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Man: 10, 9...
2
00:00:03,571 --> 00:00:07,406
Narrator: Through engineering,
humans shape and mold our world.
3
00:00:07,408 --> 00:00:08,907
Man: Ignition sequence start.
4
00:00:08,909 --> 00:00:10,476
Narrator:
Extraordinary breakthroughs
5
00:00:10,478 --> 00:00:13,479
Have changed the course
of history and taken us further
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00:00:13,481 --> 00:00:16,148
Than our ancestors
could have ever imagined.
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00:00:16,150 --> 00:00:18,484
Man #2: Liftoff. Liftoff.
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00:00:18,486 --> 00:00:21,086
Narrator: But each new frontier
comes with unknown risks,
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00:00:21,088 --> 00:00:25,124
And pushing the limits can
have devastating consequences.
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00:00:25,126 --> 00:00:28,260
Bellingham: No matter how
important you say safety is,
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00:00:28,262 --> 00:00:32,131
There is still a chance
of disaster occurring.
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00:00:32,133 --> 00:00:34,600
♪
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00:00:34,602 --> 00:00:38,704
Narrator: In 1989, a pilot with
thousands of hours of experience
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00:00:38,706 --> 00:00:41,507
In the skies
made a deadly mistake.
15
00:00:41,509 --> 00:00:44,176
Man: Investigators are now
trying to piece together
16
00:00:44,178 --> 00:00:46,545
Exactly what happened.
17
00:00:51,452 --> 00:00:52,985
Narrator: And in 2000,
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00:00:52,987 --> 00:00:55,821
A plane that had
captured the world's imagination
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00:00:55,823 --> 00:00:59,058
Took a tragic tailspin
into a busy hotel.
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00:00:59,060 --> 00:01:02,161
Concorde's ties did actually
have a history of failure.
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00:01:02,163 --> 00:01:03,862
Narrator: Although commercial
air transport
22
00:01:03,864 --> 00:01:06,598
Is statistically the safest
means of travel,
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00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:08,534
These two fatal disasters
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00:01:08,536 --> 00:01:11,370
Proved our precarious place
in the skies
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And had a dramatic impact on
the world of commercial flight.
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-- Captions by vitac --
www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
discovery communications
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-From the m1 crash...
-Major catastrophe.
29
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The village of kegworth...
-Broke and jackknifed
30
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Into three pieces.
-40 fatal casualties.
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-Disorientated...
-Just what happened
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To flight 92?
-The right engine having failed.
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-Screams and moans.
-10 seconds more
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And he'd have made it home.
-There had been no warning.
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Man: Flight bd92
indefinite delay.
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♪
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Narrator: The boeing 737
is the fastest-selling
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Commercial jetliner
in boeing history.
39
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Man: The newest arrival in
the boeing family of airliners,
40
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The 737 attracts a crowd.
41
00:02:01,322 --> 00:02:06,024
Narrator: Today, it is operated
by more than 500 airlines.
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Since entering service in 1968,
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00:02:08,796 --> 00:02:14,066
The boeing 737 has transported
over 12 billion people
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To destinations
in over 190 countries.
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♪
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The 737 was originally designed
as a cheap,
47
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Short- to medium-range airliner,
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Following on from the success
of the 707 and the 727.
49
00:02:35,189 --> 00:02:38,590
The 737 was seen as reliable
and trustworthy
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By all who flew them.
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00:02:40,861 --> 00:02:43,162
Narrator: Boeing prided
themselves on the safety
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And reliability record
of all its aircraft...
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Understanding that a poor safety
record in the aviation industry
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Would have been a threat
to their corporate survival.
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Bellingham: In the 1980s,
following
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The international success
of the 737-200,
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Boeing brought out the -300,
-400, and -500,
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Known as the classics,
with improved wing design
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00:03:07,588 --> 00:03:12,424
And featuring the cfm56
turbo fan engines.
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00:03:14,295 --> 00:03:16,628
Narrator: The -400 series
first entered service
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In September of 1988.
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British midland were
one of the first airlines
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To receive
this type of aircraft.
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Narrator: British midland
was an airline
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With a history
dating back to the 1930s.
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They flew to destinations
in europe,
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The middle east, africa,
north america, and central asia.
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Nowell: Various things about
the aircraft had changed
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From previous versions
of the boeing 737.
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Narrator: The 737-400 was
slightly longer
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Than other 737 models.
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It had a more modern flight deck
with different instrumentation.
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It also had a lower
ground clearance,
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00:03:57,171 --> 00:03:59,571
So engineers had redesigned
the engine
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00:03:59,573 --> 00:04:01,573
With a smaller intake fan.
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00:04:01,575 --> 00:04:03,775
Components were moved
to the side,
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Giving the -400
it's unique, flat bottom.
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They had been ground tested,
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But they hadn't been
flight tested.
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At the time,
it wasn't thought necessary.
81
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Unwin: Changing, for example,
the 737-300 to the -400 series,
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The aircraft is still operating
on the same type certificate,
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00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:28,800
And so although
it would have been tested
84
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During a flight test,
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It's not the same as certifying
an entirely new design.
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The engine is the device
in an airplane
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That is generating the thrust.
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We start from a compressor
89
00:04:46,287 --> 00:04:48,553
That is getting air
from the outside,
90
00:04:48,555 --> 00:04:50,555
Is putting that
at a high pressure,
91
00:04:50,557 --> 00:04:52,090
And this high-pressure air
92
00:04:52,092 --> 00:04:54,192
Is delivered to
the combustion chamber.
93
00:04:54,194 --> 00:04:55,827
So inside the combustion
chamber,
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Fuel and air are mixed together
and then generates the power.
95
00:05:01,502 --> 00:05:04,970
That particular aircraft
had only been flying
96
00:05:04,972 --> 00:05:07,339
For, I think, 82 days.
97
00:05:07,341 --> 00:05:11,843
There wasn't a simulator
in the u.K. At that time,
98
00:05:11,845 --> 00:05:15,013
And although they were
experienced 737 pilots,
99
00:05:15,015 --> 00:05:20,786
They weren't really
737-400 experienced pilots.
100
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♪
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♪
102
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♪
103
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♪
104
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♪
105
00:06:07,034 --> 00:06:15,707
♪
106
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Bang.
107
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Narrator: Approximately
13 minutes after takeoff,
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The plane was 28,000 feet
in the air
109
00:06:22,483 --> 00:06:24,649
When the flight crew noticed
something was wrong
110
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With one of the engines.
111
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They immediately
sprang into action.
112
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When you suspect that you have
an engine failure,
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Your first act is to identify
the failed engine,
114
00:06:35,829 --> 00:06:39,364
And then you verify that
you're actions are correct
115
00:06:39,366 --> 00:06:42,601
And then secure it
by turning off the fuel
116
00:06:42,603 --> 00:06:45,237
And associated systems
to that engine.
117
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♪
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♪
119
00:06:59,853 --> 00:07:01,586
Narrator: The flight crew was
under the impression
120
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That the right engine
had failed,
121
00:07:03,524 --> 00:07:05,724
So they reduced thrust
on that engine.
122
00:07:05,726 --> 00:07:09,394
And when the captain announced
that the right engine
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00:07:09,396 --> 00:07:13,665
Was shut down,
nobody said anything.
124
00:07:13,667 --> 00:07:21,807
♪
125
00:07:21,809 --> 00:07:25,110
Nowell: They've essentially got
a very complex situation.
126
00:07:25,112 --> 00:07:26,511
The first thing that
the captain did
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00:07:26,513 --> 00:07:28,980
Was to disengage the autopilot.
128
00:07:28,982 --> 00:07:31,583
So they've now got to fly
the aircraft manually.
