01:39:20,834 --> 01:39:23,533
Unequivocally,
medically, right now
1864
01:39:23,567 --> 01:39:27,433
it is proven
that one can of soda a day
1865
01:39:27,467 --> 01:39:30,367
increases your risk
of type-2 diabetes.
1866
01:39:30,400 --> 01:39:32,166
It causes heart attacks,
1867
01:39:32,200 --> 01:39:35,834
and it causes obesity
and it makes some cancers grow.
1868
01:39:37,433 --> 01:39:41,066
[Michael]
The tax proponents raisedclose to $70,000.
1869
01:39:42,567 --> 01:39:45,800
But in this cityof about 100,000 people,
1870
01:39:45,834 --> 01:39:51,500
the soda industry spent nearly2.5 million dollarsto defeat the tax.
1871
01:39:51,533 --> 01:39:56,066
I was calling on behalf
of the community coalition
against beverage taxes.
1872
01:39:56,066 --> 01:40:00,400
[woman] They establishedan ostensiblegrass roots organization
1873
01:40:00,433 --> 01:40:02,600
to fight the soda tax.
1874
01:40:03,533 --> 01:40:05,633
They wentinto minority neighborhoods
1875
01:40:05,667 --> 01:40:08,033
and put up big posters saying
1876
01:40:08,066 --> 01:40:10,967
your rights are beingtaken away from you.
1877
01:40:11,000 --> 01:40:14,734
When we get to the point
of being a dictator to people,
1878
01:40:14,767 --> 01:40:16,233
I think it's wrong.
1879
01:40:16,900 --> 01:40:18,433
[man] Measure N is losing.
1880
01:40:19,900 --> 01:40:23,100
We can now confirm that ithas gone down to defeat.
1881
01:40:24,367 --> 01:40:27,400
[Michael] In the end,Richmond votersrejected the tax
1882
01:40:27,433 --> 01:40:29,667
by a marginof nearly two to one.
1883
01:40:31,734 --> 01:40:32,967
Across the country,
1884
01:40:33,000 --> 01:40:35,266
New York City mayorMichael Bloomberg
1885
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:37,367
came up witha different strategy
1886
01:40:37,400 --> 01:40:40,533
to cut downon people's intake of sugar.
1887
01:40:40,567 --> 01:40:44,166
He proposed a regulationto limit the serving size
1888
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:47,667
of sugar-sweetened beveragesto 16 ounces.
1889
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:49,667
There's an epidemic
in this country
1890
01:40:49,700 --> 01:40:53,133
of people being overweight,
bordering on obesity.
1891
01:40:53,166 --> 01:40:56,900
The percentage
of the population
that's obese is skyrocketing.
1892
01:40:56,934 --> 01:40:59,033
We've got to dosomething about it.
1893
01:40:59,066 --> 01:41:00,567
[man] So this is the proposal.
1894
01:41:00,600 --> 01:41:03,867
The maximum size that
a food service establishment
1895
01:41:03,900 --> 01:41:06,533
could sell of a sugary drink
is 16 ounces.
1896
01:41:08,066 --> 01:41:10,567
If you go into a fast-foodrestaurant in New York City,
1897
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:12,767
you can find an awful lotof things like this.
1898
01:41:13,600 --> 01:41:15,934
This is a 64-ounce container.
1899
01:41:15,967 --> 01:41:17,633
That's a half a gallon,
by the way.
1900
01:41:17,667 --> 01:41:19,266
It contains about 800 calories
1901
01:41:19,300 --> 01:41:21,300
or more than 50 packets
of sugar.
1902
01:41:21,333 --> 01:41:23,100
To give you an idea
of what we're talking about,
1903
01:41:23,133 --> 01:41:25,867
this is how much sugar
is in there.
1904
01:41:25,900 --> 01:41:28,967
[woman] We know fromresearch that people eatwhat's in front of them.
1905
01:41:29,066 --> 01:41:32,100
If you give somebodya 16-ounce soda,
1906
01:41:32,133 --> 01:41:35,200
that personwill drink 16 ounces.