129
00:07:31,585 --> 00:07:34,052
They've got to speak
to air traffic control,
130
00:07:34,054 --> 00:07:36,087
They've got to declare
an emergency,
131
00:07:36,089 --> 00:07:39,057
They've got to make
arrangements to divert.
132
00:07:39,059 --> 00:07:42,894
At the same time, they've got
to try and diagnose the problem
133
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And do so in a logical
and consistent manner
134
00:07:46,200 --> 00:07:47,966
And take corrective action.
135
00:07:47,968 --> 00:07:51,670
They became task-focused
on diverting
136
00:07:51,672 --> 00:07:53,338
And landing at east midlands.
137
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As part of that process,
138
00:07:54,942 --> 00:07:58,577
The reduced power
on the bad engine.
139
00:07:58,579 --> 00:08:00,212
So as the power was reduced,
140
00:08:00,214 --> 00:08:03,048
The level of vibrations
decreased.
141
00:08:03,050 --> 00:08:07,652
And, apparently, this was
an indicator of a good choice
142
00:08:07,654 --> 00:08:11,022
Of shutting down
the right engine.
143
00:08:11,024 --> 00:08:13,024
Unwin: They diverted
to east midlands,
144
00:08:13,026 --> 00:08:15,694
And while on the approach, as
they lowered the undercarriage
145
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And the flaps and increased
the power on the left engine,
146
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It failed completely.
147
00:08:21,635 --> 00:08:27,105
♪
148
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♪
149
00:08:37,251 --> 00:08:41,386
Narrator: On January 8th, 1989,
what should have been a routine
150
00:08:41,388 --> 00:08:44,656
Flight from london
to belfast turned deadly.
151
00:08:44,658 --> 00:08:46,224
Shortly after takeoff,
152
00:08:46,226 --> 00:08:48,793
A fan blade broke
in the plane's left engine
153
00:08:48,795 --> 00:08:52,531
Causing a pounding noise,
vibrations, and smoke.
154
00:08:52,533 --> 00:08:54,799
Confused about which engine
had failed,
155
00:08:54,801 --> 00:08:56,268
The captain and copilot
156
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Mistakenly shut down the engine
that was still working.
157
00:09:03,477 --> 00:09:10,181
I remember the pilot saying,
"prepare for crash landing."
158
00:09:10,183 --> 00:09:11,850
And leslie boomer said to me,
159
00:09:11,852 --> 00:09:13,518
"it's been nice knowing you,
mervyn."
160
00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:14,886
And he patted me on the back.
161
00:09:14,888 --> 00:09:17,856
On final approach, when they
lowered the undercarriage
162
00:09:17,858 --> 00:09:21,626
And the flaps,
this increased the drag.
163
00:09:21,628 --> 00:09:24,996
They then increased power
on the compromised engine.
164
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They desperately tried
to restart the right engine,
165
00:09:33,206 --> 00:09:36,608
But there was not enough time,
height, or speed,
166
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And the airliner on a crashed on
the m1 motorway near kegworth.
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♪
168
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♪
169
00:10:02,336 --> 00:10:10,508
♪
170
00:10:10,510 --> 00:10:13,011
[ sirens wailing ]
171
00:10:13,013 --> 00:10:20,752
♪
172
00:10:20,754 --> 00:10:23,421
Narrator: The plane hit one bank
of the m1 motorway
173
00:10:23,423 --> 00:10:26,157
Traveling at 113 knots,
174
00:10:26,159 --> 00:10:29,060
Clipped the top of trees
bordering the motorway,
175
00:10:29,062 --> 00:10:32,697
And smashed into the opposite
embankment at about 80 knots,
176
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Where it broke and jackknifed
into three pieces.
177
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♪
178
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There were 119 passengers
on board the aircraft.
179
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Of those, 47 unfortunately died.
180
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The eight crew all survived.
181
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I suffered a lot of injuries.
I broke my neck in two places.
182
00:10:59,393 --> 00:11:02,093
I have absolutely
no recollection
183
00:11:02,095 --> 00:11:06,731
Of what happened,
who took me out of the plane.
184
00:11:06,733 --> 00:11:09,668
The emergency response team
at east midlands
185
00:11:09,670 --> 00:11:11,970
Had been placed on alert,
186
00:11:11,972 --> 00:11:17,042
As the incoming british midland
737 had declared an emergency.
187
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Noon: When I first entered,
it was eerily silent
188
00:11:20,547 --> 00:11:24,482
In that part of the aircraft,
189
00:11:24,484 --> 00:11:29,621
But as they realized there was
people getting on the aircraft,
190
00:11:29,623 --> 00:11:36,261
Then there was a lot of screams
and moans and cries for help.
191
00:11:36,263 --> 00:11:43,735
♪
192
00:11:43,737 --> 00:11:51,176
♪
193
00:11:51,178 --> 00:11:58,650
♪
194
00:11:58,652 --> 00:12:00,385
Salter: Myself and another
police officer,
195
00:12:00,387 --> 00:12:02,387
We actually climbed
on the wing of the aircraft
196
00:12:02,389 --> 00:12:04,689
When it was still on fire.
197
00:12:04,691 --> 00:12:09,194
We dragged three people
out of the escape hatch,
198
00:12:09,196 --> 00:12:13,364
Put them into the back
of the police car.
199
00:12:13,366 --> 00:12:19,771
♪
200
00:12:19,773 --> 00:12:26,211
♪
201
00:12:26,213 --> 00:12:27,579
Narrator: Soon after the crash,
202
00:12:27,581 --> 00:12:31,449
Investigators recovered
the black box flight recorders
203
00:12:31,451 --> 00:12:36,621
In hopes of determining
what went wrong on flight 92.
204
00:12:36,623 --> 00:12:39,858
What I can tell you, that it was
almost a major catastrophe
205
00:12:39,860 --> 00:12:42,560
Here last night,
had it not been for the people,
206
00:12:42,562 --> 00:12:44,262
First of all,
in the control tower
207
00:12:44,264 --> 00:12:47,932
At donnington who saw the plane
coming in on a low trajectory
208
00:12:47,934 --> 00:12:49,501
And guessed that it was
going to crash,
209
00:12:49,503 --> 00:12:50,835
From their experience.
210
00:12:50,837 --> 00:12:53,571
They immediately alerted
their own emergency services.
211
00:12:53,573 --> 00:12:55,540
Man: Relatives had waited
throughout the night
212
00:12:55,542 --> 00:12:57,041
In a vip lounge.
213
00:12:57,043 --> 00:13:00,478
There was an information hotline
and counseling from clergyman.
214
00:13:03,917 --> 00:13:07,986
From the plane crash till about
one o'clock in the morning,
215
00:13:07,988 --> 00:13:10,622
Mum found out, yeah,
your husband's alive.
216
00:13:10,624 --> 00:13:12,490
He's in surgery.
217
00:13:12,492 --> 00:13:13,925
My father, desi clarke,
218
00:13:13,927 --> 00:13:16,528
Was a survivor of
the kegworth air disaster,
219
00:13:16,530 --> 00:13:17,796
But about 13 years ago,
220
00:13:17,798 --> 00:13:20,131
He got diagnosed
with huntington's disease,
221
00:13:20,133 --> 00:13:24,002
So that's why I share
his story for him.
222
00:13:24,004 --> 00:13:25,970
Finlay: It doesn't sink in,
really,
223
00:13:25,972 --> 00:13:28,573
How badly injured
I actually was.
224
00:13:28,575 --> 00:13:32,644
You know, I thought,
wait two weeks,
225
00:13:32,646 --> 00:13:35,880
Probably heal up and be all
right again, you know?
226
00:13:35,882 --> 00:13:38,216
I didn't realize I would be
in the hospital for so long.
227
00:13:38,218 --> 00:13:42,654
I was in the hospital for about
five and a half months.