1907
01:41:36,300 --> 01:41:39,066
If you give that
same person 32 ounces,
1908
01:41:39,066 --> 01:41:41,433
that same person
will drink 32 ounces
1909
01:41:41,467 --> 01:41:44,133
and have twice as many calories.
1910
01:41:44,166 --> 01:41:47,967
[Michael]
The beverage industry filedsuit to stop Bloomberg's rule
1911
01:41:48,066 --> 01:41:51,433
and launched a slick campaignto turn the public against it.
1912
01:41:52,433 --> 01:41:54,433
[man] New Yorkersdon't want the mayor
1913
01:41:54,467 --> 01:41:56,600
to tell themwhat size beverage to buy.
1914
01:41:56,633 --> 01:42:00,266
I'm an adult and I can make
my own decisions
about what I drink.
1915
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:03,467
[man] Hey, New York,it's time to take a stand.
1916
01:42:03,500 --> 01:42:05,333
Join us.
1917
01:42:05,367 --> 01:42:07,266
[Michael] In March 2013,
1918
01:42:07,300 --> 01:42:09,633
a judge ruledin favor of the industry
1919
01:42:09,667 --> 01:42:12,066
and threw out Bloomberg's rule
1920
01:42:12,066 --> 01:42:15,333
calling the limit"arbitrary and capricious."
1921
01:42:15,367 --> 01:42:18,133
Being the first to do something
is never easy.
1922
01:42:18,166 --> 01:42:21,266
When we began this process,
we knew we would face lawsuits.
1923
01:42:21,300 --> 01:42:24,133
Anytime you adopt
a groundbreaking policy,
1924
01:42:24,166 --> 01:42:25,767
special interests will sue.
1925
01:42:25,800 --> 01:42:27,066
That's America.
1926
01:42:27,967 --> 01:42:32,066
[dramatic '70s music playing]
1927
01:42:33,867 --> 01:42:36,133
[man] Come towhere the flavor is...
1928
01:42:36,166 --> 01:42:38,734
Come to Marlboro country.
1929
01:42:38,767 --> 01:42:42,166
[Michael] Personal freedomalso used to beone of the tobacco industry's
1930
01:42:42,200 --> 01:42:45,734
favorite argumentsagainst government regulation.
1931
01:42:45,767 --> 01:42:48,533
But the evidence of harmbecame so overwhelming
1932
01:42:48,567 --> 01:42:51,934
that the governmentfinally had to act.
1933
01:42:51,967 --> 01:42:55,734
[man]
For many years, there wasvery firmly established science
1934
01:42:55,767 --> 01:42:58,867
that smoking cigaretteswas killing people.
1935
01:42:58,900 --> 01:43:02,233
But it took a long timefor government to react.
1936
01:43:02,266 --> 01:43:04,633
Once it did, though,
it did things
1937
01:43:04,667 --> 01:43:07,500
that were considered
inconceivable at one time.
1938
01:43:07,533 --> 01:43:09,500
Standing up
to the tobacco companies?
1939
01:43:09,533 --> 01:43:13,700
♪ Breathe easy, smoke clean ♪
1940
01:43:13,734 --> 01:43:16,367
[Michael] In 1970, 37 percent
1941
01:43:16,400 --> 01:43:18,533
of American adultssmoked cigarettes.
1942
01:43:18,567 --> 01:43:20,667
[record scratches]
1943
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:24,834
The U.S. Governmentbanned cigarette advertisingon television that year,
1944
01:43:24,867 --> 01:43:27,400
and cigarette taxesbegan to rise.
1945
01:43:28,767 --> 01:43:31,800
Since then, the percentageof adults who smoke
1946
01:43:31,834 --> 01:43:33,900
has been cut in half.
1947
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:37,166
So I don't think
it can be very far off
1948
01:43:37,200 --> 01:43:39,166
where we ask government
to do with food
1949
01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:40,567
what it's done with tobacco.
1950
01:43:41,567 --> 01:43:45,166
And in 2014,people in Berkeley, California
1951
01:43:45,200 --> 01:43:49,533
did just that...passing the first soda taxin the nation's history.
1952
01:43:49,567 --> 01:43:51,266
We got the measure passed.
Whoo!