228
00:13:42,656 --> 00:13:44,322
The next day, there was a plane
229
00:13:44,324 --> 00:13:48,259
Put on for family members
to be flown over.
230
00:13:54,901 --> 00:14:00,605
♪
231
00:14:00,607 --> 00:14:02,039
Man: I think all we can say
at the moment
232
00:14:02,041 --> 00:14:04,742
Is that the evidence looks
certainly consistent
233
00:14:04,744 --> 00:14:07,345
With the right engine
having failed before the impact.
234
00:14:07,347 --> 00:14:10,415
Man #2: The call from downing
street came just after midday.
235
00:14:10,417 --> 00:14:12,617
Mrs. Thatcher was due at
east midlands airport
236
00:14:12,619 --> 00:14:13,952
Within the hour,
237
00:14:13,954 --> 00:14:17,121
Expecting a report on the likely
causes of the crash.
238
00:14:17,123 --> 00:14:19,157
-Were you on the left-hand side?
-Yes.
239
00:14:19,159 --> 00:14:21,759
Man #3: The m1 disaster could
raise wider fears
240
00:14:21,761 --> 00:14:25,396
About the safety
of all twin-engined airliners.
241
00:14:25,398 --> 00:14:28,533
Nowell: When it became clear
that the captain had shut down
242
00:14:28,535 --> 00:14:29,868
The wrong engine,
243
00:14:29,870 --> 00:14:32,770
The investigation started to
focus on
244
00:14:32,772 --> 00:14:34,505
Why that might have happened.
245
00:14:34,507 --> 00:14:37,742
And one particular theory
was there could have been
246
00:14:37,744 --> 00:14:41,212
A cross-wiring of the vibration
sensors to the engines.
247
00:14:41,214 --> 00:14:45,016
Narrator: The aviation authority
ordered checks on 737s
248
00:14:45,018 --> 00:14:48,486
To make sure that wires in
the engine fire warning circuits
249
00:14:48,488 --> 00:14:49,654
Were not crossed.
250
00:14:49,656 --> 00:14:51,689
Nowell: There were a number
of aircraft
251
00:14:51,691 --> 00:14:53,424
Which were found
to be cross-wired,
252
00:14:53,426 --> 00:14:56,160
But the aircraft involved
in the kegworth incident
253
00:14:56,162 --> 00:14:57,829
Turned out not to be
cross-wired.
254
00:14:57,831 --> 00:15:01,933
So had the pilots relied
on vibration sensor readings
255
00:15:01,935 --> 00:15:04,469
In the cockpit,
they would have been able
256
00:15:04,471 --> 00:15:07,372
To see which engine
was causing the problem.
257
00:15:11,177 --> 00:15:14,112
Man: After the accident,
captain hunt told investigators,
258
00:15:14,114 --> 00:15:16,948
As soon as the right hand engine
had been shut down,
259
00:15:16,950 --> 00:15:20,818
All signs of smell of smoke
on the flight deck disappeared.
260
00:15:20,820 --> 00:15:22,120
It soon became clear
261
00:15:22,122 --> 00:15:25,323
That there really
was quite a significant problem
262
00:15:25,325 --> 00:15:29,360
With that particular
uprated engine.
263
00:15:29,362 --> 00:15:32,530
Narrator:
Subsequently, an in depth
analysis of the final moments
264
00:15:32,532 --> 00:15:37,869
On board flight 92 would reveal
the true cause of the disaster.
265
00:15:37,871 --> 00:15:41,973
♪
266
00:15:48,548 --> 00:15:54,018
♪
267
00:15:54,020 --> 00:15:58,623
Narrator: In 1989, an engine
failure caused a boeing 737
268
00:15:58,625 --> 00:16:01,259
To crash onto the m1 motorway,
269
00:16:01,261 --> 00:16:07,565
Killing 47 and seriously
injuring 74 passengers.
270
00:16:07,567 --> 00:16:10,468
After the disaster,
an investigation was opened
271
00:16:10,470 --> 00:16:12,804
To determine what went wrong.
272
00:16:12,806 --> 00:16:15,139
Analysis of the engine
from the crash determined
273
00:16:15,141 --> 00:16:19,777
That the fan blades were subject
to abnormal amounts of vibration
274
00:16:19,779 --> 00:16:24,349
When operated at high power
above 10,000 feet,
275
00:16:24,351 --> 00:16:26,784
Which led to excessive
metal fatigue,
276
00:16:26,786 --> 00:16:30,722
Causing them to break off and
to terminally damage the engine.
277
00:16:30,724 --> 00:16:37,862
♪
278
00:16:37,864 --> 00:16:45,036
♪
279
00:16:45,038 --> 00:16:52,176
♪
280
00:16:52,178 --> 00:16:55,513
Man: Boeing says they still have
a lot of faith in the aircraft.
281
00:16:55,515 --> 00:16:59,150
Very good. In terms of the 737,
it's very good.
282
00:16:59,152 --> 00:17:04,889
This is the latest model, and
to date, it's been excellent.
283
00:17:04,891 --> 00:17:07,992
Unwin: Jet engines rotate
at very high rpm,
284
00:17:07,994 --> 00:17:09,394
And if a blade breaks
285
00:17:09,396 --> 00:17:13,531
Or the turbine goes out of
balance in any way, it vibrates.
286
00:17:13,533 --> 00:17:16,601
This is a good indicator
of an impending failure.
287
00:17:16,603 --> 00:17:20,772
The earlier 737s,
it was known and understood
288
00:17:20,774 --> 00:17:23,708
That the vibration indicators
weren't very reliable.
289
00:17:23,710 --> 00:17:27,478
The 737-400 was probably
the first airliner
290
00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:30,615
To have reliable
vibration indicators.
291
00:17:30,617 --> 00:17:33,951
If the crew had been more
adequately trained
292
00:17:33,953 --> 00:17:36,954
And had been aware
that the vibration indicators
293
00:17:36,956 --> 00:17:39,390
Were very reliable
and very accurate,
294
00:17:39,392 --> 00:17:41,125
It would have
helped them diagnose
295
00:17:41,127 --> 00:17:43,661
Which engine had malfunctioned.
296
00:17:43,663 --> 00:17:48,066
Narrator: In the previous model,
the 737 fed air into the cockpit
297
00:17:48,068 --> 00:17:49,767
From the right-hand engine.
298
00:17:49,769 --> 00:17:53,371
This was changed
in the new 737-400
299
00:17:53,373 --> 00:17:56,641
So that air could be released
from both engines.
300
00:17:56,643 --> 00:17:59,444
During the flight,
when the engine failed,
301
00:17:59,446 --> 00:18:02,513
The pilots smelled smoke
in the cockpit.
302
00:18:02,515 --> 00:18:04,749
They assumed this meant
the right-hand engine
303
00:18:04,751 --> 00:18:06,451
Had failed
304
00:18:06,453 --> 00:18:09,854
And made the decision
to shut down the wrong engine,
305
00:18:09,856 --> 00:18:14,525
Leaving the aircraft
dangerously low on thrust.
306
00:18:14,527 --> 00:18:17,528
As an inquest, it was
established that the pilots
307
00:18:17,530 --> 00:18:21,699
Had enough experience
flying the previous 737s
308
00:18:21,701 --> 00:18:25,903
But hadn't had enough advanced
training in the new -400.
309
00:18:28,475 --> 00:18:32,076
One of the direct results
of the kegworth incident
310
00:18:32,078 --> 00:18:35,780
Is that it's no longer possible
to certify a new engine
311
00:18:35,782 --> 00:18:37,482
Simply by ground testing.