1953
01:43:51,300 --> 01:43:53,367
[applause]
1954
01:43:53,400 --> 01:43:58,433
This time,tax proponents successfullycountered industry spending,
1955
01:43:58,467 --> 01:44:00,934
thanks partlyto former mayor Bloomberg.
1956
01:44:00,967 --> 01:44:02,567
[Bloomberg] If we're goingto start reversing
1957
01:44:02,600 --> 01:44:06,233
the epidemicof childhood obesity,it starts November fourth.
1958
01:44:06,266 --> 01:44:10,967
[Michael]
He spent a reported $650,000in support of the measure.
1959
01:44:14,433 --> 01:44:15,900
[Michael]
I think it's a big deal
1960
01:44:15,934 --> 01:44:18,133
because we aregonna test this idea
1961
01:44:18,166 --> 01:44:20,266
that by adjustingthe price of soda,
1962
01:44:20,300 --> 01:44:22,433
you can reducethe consumption of it.
1963
01:44:24,066 --> 01:44:25,900
It's already working in Mexico,
1964
01:44:25,934 --> 01:44:29,600
where a national soda taxtook effect in 2014.
1965
01:44:30,734 --> 01:44:33,100
Since then,Mexicans have been drinking
1966
01:44:33,133 --> 01:44:35,233
significantly less soda,
1967
01:44:35,266 --> 01:44:37,934
suggesting that the amountwe eat or drink
1968
01:44:37,967 --> 01:44:40,333
is more than justa matter of willpower.
1969
01:44:42,266 --> 01:44:45,333
Now we'll see whether a taxcan have a similar impact
1970
01:44:45,367 --> 01:44:47,500
when we try itin just in one city.
1971
01:44:48,867 --> 01:44:51,233
And if we discover
that that works,
1972
01:44:51,266 --> 01:44:55,100
and, in turn,
we find rates of obesity
1973
01:44:55,133 --> 01:44:58,066
and type-2 diabetes
moderating or declining,
1974
01:44:58,100 --> 01:45:00,900
we will have discovered
a very powerful tool.
1975
01:45:00,934 --> 01:45:03,467
It may or may not work,
but I'm delighted
1976
01:45:03,500 --> 01:45:05,333
that finally we're gonna
get to try this.
1977
01:45:07,433 --> 01:45:09,867
Make wateryour beverage of choice.
1978
01:45:11,233 --> 01:45:13,500
Stop eating before you're full.
1979
01:45:15,734 --> 01:45:18,567
And eat more likethe French do.
1980
01:45:21,333 --> 01:45:24,367
Eat more like the French do?
1981
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:26,800
Aren't they knownfor their love of rich food?
1982
01:45:28,266 --> 01:45:31,166
Well, one of the remarkablethings about the French
1983
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:33,567
is that they actually enjoybetter health
1984
01:45:33,600 --> 01:45:36,667
than people in many otherWestern countries.
1985
01:45:36,700 --> 01:45:40,100
It's a mystery knownas the French paradox.
1986
01:45:41,367 --> 01:45:44,066
They eat very fatty foodsvery often.
1987
01:45:44,967 --> 01:45:48,133
They have lavish,lush desserts.
1988
01:45:49,700 --> 01:45:51,700
They drink lots of wine.
1989
01:45:52,834 --> 01:45:54,567
And it drives us crazy,
1990
01:45:54,600 --> 01:45:56,834
but they're not
as fat as we are,
1991
01:45:57,934 --> 01:46:00,100
and they have
less heart disease
1992
01:46:00,133 --> 01:46:01,734
and slightly better longevity.
1993
01:46:01,767 --> 01:46:05,734
How could this possibly be?
They're breaking
all our rules of eating.
1994
01:46:08,600 --> 01:46:11,934
[speaking in French]
1995
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:16,300
[woman] Claude Fischleris a French sociologist
1996
01:46:16,333 --> 01:46:18,333
who studies how people eat.
1997
01:46:19,166 --> 01:46:20,600
[speaking in French]
1998
01:46:26,300 --> 01:46:30,967
The French are very rigid
when it comes to issues
associated with eating.
1999
01:46:33,967 --> 01:46:38,900
They eat at exactlythe same time in all regions.