312
00:18:37,484 --> 00:18:41,352
So even if the engine's
just an uprated power version
313
00:18:41,354 --> 00:18:42,720
Of an existing engine,
314
00:18:42,722 --> 00:18:45,690
It still has to undergo
thorough flight testing
315
00:18:45,692 --> 00:18:47,925
Before it can be used.
316
00:18:47,927 --> 00:18:51,062
Another change was improvements
to the brakes position.
317
00:18:51,064 --> 00:18:53,564
It was radically revised
when they realized that a lot of
318
00:18:53,566 --> 00:18:56,601
The people that had died,
had been badly hurt,
319
00:18:56,603 --> 00:18:59,904
Were basically hurt
because of the position
320
00:18:59,906 --> 00:19:03,574
They had adopted prior
to impact.
321
00:19:03,576 --> 00:19:06,144
Nowell:
There were recommendations
about pilot training,
322
00:19:06,146 --> 00:19:08,946
Particularly when they're moving
from one version
323
00:19:08,948 --> 00:19:12,350
Of a particular
aircraft type to a new version.
324
00:19:12,352 --> 00:19:16,587
Unwin: A concept called cockpit
resource management, or crm,
325
00:19:16,589 --> 00:19:20,525
Was introduced
whereby the crews were trained
326
00:19:20,527 --> 00:19:23,494
To make use
of all available assets.
327
00:19:23,496 --> 00:19:25,062
For example, in this case,
328
00:19:25,064 --> 00:19:29,033
If they had simply asked
the cabin crew
329
00:19:29,035 --> 00:19:30,501
Which engine was smoking,
330
00:19:30,503 --> 00:19:33,471
They would have said,
"it's the left one."
331
00:19:33,473 --> 00:19:36,641
People in the cabin knew
which engine was smoking,
332
00:19:36,643 --> 00:19:39,243
But the flight deck crew didn't,
333
00:19:39,245 --> 00:19:42,380
And they erroneously
turned off the wrong one.
334
00:19:42,382 --> 00:19:48,686
♪
335
00:19:48,688 --> 00:19:55,026
♪
336
00:19:55,028 --> 00:19:57,795
Unwin: The lines are definitely
blurred at times
337
00:19:57,797 --> 00:20:01,666
Between what constitutes
a new aircraft
338
00:20:01,668 --> 00:20:05,336
And what constitutes a new
variant of the same aircraft.
339
00:20:05,338 --> 00:20:08,472
But there's definitely
a strong financial incentive
340
00:20:08,474 --> 00:20:13,477
For both manufacturers
and airlines to build
341
00:20:13,479 --> 00:20:16,781
And buy, essentially, aircraft
342
00:20:16,783 --> 00:20:19,383
That are on the same
type certificate.
343
00:20:19,385 --> 00:20:23,020
There are clear parallels
between the max crashes
344
00:20:23,022 --> 00:20:24,555
And the kegworth accident.
345
00:20:24,557 --> 00:20:29,427
No boeing 737 max 8s or 9s
will take to the sky,
346
00:20:29,429 --> 00:20:31,562
Not until there is
complete clarity
347
00:20:31,564 --> 00:20:34,865
On what happened in ethiopia
and indonesia.
348
00:20:34,867 --> 00:20:36,867
The aircraft was grounded
in March
349
00:20:36,869 --> 00:20:38,769
Following two deadly crashes.
350
00:20:38,771 --> 00:20:40,638
We have a new type of aircraft.
351
00:20:40,640 --> 00:20:44,675
That type of aircraft has only
been in service for two years.
352
00:20:44,677 --> 00:20:47,745
Investigators are now trying
to piece together
353
00:20:47,747 --> 00:20:51,082
Exactly what happened.
354
00:20:51,084 --> 00:20:56,120
All three accidents involved
experienced 737 crews
355
00:20:56,122 --> 00:21:00,024
Flying a new variant that they
were not experienced on,
356
00:21:00,026 --> 00:21:02,760
Which had been recently
introduced to service.
357
00:21:05,164 --> 00:21:07,932
Clarke: To survive such
a traumatic experience,
358
00:21:07,934 --> 00:21:11,502
It definitely gives you
a new outlook on life.
359
00:21:11,504 --> 00:21:15,239
It leaves you that you just
want to make every day a count.
360
00:21:15,241 --> 00:21:17,508
I feel lucky.
361
00:21:17,510 --> 00:21:19,844
And I have a good friend
in dublin.
362
00:21:19,846 --> 00:21:22,413
He says to me, "mervyn,"
he says,
363
00:21:22,415 --> 00:21:24,949
"I would fly anywhere
in the world with you."
364
00:21:24,951 --> 00:21:27,184
And I says, "why is that?"
365
00:21:27,186 --> 00:21:29,687
He says, "'cause you'll never
be in two airplane crashes,"
366
00:21:29,689 --> 00:21:32,156
He says.
367
00:21:32,158 --> 00:21:35,593
Narrator: As horrific as
the kegworth disaster was,
368
00:21:35,595 --> 00:21:37,762
The event caused
the aviation industry
369
00:21:37,764 --> 00:21:40,398
To implement many
positive changes,
370
00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:44,168
Including safety awareness
and technological advancements.
371
00:21:44,170 --> 00:21:47,838
Today, passengers continue
to fly on boeing 737s
372
00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:50,641
To destinations
all over the world,
373
00:21:50,643 --> 00:21:54,278
But the same would not be true
for the jetliner that crashed
374
00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:57,915
At charles de gaulle
airport in 2000.
375
00:21:57,917 --> 00:22:01,352
Flight 4590 proved to be
the beginning
376
00:22:01,354 --> 00:22:05,256
Of the end
of supersonic passenger planes.
377
00:22:05,258 --> 00:22:08,993
♪
378
00:22:15,435 --> 00:22:22,173
♪
379
00:22:22,175 --> 00:22:25,042
Narrator: Cruising at twice
the speed of sound,
380
00:22:25,044 --> 00:22:30,581
Concorde was the epitome
of power and luxury.
381
00:22:30,583 --> 00:22:32,883
Man: You can be in london
at 10 o'clock in the morning
382
00:22:32,885 --> 00:22:35,453
And in new york
at 10 o'clock in the morning.
383
00:22:35,455 --> 00:22:36,887
That's really special.
384
00:22:36,889 --> 00:22:40,124
It's nice to get to new york
before you've left.
385
00:22:40,126 --> 00:22:41,659
It's the dream of a lifetime.
386
00:22:41,661 --> 00:22:43,761
Absolutely wonderful.
387
00:22:43,763 --> 00:22:46,831
Unwin: From 60,000 feet,
the concorde's passengers
388
00:22:46,833 --> 00:22:49,700
Could literally see
the curvature of the earth
389
00:22:49,702 --> 00:22:52,136
While they sat in
air conditioned comfort,
390
00:22:52,138 --> 00:22:54,438
Sipping champagne
and eating caviar.
391
00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:55,740
Announcer:
The ultimate aircraft,
392
00:22:55,742 --> 00:22:57,742
Many believe
in commercial jet travel.
393
00:22:57,744 --> 00:23:00,444
Man: Ladies and gentlemen, this is the captain.
394
00:23:00,446 --> 00:23:02,947
We're coming up with twice the speed of sound.
395
00:23:05,251 --> 00:23:07,752
Nobody knows exactly what's
going to happen
396
00:23:07,754 --> 00:23:09,453
Financially with concorde.
397
00:23:09,455 --> 00:23:11,255
Man: Quite a lot of people
in new york
398
00:23:11,257 --> 00:23:13,424
Do not want concorde
to come here.
399
00:23:13,426 --> 00:23:15,426
Man #2: Every time concorde
takes off,
400
00:23:15,428 --> 00:23:16,794
British airways loses money.
401
00:23:16,796 --> 00:23:18,963
Woman: Passages were forced
to transfer
402
00:23:18,965 --> 00:23:20,931
From a luxury jet to a bus.
403
00:23:20,933 --> 00:23:23,701
Man #3: Public anxiety about
the plane is now reaching
404
00:23:23,703 --> 00:23:26,871
Critical and potentially
crippling heights.
405
00:23:28,941 --> 00:23:31,475
Unwin: The big difference
between concorde
406
00:23:31,477 --> 00:23:33,744
And every other airliner
at the time
407
00:23:33,746 --> 00:23:36,447
Was it was designed
for supersonic flight.
408
00:23:36,449 --> 00:23:40,117
♪
409
00:23:40,119 --> 00:23:41,919
Announcer: Taken off
the secret list,
410
00:23:41,921 --> 00:23:45,489
Uncle sam's new super sabre,
the f-100, makes a public debut
411
00:23:45,491 --> 00:23:48,626
At edwards air force base,
california.
412
00:23:48,628 --> 00:23:51,429
Narrator: The supersonic jet was
born out of the military
413
00:23:51,431 --> 00:23:56,267
And aviation advancements
of world war ii.
414
00:23:56,269 --> 00:23:59,703
Announcer: Like some
long-banished prehistoric bird,
415
00:23:59,705 --> 00:24:02,940
The xb-70 defies description.
416
00:24:02,942 --> 00:24:06,010
Narrator: Which continued
into the cold war arms race
417
00:24:06,012 --> 00:24:08,245
With russia,
the usa, and europe
418
00:24:08,247 --> 00:24:14,185
All vying to have the world's
fastest and deadliest aircraft.
419
00:24:14,187 --> 00:24:17,555
The first supersonic aircraft
was the bell x-1,
420
00:24:17,557 --> 00:24:20,391
Which was a rocket-powered
research aircraft
421
00:24:20,393 --> 00:24:25,329
Flown by chuck yeager
over the mojave desert in 1947.
422
00:24:25,331 --> 00:24:28,632
Announcer: Through the sound
barrier, the first time ever.
423
00:24:28,634 --> 00:24:31,402
Narrator: For an aircraft to be
considered supersonic,
424
00:24:31,404 --> 00:24:34,605
It must be capable of flying
faster than the speed of sound,
425
00:24:34,607 --> 00:24:36,006
Which, at sea level,
426
00:24:36,008 --> 00:24:40,444
Is approximately
768 miles per hour.
427
00:24:40,446 --> 00:24:44,248
When it hits this speed,
it is known as mach 1.
428
00:24:48,955 --> 00:24:53,390
Most airliners travel at 80%
to 90% of the speed of sound.
429
00:24:53,392 --> 00:24:56,260
The reason for that
is quite simple.
430
00:24:56,262 --> 00:24:58,295
As you approach
the speed of sound,
431
00:24:58,297 --> 00:25:01,298
The aerodynamics start
to get quite complicated
432
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:03,167
And you get shock waves
and so on,
433
00:25:03,169 --> 00:25:06,070
And that's what causes
a sonic boom that you hear
434
00:25:06,072 --> 00:25:08,739
When a supersonic aircraft
flies over.
435
00:25:08,741 --> 00:25:10,875
A sonic boom is caused
when a plane
436
00:25:10,877 --> 00:25:13,811
Is traveling faster
than the speed of sound.
437
00:25:13,813 --> 00:25:16,614
A shock wave is built up
at the front of the plane,
438
00:25:16,616 --> 00:25:20,451
Generating an enormous amount
of sound energy,
439
00:25:20,453 --> 00:25:24,221
Which is released
as an explosive sound.
440
00:25:24,223 --> 00:25:26,590
What we've been hearing over
the country during these trials
441
00:25:26,592 --> 00:25:28,826
Are 12 isolated bangs,
442
00:25:28,828 --> 00:25:31,028
But we are faced in the future
with the prospect
443
00:25:31,030 --> 00:25:34,398
Of regular supersonic flights
over the country.
444
00:25:37,937 --> 00:25:42,106
The fastest air-breathing
aircraft is still,
445
00:25:42,108 --> 00:25:46,310
As far as we know,
the lockheed sr-71 blackbird.
446
00:25:46,312 --> 00:25:48,746
This was a specialized
reconnaissance jet aircraft
447
00:25:48,748 --> 00:25:50,781
Which could cruise at mach 3
448
00:25:50,783 --> 00:25:53,884
And is interestingly
a 1960s design.
449
00:25:56,556 --> 00:25:59,323
How near, technically,
are we to producing
450
00:25:59,325 --> 00:26:02,126
A commercial supersonic
airplane?
451
00:26:02,128 --> 00:26:05,696
An aircraft of this kind
could be in service
452
00:26:05,698 --> 00:26:07,698
By about 1970, I think.
453
00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:10,401
It's actually a part
of the human condition
454
00:26:10,403 --> 00:26:13,237
To want to go
faster and further.
455
00:26:13,239 --> 00:26:17,975
The desire to build a supersonic
airliner was inevitable, really.
456
00:26:20,446 --> 00:26:22,046
Narrator: By the 1960s,
457
00:26:22,048 --> 00:26:24,448
The science behind
supersonic flight
458
00:26:24,450 --> 00:26:27,918
Was so well understood that many
companies started investing
459
00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:30,721
In the development
of supersonic airliners,
460
00:26:30,723 --> 00:26:33,290
Believing this to be
the next natural step
461
00:26:33,292 --> 00:26:35,192
In airliner evolution.
462
00:26:35,194 --> 00:26:38,062
♪
463
00:26:38,064 --> 00:26:40,497
Announcer: 100 passengers
and all their baggage
464
00:26:40,499 --> 00:26:43,467
From london to new york
in three hours --
465
00:26:43,469 --> 00:26:45,002
That's the promise
of the concorde,
466
00:26:45,004 --> 00:26:48,439
The joint anglo-french
supersonic aircraft.
467
00:26:48,441 --> 00:26:50,541
Unwin: It was designed
by a consortium
468
00:26:50,543 --> 00:26:52,509
Of the british aircraft
corporation,
469
00:26:52,511 --> 00:26:56,747
As it was at the time,
and aérospatiale in France.
470
00:26:56,749 --> 00:26:59,950
Narrator:
The anglo-french partnership
hoped to reduce costs
471
00:26:59,952 --> 00:27:02,419
By combining
their engineering knowledge
472
00:27:02,421 --> 00:27:04,888
And building
the aircraft together.
473
00:27:04,890 --> 00:27:08,692
So you had two large
nationalized aircraft companies,
474
00:27:08,694 --> 00:27:13,130
Two governments, and also,
every aspect of designing
475
00:27:13,132 --> 00:27:16,800
And building
a supersonic airliner was new.
476
00:27:16,802 --> 00:27:19,536
The development costs
for concorde rose
477
00:27:19,538 --> 00:27:24,141
From an estimated £70 million
to £1.3 billion.
478
00:27:24,143 --> 00:27:25,876
Primarily because
479
00:27:25,878 --> 00:27:29,279
Just that every aspect
of the machine was new.
480
00:27:29,281 --> 00:27:32,850
Supersonic crews
required new materials,
481
00:27:32,852 --> 00:27:37,554
A different metallurgy,
very complex systems.
482
00:27:37,556 --> 00:27:39,390
Practically every aspect
of the machine
483
00:27:39,392 --> 00:27:41,725
Had to be very rigorously
tested,
484
00:27:41,727 --> 00:27:44,528
As well, before
it could enter service.
485
00:27:44,530 --> 00:27:47,231
Narrator: Other manufacturers
attempted to compete
486
00:27:47,233 --> 00:27:48,532
But struggled.
487
00:27:48,534 --> 00:27:51,935
The american boeing 2702
was canceled
488
00:27:51,937 --> 00:27:55,939
Before any operational
prototypes had even been built.