2000
01:46:40,200 --> 01:46:44,166
Any given weekday at 12:30,
2001
01:46:44,200 --> 01:46:48,934
you can be surethat 50 percent of the French,they are busy eating.
2002
01:46:49,934 --> 01:46:53,567
Across the English Channel
or in the U.S.,
2003
01:46:53,600 --> 01:46:57,400
it's, more like15 percent, 16 percent,17 percent of people
2004
01:46:57,433 --> 01:46:58,967
that are eating
at the same time.
2005
01:47:00,633 --> 01:47:04,567
[Michael] Fischlerthinks this rigidity,or reliance on tradition,
2006
01:47:04,600 --> 01:47:07,467
actually makes life easierfor the French.
2007
01:47:07,500 --> 01:47:10,600
It's not such a maddeningindividual obsession
2008
01:47:10,633 --> 01:47:12,700
about controlling yourself.
2009
01:47:12,734 --> 01:47:17,100
Because there's a lot that
is controlled by the culture.
2010
01:47:17,133 --> 01:47:19,767
[Michael]
The big difference betweenthe French and the Americans
2011
01:47:19,800 --> 01:47:22,700
is that they serve less food.That's the big one.
2012
01:47:22,734 --> 01:47:26,066
They serve smaller portions.That's part of their tradition.
2013
01:47:26,066 --> 01:47:28,533
Another thing
is they think of food
2014
01:47:28,567 --> 01:47:30,867
more as something you enjoy.
2015
01:47:34,166 --> 01:47:36,400
[speaking in French]
2016
01:47:43,633 --> 01:47:45,767
[man] The French viewof health issues is...
2017
01:47:46,800 --> 01:47:48,834
[speaking in French]
2018
01:47:48,867 --> 01:47:52,100
If it tastes good,
it's good for you.
2019
01:47:52,133 --> 01:47:53,767
[in French]
2020
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:01,233
[Michael] The French,when they say they eat,
2021
01:48:01,266 --> 01:48:04,266
mean they have a meal together.
2022
01:48:04,300 --> 01:48:06,600
They wouldn't call eatinga snack, eating.
2023
01:48:06,633 --> 01:48:09,567
The way they use their word
eating is in an event.
2024
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:15,066
They have a world in which food
is a celebration with others.
2025
01:48:15,066 --> 01:48:18,066
[Michael] Tonight's dinneris at the homeof Fischler's friend,
2026
01:48:18,066 --> 01:48:20,066
Herve de Lannurien.
2027
01:48:21,700 --> 01:48:23,233
[speaking in French]
2028
01:48:29,133 --> 01:48:32,567
In keeping with tradition,the meal follows a script...
2029
01:48:33,333 --> 01:48:35,066
appetizers...
2030
01:48:35,066 --> 01:48:36,934
[Indistinct conversations]
2031
01:48:36,967 --> 01:48:38,400
a first course...
2032
01:48:41,600 --> 01:48:43,400
a main course...
2033
01:48:47,567 --> 01:48:49,367
a cheese course...
2034
01:48:50,266 --> 01:48:51,967
and salad.
2035
01:48:53,600 --> 01:48:55,867
Later, they had dessert.
2036
01:48:56,834 --> 01:48:59,500
In France, they eat slowly,
2037
01:48:59,533 --> 01:49:02,133
which is very interestingand significant.
2038
01:49:02,166 --> 01:49:05,567
One of the most striking thingsabout the American wayof eating
2039
01:49:05,600 --> 01:49:08,900
is we are some of the fastest
eaters on the planet.
2040
01:49:08,934 --> 01:49:13,800
[man] It's about135 minutes a dayin France spent eating,
2041
01:49:13,834 --> 01:49:18,767
compared to something like 74,I think, uh, for the U.S.
2042
01:49:20,266 --> 01:49:23,767
So they're used to eatingsmaller portions,
2043
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:27,166
but they're usedto taking longer to eat them.
2044
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:31,100
So the pleasure of eating comes
from the good food
in your mouth.