489
00:27:55,941 --> 00:28:02,212
The russians, as well as trying
to race the west to the moon,
490
00:28:02,214 --> 00:28:05,516
Were also racing for
a supersonic airliner,
491
00:28:05,518 --> 00:28:09,286
And they built their own,
the tupolev tu-144.
492
00:28:09,288 --> 00:28:13,057
It was probably not as
sophisticated as the concorde.
493
00:28:13,059 --> 00:28:15,559
It was also marred
by two crashes,
494
00:28:15,561 --> 00:28:18,262
A very high-profile one
at the paris air show
495
00:28:18,264 --> 00:28:20,531
And one several years
later in russia.
496
00:28:20,533 --> 00:28:24,468
But, also, it probably failed
because, in russia,
497
00:28:24,470 --> 00:28:25,936
The market didn't exist,
498
00:28:25,938 --> 00:28:29,707
Purely because there weren't
rich entrepreneurs
499
00:28:29,709 --> 00:28:35,345
With a burning desire
to get from moscow to murmansk
500
00:28:35,347 --> 00:28:37,448
In the same way
that businessmen
501
00:28:37,450 --> 00:28:39,650
Wanted to get
from london to new york.
502
00:28:41,821 --> 00:28:44,621
Announcer: The organization of
petroleum exporting countries
503
00:28:44,623 --> 00:28:47,224
Imposed its boycott,
and within a year,
504
00:28:47,226 --> 00:28:51,762
Raised prices more than 300%.
505
00:28:51,764 --> 00:28:54,765
There were probably a dozen
different customers
506
00:28:54,767 --> 00:28:58,202
For concordes -- pan am, twa.
507
00:28:58,204 --> 00:29:00,003
Price of fuel rocketed,
508
00:29:00,005 --> 00:29:02,606
And the aircraft
were no longer viable.
509
00:29:02,608 --> 00:29:06,210
Narrator: Originally, around 350
models were expected to be built
510
00:29:06,212 --> 00:29:10,681
And sold by 1980,
but with a rise in oil prices
511
00:29:10,683 --> 00:29:13,751
And a ban on supersonic flight
in some countries...
512
00:29:13,753 --> 00:29:17,654
Man: Their most important
objection concerns noise.
513
00:29:17,656 --> 00:29:19,523
Narrator: ...Potential buyers
were worried.
514
00:29:19,525 --> 00:29:22,392
In commercial terms, it's
a plane but running at a loss,
515
00:29:22,394 --> 00:29:25,796
And one doesn't like
to operate any plane at a loss.
516
00:29:25,798 --> 00:29:28,599
By the time it was ready
for service, every other airline
517
00:29:28,601 --> 00:29:32,903
Canceled its orders, and even
air France and british airways
518
00:29:32,905 --> 00:29:36,206
Didn't want the aircraft
they'd ordered.
519
00:29:36,208 --> 00:29:37,975
But they were essentially
foisted upon them
520
00:29:37,977 --> 00:29:39,910
By their respective governments.
521
00:29:39,912 --> 00:29:42,679
Man: And now she's ready
for takeoff.
522
00:29:42,681 --> 00:29:44,414
Unwin: British airways took six.
523
00:29:44,416 --> 00:29:49,086
Air France also operated
six for about 25 years.
524
00:29:49,088 --> 00:29:52,890
Narrator: In 1976, three years
behind schedule
525
00:29:52,892 --> 00:29:54,625
And severely over budget,
526
00:29:54,627 --> 00:29:58,695
Concorde entered
commercial service.
527
00:29:58,697 --> 00:30:03,200
It was the most advanced
passenger aircraft ever built,
528
00:30:03,202 --> 00:30:07,171
But this impressive achievement
would eventually be overshadowed
529
00:30:07,173 --> 00:30:09,406
By the tragedy to come.
530
00:30:18,984 --> 00:30:23,120
♪
531
00:30:23,122 --> 00:30:25,823
Narrator: In January of 1976,
532
00:30:25,825 --> 00:30:29,226
Concorde celebrated
its first commercial flight.
533
00:30:29,228 --> 00:30:32,529
Its innovative design allowed it
to reach higher altitudes
534
00:30:32,531 --> 00:30:37,301
And faster speeds than air
travel had ever seen before.
535
00:30:37,303 --> 00:30:41,905
Unwin: Concorde was the first
airliner to use fly-by-wire,
536
00:30:41,907 --> 00:30:45,742
Whereby electrical impulses are
used to actuate the controls.
537
00:30:45,744 --> 00:30:49,346
Nowell: Concorde has a very
specific wing design
538
00:30:49,348 --> 00:30:51,982
In order to go supersonic.
539
00:30:51,984 --> 00:30:55,285
It's a delta wing rather
than conventional wing,
540
00:30:55,287 --> 00:30:59,089
And the engines underneath it
are essentially the same
541
00:30:59,091 --> 00:31:03,727
As those in the big military
aircraft like the vulcan bomber.
542
00:31:03,729 --> 00:31:05,929
Unwin: Unlike every other
civil airliner,
543
00:31:05,931 --> 00:31:08,799
Concorde was fitted
with afterburning jet engines,
544
00:31:08,801 --> 00:31:12,169
Which are typically
only fitted to jet fighters.
545
00:31:12,171 --> 00:31:16,073
With an afterburner, extra fuel
is injected into the engine,
546
00:31:16,075 --> 00:31:18,375
Which generates
a lot more thrust.
547
00:31:18,377 --> 00:31:23,847
♪
548
00:31:23,849 --> 00:31:27,484
One of the limiting factors
for concorde's operational
549
00:31:27,486 --> 00:31:30,254
Cruising speed
was actually heat.
550
00:31:30,256 --> 00:31:32,723
At very high speeds,
such as mach 2,
551
00:31:32,725 --> 00:31:34,691
There's a considerable amount
of friction,
552
00:31:34,693 --> 00:31:36,693
And friction causes heat.
553
00:31:36,695 --> 00:31:40,330
The structure of the aircraft
got so hot in flight
554
00:31:40,332 --> 00:31:44,067
That it actually stretched
about a third of a meter.
555
00:31:44,069 --> 00:31:47,838
It was generally thought
to be a very safe aircraft.
556
00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:50,340
But having said that,
there's a relatively small fleet
557
00:31:50,342 --> 00:31:53,243
And not that extensively used.
558
00:31:53,245 --> 00:31:57,714
They were quite young aircraft
in terms of flying hours.
559
00:31:57,716 --> 00:32:05,188
♪
560
00:32:05,190 --> 00:32:09,026
Narrator: On July 25th, 2000
an air France concorde took off
561
00:32:09,028 --> 00:32:13,397
From charles de gaulle
airport in paris.
562
00:32:13,399 --> 00:32:16,333
It was taking a party of germans
563
00:32:16,335 --> 00:32:20,904
To join a cruise ship
in north america.
564
00:32:20,906 --> 00:32:22,306
The concorde takeoff speeds
565
00:32:22,308 --> 00:32:26,076
Were significantly faster
than conventional aircraft.
566
00:32:26,078 --> 00:32:29,513
You're asking a lot more
from its components,
567
00:32:29,515 --> 00:32:31,748
Particularly in the tires.
568
00:32:31,750 --> 00:32:35,652
As concorde went down
the runway,
569
00:32:35,654 --> 00:32:39,022
It ran over a piece
of engine cowling
570
00:32:39,024 --> 00:32:42,059
Which had been dropped
by a previous aircraft
571
00:32:42,061 --> 00:32:46,163
Taking off
about five minutes earlier.
572
00:32:46,165 --> 00:32:49,700
That unfortunately, had made one
of the tires fail,
573
00:32:49,702 --> 00:32:51,401
A huge chunk
of rubber flicked up,
574
00:32:51,403 --> 00:32:53,403
Hit the underside of the wing.