2045
01:49:31,133 --> 01:49:33,133
[indistinct chatter]
2046
01:49:33,166 --> 01:49:35,500
So the French paradoxmay have nothing to do
2047
01:49:35,533 --> 01:49:37,800
with the miracle of nutrientin the red wine,
2048
01:49:37,834 --> 01:49:39,967
which some people thought,
2049
01:49:40,066 --> 01:49:42,066
but it may have everythingto do with habit.
2050
01:49:44,467 --> 01:49:47,233
As powerfuland wonderful as science is,
2051
01:49:47,266 --> 01:49:50,867
culture alsocan teach us how to eat.
2052
01:49:50,900 --> 01:49:55,934
And, so far, until science
makes the breakthroughs
it needs to make,
2053
01:49:55,967 --> 01:49:58,200
culture is
the best guide we have.
2054
01:50:00,233 --> 01:50:03,200
Try spend as much timeenjoying the meal
2055
01:50:03,233 --> 01:50:04,800
as it took to prepare it.
2056
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:11,000
Don't eat anythingyour great-grandmotherwouldn't recognize as food.
2057
01:50:12,700 --> 01:50:16,667
Last rule, break the rulesonce in a while.
2058
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:19,900
Cultivating a relaxed,
non-punitive attitude
2059
01:50:19,934 --> 01:50:22,133
toward food is essential.
2060
01:50:22,166 --> 01:50:25,433
Being anxious about your eating
cannot be good for your health.
2061
01:50:25,467 --> 01:50:27,533
What matters
is not the special occasion
2062
01:50:27,567 --> 01:50:30,467
but the everyday,
default practice.
2063
01:50:30,500 --> 01:50:34,300
So I stand with Oscar Wilde,
actually, who said it best.
2064
01:50:34,333 --> 01:50:36,934
He said,
"All things in moderation...
2065
01:50:37,867 --> 01:50:39,066
including moderation."
2066
01:50:39,934 --> 01:50:41,266
Thank you very much.
2067
01:50:41,300 --> 01:50:45,166
[cheers and applause]
2068
01:50:45,200 --> 01:50:46,767
Tomatoes, assorted.
2069
01:50:46,800 --> 01:50:48,834
-Do you want a strawberry to go?
-Thank you.
2070
01:50:48,867 --> 01:50:50,166
There are many aspectsof our lives
2071
01:50:50,200 --> 01:50:53,200
where we feel likewe have very little power.
2072
01:50:53,233 --> 01:50:56,533
But when it comes to food,we do have power.
2073
01:50:57,333 --> 01:50:59,567
The rise of farmer's markets,
2074
01:50:59,600 --> 01:51:02,100
the rise oforganic agriculture,
2075
01:51:02,133 --> 01:51:04,300
the riseof the food movement...
2076
01:51:04,333 --> 01:51:08,166
none of this was the resultof government action.
2077
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:10,700
All of thiswas the result of consumers
2078
01:51:10,734 --> 01:51:12,467
voting with their forks,
2079
01:51:12,500 --> 01:51:14,467
signaling to farmersand the food industry
2080
01:51:14,500 --> 01:51:15,867
they wantedsomething different.
2081
01:51:16,834 --> 01:51:19,633
And this has created
a multi-billion dollar
2082
01:51:19,667 --> 01:51:21,433
alternative food economy.
2083
01:51:22,300 --> 01:51:25,467
So we may beat a turning point.
2084
01:51:25,500 --> 01:51:30,633
[man]
We are feeding people todayin so many different ways.
2085
01:51:30,667 --> 01:51:35,500
[Michael] More and more peopleare making the connectionbetween food and health.
2086
01:51:35,533 --> 01:51:37,667
[man]
We have some young peoplewho have been working
2087
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:40,834
to combattype-2 diabetes directly
2088
01:51:40,867 --> 01:51:43,533
to actually end type-2 diabetes
2089
01:51:43,567 --> 01:51:46,066
in young people
in the state of California.
2090
01:51:46,066 --> 01:51:47,300
And we need your help.
2091
01:51:49,633 --> 01:51:52,900
We need youactually eating good food.
2092
01:51:52,934 --> 01:51:55,734
We need you actually sharingthat message.