575
00:32:53,405 --> 00:32:55,939
The shock wave
rippled through the tank,
576
00:32:55,941 --> 00:32:57,574
All the fuel started
to stream out,
577
00:32:57,576 --> 00:33:00,510
And the port wing caught fire.
578
00:33:05,017 --> 00:33:06,917
All of this happened at a time
579
00:33:06,919 --> 00:33:09,453
When concorde had passed
what they called v1,
580
00:33:09,455 --> 00:33:13,056
Which is the time where
you're committed to a takeoff.
581
00:33:13,058 --> 00:33:16,526
If the speed is now greater
than v1,
582
00:33:16,528 --> 00:33:19,796
The crew must take the aircraft
into the air,
583
00:33:19,798 --> 00:33:22,899
Even if an engine
has caught fire.
584
00:33:22,901 --> 00:33:30,340
♪
585
00:33:30,342 --> 00:33:33,810
Engine one surged
but failed to recover,
586
00:33:33,812 --> 00:33:36,613
And the thrust
caused the aircraft to roll
587
00:33:36,615 --> 00:33:39,016
By more than 100 degrees.
588
00:33:39,018 --> 00:33:40,717
Interpreter: I looked up
when I saw concorde
589
00:33:40,719 --> 00:33:42,252
Coming straight at me in flames.
590
00:33:42,254 --> 00:33:44,121
I said to myself,
"you're going to die."
591
00:33:44,123 --> 00:33:50,227
♪
592
00:33:50,229 --> 00:33:56,366
♪
593
00:33:56,368 --> 00:34:00,404
[ helicopter blades whirring ]
594
00:34:00,406 --> 00:34:02,472
Brooking: The whole floor
started to tremble.
595
00:34:02,474 --> 00:34:04,474
Saw all the flames,
saw there was no way out
596
00:34:04,476 --> 00:34:06,309
Via the stairs or anything,
597
00:34:06,311 --> 00:34:09,413
And obviously, just went
straight for the window.
598
00:34:09,415 --> 00:34:11,748
Woman: Nothing could have
prepared the people of gonesse
599
00:34:11,750 --> 00:34:15,252
For the catastrophe that's
unfolded on their doorstep.
600
00:34:15,254 --> 00:34:21,725
♪
601
00:34:21,727 --> 00:34:24,361
Narrator: The concorde had
crashed into a hotel
602
00:34:24,363 --> 00:34:26,630
Just outside gonesse, France,
603
00:34:26,632 --> 00:34:28,298
A small town less than
604
00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:30,267
Two miles from the airport,
605
00:34:30,269 --> 00:34:33,303
Killing all 109 people on board
606
00:34:33,305 --> 00:34:35,605
And four inside the hotel.
607
00:34:39,044 --> 00:34:42,446
We saw the plane on fire,
we saw a lot of smoke,
608
00:34:42,448 --> 00:34:46,149
Very, very the big smoke,
and we didn't see the rear tail,
609
00:34:46,151 --> 00:34:48,351
Which was ablaze.
610
00:34:48,353 --> 00:34:50,620
This concorde was 20 years old.
611
00:34:50,622 --> 00:34:53,757
Air France say it had
its last major maintenance
612
00:34:53,759 --> 00:34:55,592
Just four days before the crash.
613
00:34:55,594 --> 00:35:00,197
I just want to say that all
the thoughts of air France
614
00:35:00,199 --> 00:35:06,436
And air France employees
are for the passengers,
615
00:35:06,438 --> 00:35:10,740
The crew, and the other people
who died in the accident.
616
00:35:10,742 --> 00:35:13,677
All the people are very,
very sad
617
00:35:13,679 --> 00:35:17,547
And everybody
is living in fear.
618
00:35:21,954 --> 00:35:23,487
Overnight, british airways made
619
00:35:23,489 --> 00:35:26,022
Exhaustive safety checks
on its fleet.
620
00:35:26,024 --> 00:35:28,625
Today, the airline said
it had complete confidence
621
00:35:28,627 --> 00:35:29,993
In its concorde service.
622
00:35:29,995 --> 00:35:31,261
No way british airways
623
00:35:31,263 --> 00:35:32,896
Could have done
the comprehensive checks
624
00:35:32,898 --> 00:35:35,665
Needed within 24 hours
of the crash.
625
00:35:35,667 --> 00:35:39,269
What was the initial cause
of that catastrophic failure?
626
00:35:39,271 --> 00:35:41,805
The pilot, it seems,
did as much as he could.
627
00:35:41,807 --> 00:35:43,507
The plane, say experts,
628
00:35:43,509 --> 00:35:46,710
Was doomed almost from
the moment it took off.
629
00:35:46,712 --> 00:35:49,079
Unwin: It's the responsibility
of the airport operator
630
00:35:49,081 --> 00:35:53,316
To ensure that the runway
is fit for purpose.
631
00:35:53,318 --> 00:35:57,754
But it wouldn't be possible
for the runway to be inspected
632
00:35:57,756 --> 00:35:59,422
Between every takeoff.
633
00:35:59,424 --> 00:36:01,591
Man: The investigation team
revealed
634
00:36:01,593 --> 00:36:04,094
That the normal practice
of sweeping the runways
635
00:36:04,096 --> 00:36:05,662
Of charles de gaulle airport,
636
00:36:05,664 --> 00:36:08,131
Searching for potentially
dangerous debris,
637
00:36:08,133 --> 00:36:10,634
Was postponed
on the day of the crash.
638
00:36:10,636 --> 00:36:13,703
Narrator:
Not only had the runway not been
checked before the flight,
639
00:36:13,705 --> 00:36:16,806
There were also structural
issues with the plane itself
640
00:36:16,808 --> 00:36:19,242
That could have led
to the fatal crash.
641
00:36:19,244 --> 00:36:22,379
Unwin:
Concorde's tires did actually
have a history of failure.
642
00:36:22,381 --> 00:36:23,747
There hadn't been an accident,
643
00:36:23,749 --> 00:36:26,316
But there'd been
several close shaves.
644
00:36:26,318 --> 00:36:29,786
♪
645
00:36:36,328 --> 00:36:41,698
♪
646
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:43,867
Narrator: On July 25th, 2000,
647
00:36:43,869 --> 00:36:47,037
Air France flight 4590
burst into flames
648
00:36:47,039 --> 00:36:50,140
And crashed into a hotel
in gonesse, France,
649
00:36:50,142 --> 00:36:53,276
Tragically killing 113 people.
650
00:36:53,278 --> 00:36:54,678
In response,
651
00:36:54,680 --> 00:36:57,647
Air France immediately grounded
its remaining concordes
652
00:36:57,649 --> 00:37:00,850
While the cause of the crash
was being investigated.
653
00:37:00,852 --> 00:37:04,454
Air safety experts today began
a second day of discussions
654
00:37:04,456 --> 00:37:06,823
Into possible improvements
on concorde,
655
00:37:06,825 --> 00:37:09,893
Particularly more
regular checks on its tires.
656
00:37:09,895 --> 00:37:12,429
But when it became clear
that the problem
657
00:37:12,431 --> 00:37:17,200
Was really a potential issue
of shredded tires
658
00:37:17,202 --> 00:37:20,270
Causing problems
in the fuel tank
659
00:37:20,272 --> 00:37:22,639
And a fuel leak,
air worthiness certificate
660
00:37:22,641 --> 00:37:24,975
For the aircraft was withdrawn.
661
00:37:24,977 --> 00:37:27,777
British airways says it
remains confident a solution
662
00:37:27,779 --> 00:37:29,713
Can be found
in the coming weeks.