2093
01:51:55,767 --> 01:51:58,200
[woman]
When we talk about wanting
to eat healthy,
2094
01:51:58,233 --> 01:52:00,133
we also have to think
about the system
2095
01:52:00,166 --> 01:52:02,834
that is making us
eat the wrong things.
2096
01:52:04,367 --> 01:52:07,567
[boy]
I believe we can changethe whole community.
2097
01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:12,400
Growing and knowing
where your food comes from
makes a difference.
2098
01:52:12,433 --> 01:52:15,533
I would love to seein the next five, ten years,
2099
01:52:15,567 --> 01:52:17,934
the South Bronx having morehealthy alternatives...
2100
01:52:17,967 --> 01:52:20,433
actually where the healthyisn't an alternative.
2101
01:52:21,967 --> 01:52:25,400
The fast foodis the alternativeand this is the standard.
2102
01:52:26,734 --> 01:52:28,500
[sizzling]
2103
01:52:30,166 --> 01:52:31,934
[Michael]
Back in Massachusetts,
2104
01:52:31,967 --> 01:52:35,800
the last year has alsomarked a turning pointfor Anthony Scavotto.
2105
01:52:36,967 --> 01:52:40,934
He's cut way down onjunk food... especially sugar.
2106
01:52:41,800 --> 01:52:44,367
I think more about it
2107
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:48,567
because I kind of knowwhat it does to my body now.
2108
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:50,834
I feel pretty good
about the changes I've made.
2109
01:52:52,066 --> 01:52:54,266
I like fruits and vegetables.
2110
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:59,066
I love cauliflower.
I love, like, apples.
2111
01:52:59,100 --> 01:53:01,567
I like lemons. Is that weird?
2112
01:53:01,600 --> 01:53:02,600
I love lemons.
2113
01:53:04,066 --> 01:53:06,066
[Michael] Though Anthonyhas gained a few pounds,
2114
01:53:06,066 --> 01:53:08,633
he's also growntwo inches taller,
2115
01:53:08,667 --> 01:53:11,066
so he's carryingless excess weight.
2116
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:12,934
[man] Go!
2117
01:53:12,967 --> 01:53:15,300
[Anthony's mother]
Anthony is doing great.
2118
01:53:15,900 --> 01:53:17,533
His energy level is up.
2119
01:53:19,567 --> 01:53:20,834
[Anthony] I love sports.
2120
01:53:22,066 --> 01:53:24,600
My goal'sto stay the same weight...
2121
01:53:24,633 --> 01:53:26,233
There you go.
2122
01:53:26,266 --> 01:53:28,433
[Anthony] ...to be healthy.
2123
01:53:28,467 --> 01:53:31,066
-Blue goal.
-I couldn't be prouder of him.
2124
01:53:31,066 --> 01:53:31,967
Nice job.
2125
01:53:37,400 --> 01:53:40,800
[Michael] You know,after talking to scores
2126
01:53:40,834 --> 01:53:44,133
of nutrition scientist,nutrition educators,
2127
01:53:44,166 --> 01:53:48,100
when I finally realizedwhat they'rereally telling me is,
2128
01:53:48,133 --> 01:53:49,767
"Eat food."
2129
01:53:50,900 --> 01:53:53,233
It was just like
a light had gone off.
2130
01:53:53,266 --> 01:53:55,300
It's like, "Could it
really be that simple?"
2131
01:53:55,333 --> 01:53:56,767
And the more I thought about it,
it was like,
2132
01:53:56,800 --> 01:53:58,066
"It is that simple."
2133
01:53:59,300 --> 01:54:02,066
Eat food, not too much,
2134
01:54:02,500 --> 01:54:04,934
mostly plants
2135
01:54:04,967 --> 01:54:09,066
is what our specieshas done for hundredsof thousands of years.
2136
01:54:11,300 --> 01:54:13,066
So, that advice, I think,
2137
01:54:13,100 --> 01:54:15,934
is about as universalas any advice you could offer.
2138
01:54:18,834 --> 01:54:20,900
It's very rare in our liveswhere the answer
2139
01:54:20,934 --> 01:54:22,800
to a complicated questionis so simple,
2140
01:54:24,066 --> 01:54:26,233
but when it comesto eating, it is.
184713
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