663
00:37:29,715 --> 00:37:31,581
But the reality
of the engineering tests
664
00:37:31,583 --> 00:37:33,984
Needed to prove that concorde
is once again safe
665
00:37:33,986 --> 00:37:36,753
To fly means it's likely
to be several months
666
00:37:36,755 --> 00:37:38,922
Before these planes
are in the air again.
667
00:37:38,924 --> 00:37:43,526
♪
668
00:37:43,528 --> 00:37:46,363
Narrator: The official
investigation into the accident
669
00:37:46,365 --> 00:37:51,134
Exonerated the pilots and
engineer on board of any blame.
670
00:37:54,573 --> 00:37:58,308
It was eventually determined
that although a piece of plane
671
00:37:58,310 --> 00:38:02,379
Had shredded the concorde's tire
leading up to the crash,
672
00:38:02,381 --> 00:38:06,516
That this was accidental
and not criminal.
673
00:38:06,518 --> 00:38:11,921
♪
674
00:38:11,923 --> 00:38:17,360
♪
675
00:38:17,362 --> 00:38:18,762
Man: Noisy, old fashioned,
676
00:38:18,764 --> 00:38:20,964
But still the most spectacular
aircraft around,
677
00:38:20,966 --> 00:38:24,234
Concorde roared back into
regular operation 16 months
678
00:38:24,236 --> 00:38:27,504
After the paris disaster.
679
00:38:27,506 --> 00:38:29,706
Narrator: In November 2001,
680
00:38:29,708 --> 00:38:33,543
Concorde resumed
commercial service.
681
00:38:33,545 --> 00:38:36,112
Many modifications
were made to the fleet,
682
00:38:36,114 --> 00:38:39,482
Which included securing
the electrical controls,
683
00:38:39,484 --> 00:38:41,851
Lining the fuel tanks
with kevlar,
684
00:38:41,853 --> 00:38:43,720
And installing
specially developed
685
00:38:43,722 --> 00:38:46,456
Burst-resistant tires.
686
00:38:46,458 --> 00:38:52,429
Over $89 million was spent to
get concorde back in the skies.
687
00:38:52,431 --> 00:38:56,399
Nowell: By that stage,
you had the 9/11 incident,
688
00:38:56,401 --> 00:38:59,269
Which gave a sort
of general downturn
689
00:38:59,271 --> 00:39:01,805
In the aviation industry.
690
00:39:01,807 --> 00:39:05,008
She's a terrific airplane,
but like all older airplanes,
691
00:39:05,010 --> 00:39:07,010
They're much more expensive
to maintain.
692
00:39:07,012 --> 00:39:10,447
The company responsible
for providing maintenance,
693
00:39:10,449 --> 00:39:14,217
Support, and backup
to concorde was airbus.
694
00:39:14,219 --> 00:39:16,853
And I think airbus were not
particularly interested
695
00:39:16,855 --> 00:39:21,257
In keeping this rather
small fleet of aircraft flying.
696
00:39:21,259 --> 00:39:23,426
Narrator: The concorde was
finally retired
697
00:39:23,428 --> 00:39:25,662
In October of 2003.
698
00:39:25,664 --> 00:39:31,067
♪
699
00:39:31,069 --> 00:39:33,370
Man: Concorde is the high peak,
700
00:39:33,372 --> 00:39:35,939
One of the wonders
of the modern world.
701
00:39:35,941 --> 00:39:38,441
It's a passing moment in history
and important to be here.
702
00:39:38,443 --> 00:39:40,110
You've had to take
a very tough decision,
703
00:39:40,112 --> 00:39:43,747
But it is the right decision
taken at the right time.
704
00:39:43,749 --> 00:39:46,983
Man #2: Time to say good-bye.
705
00:39:46,985 --> 00:39:49,986
Hard to find anyone here
who thinks it's a good idea.
706
00:39:49,988 --> 00:39:53,757
We're unlikely to see or hear
the like of concorde again.
707
00:39:53,759 --> 00:39:57,394
In fact, the only place you're
likely to see concorde again
708
00:39:57,396 --> 00:39:58,995
Is in a museum.
709
00:39:58,997 --> 00:40:05,702
♪
710
00:40:07,606 --> 00:40:13,610
♪
711
00:40:13,612 --> 00:40:15,512
Narrator: Despite
the tragic horrors
712
00:40:15,514 --> 00:40:17,080
Of kegworth and concorde,
713
00:40:17,082 --> 00:40:21,317
Neither event deterred
passengers from flying.
714
00:40:21,319 --> 00:40:24,120
It really highlights, for me,
the responsibility
715
00:40:24,122 --> 00:40:26,656
That everybody involved
in the industry bears
716
00:40:26,658 --> 00:40:30,326
For aviation safety.
717
00:40:30,328 --> 00:40:32,796
Narrator: Today more than
4 billion passengers
718
00:40:32,798 --> 00:40:35,165
Fly every year.
719
00:40:35,167 --> 00:40:40,236
Air traffic is increasing faster
than anyone predicted.
720
00:40:40,238 --> 00:40:42,038
Supersonic technology
has improved
721
00:40:42,040 --> 00:40:47,977
A lot compared to the time
when concorde was designed.
722
00:40:47,979 --> 00:40:50,713
Narrator: What was once
considered a luxury for a few
723
00:40:50,715 --> 00:40:54,083
Is now seen
as a necessity for many.
724
00:40:54,085 --> 00:40:57,921
Aviation is responsible
for about 3%
725
00:40:57,923 --> 00:41:01,257
Of global carbon emissions,
which doesn't sound a lot,
726
00:41:01,259 --> 00:41:04,727
But, of course, it's an industry
that's likely to grow
727
00:41:04,729 --> 00:41:07,063
As economies
like china or india,
728
00:41:07,065 --> 00:41:08,765
More people want to fly.
729
00:41:08,767 --> 00:41:12,969
The future for passenger travel
is very much focused
730
00:41:12,971 --> 00:41:16,940
On making aircraft
increasingly more efficient.
731
00:41:16,942 --> 00:41:21,377
Narrator: But this will present
enormous new challenges.
732
00:41:21,379 --> 00:41:25,248
How will we handle increasing
air traffic congestion
733
00:41:25,250 --> 00:41:29,452
With potential disaster
just seconds away?
734
00:41:29,454 --> 00:41:31,654
The civil aviation authority
confirmed
735
00:41:31,656 --> 00:41:33,890
The two british airways
jets landing at heathrow
736
00:41:33,892 --> 00:41:35,725
Came within seconds
of collision.
737
00:41:35,727 --> 00:41:37,927
Narrator: Will competition
among airlines
738
00:41:37,929 --> 00:41:39,963
Have dangerous consequences?
739
00:41:39,965 --> 00:41:42,298
The main engine manufacturers
are now thinking
740
00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:46,736
About hybrid solutions
where we have part of the thrust
741
00:41:46,738 --> 00:41:51,140
That is generated or delivered
by electrical motors,
742
00:41:51,142 --> 00:41:57,146
But still maintaining
a combustion core inside.
743
00:41:57,148 --> 00:42:00,183
Narrator: Will manufacturers be
put under increasing pressure
744
00:42:00,185 --> 00:42:03,920
To engineer new technologies
at top speeds?
745
00:42:03,922 --> 00:42:06,990
Only time will tell.
746
00:42:06,992 --> 00:42:09,592
Both the concorde
and kegworth tragedies
747
00:42:09,594 --> 00:42:14,898
Forced people to acknowledge
the realities of air travel.
748
00:42:14,900 --> 00:42:18,167
The disasters ushered
in a much needed new,
749
00:42:18,169 --> 00:42:22,572
Safer, and more
pragmatic era of aviation.
750
00:42:22,574 --> 00:42:27,977
♪
63114
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