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{\an7}Neil Losin: PICTURE IN YOUR MIND
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{\an7}\h\hTHE CREATURES WE STUDY
TO REVEAL HOW LIFE WORKS.
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00:00:08,275 --> 00:00:09,076
{\an7}[GROWLS]
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00:00:09,109 --> 00:00:11,111
{\an7}WHAT DO YOU SEE?
5
00:00:11,144 --> 00:00:14,614
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFRUIT FLIES,
WHICH REVOLUTIONIZED GENETICS?
6
00:00:14,648 --> 00:00:16,216
{\an7}CHIMPANZEES, WHICH TEACH US
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00:00:16,250 --> 00:00:19,019
{\an7}ABOUT THE ORIGINS
\hOF INTELLIGENCE?
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00:00:19,052 --> 00:00:24,691
{\an7}WHAT ABOUT MICE, WHICH HELP US
\h\hUNDERSTAND HUMAN DISEASES?
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00:00:24,725 --> 00:00:26,360
{\an7}WHATEVER YOU’RE IMAGINING,
10
00:00:26,393 --> 00:00:30,530
{\an7}IT PROBABLY ISN’T A LIZARD
\hIN A SUBURBAN BACKYARD.
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00:00:30,564 --> 00:00:33,934
{\an7}\h\hBUT RESEARCHERS STUDYING
ONE SPECIAL GROUP OF LIZARDS
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00:00:33,967 --> 00:00:35,101
{\an7}ARE DISCOVERING ANSWERS
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00:00:35,135 --> 00:00:38,905
{\an7}\h\hTO BIG QUESTIONS
ABOUT LIFE ON EARTH.
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00:00:38,939 --> 00:00:44,111
{\an7}♪
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00:00:44,144 --> 00:00:47,714
{\an7}\h\h\hHOW DO ANIMALS ADAPT
TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS?
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00:00:47,748 --> 00:00:52,219
{\an7}HOW CAN SO MANY SPECIES
\hCOEXIST IN ONE PLACE?
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00:00:52,252 --> 00:00:56,656
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND HOW FAST
CAN EVOLUTION HAPPEN?
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00:00:56,690 --> 00:00:58,091
{\an7}\hMan: WHEN SCIENTISTS
HAVE HAD BIG QUESTIONS
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00:00:58,125 --> 00:00:59,860
{\an7}ABOUT THE WORLD AROUND US,
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00:00:59,893 --> 00:01:01,595
{\an7}\hTIME AND TIME AGAIN
OVER THE LAST CENTURY,
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00:01:01,628 --> 00:01:05,232
{\an7}\hTHEY’VE TURNED TO ANOLES
TO ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS.
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00:01:05,265 --> 00:01:07,334
{\an7}Neil: MY NAME IS NEIL LOSIN.
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00:01:07,367 --> 00:01:10,604
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNate Dappen:
AND MY NAME IS NATE DAPPEN.
24
00:01:10,637 --> 00:01:15,175
{\an7}NEIL AND I ARE BIOLOGISTS
\hAND WILDLIFE FILMMAKERS.
25
00:01:15,208 --> 00:01:17,077
{\an7}WE’RE ON A YEAR-LONG JOURNEY,
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00:01:17,110 --> 00:01:20,680
{\an7}TRAVELING FROM REMOTE FORESTS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND TINY ISLANDS
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00:01:20,714 --> 00:01:23,984
{\an7}TO HIGH-TECH LABS
\hAND BIG CITIES,
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{\an7}ALL IN PURSUIT OF THESE LIZARDS
THAT DEFY OUR EXPECTATIONS.
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{\an7}AS THEY BATTLE THEIR RIVALS,
\h\h\h\h\h\hEVADE PREDATORS,
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND SURVIVE
IN HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS,
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{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHESE LITTLE LIZARDS
SEEM TO MEET EVERY CHALLENGE
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{\an7}WITH AN INGENIOUS ADAPTATION.
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE PROCESS,
THEY REVEAL HOW SIMPLE RULES,
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHAT NEIL AND I
CALL THE LAWS OF THE LIZARD,
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCAN EXPLAIN
THE COMPLEXITY OF NATURE.
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00:01:53,413 --> 00:01:54,614
{\an7}YES, YES, YES, YES, YES!
37
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{\an7}OH!
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{\an7}YOU GOT HIM!
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{\an7}[LAUGHS]
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{\an7}Neil: ONE OF THE RAREST ANOLES
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE WORLD.
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{\an7}Nate: COME WITH US AND DISCOVER
HOW THESE UNASSUMING LIZARDS
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00:02:03,290 --> 00:02:07,127
{\an7}ARE CHANGING THE WAY WE THINK
\h\h\h\h\hABOUT LIFE ON EARTH.
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00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:16,136
{\an7}♪
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00:02:16,169 --> 00:02:20,674
{\an7}Neil: EVERY LIZARD BIOLOGIST
\h\h\hREMEMBERS THEIR FIRST,
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00:02:20,707 --> 00:02:24,811
{\an7}THAT IS, THE FIRST LIZARD
\h\h\h\hTHEY EVER STUDIED.
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE LIZARD
THAT TOOK NATE’S INNOCENCE
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00:02:26,747 --> 00:02:32,486
{\an7}\h\h\hWAS A STRANGE COSTA RICAN
SPECIES CALLED THE RIVER ANOLE.
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00:02:32,519 --> 00:02:35,789
{\an7}NATE AND I BOTH GOT OUR PhDs
\h\h\h\h\hSTUDYING LIZARDS.
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00:02:35,822 --> 00:02:37,290
{\an7}AND OVER THE LAST TEN YEARS,
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00:02:37,324 --> 00:02:38,892
{\an7}WE’VE BECOME COLLABORATORS,
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00:02:38,925 --> 00:02:43,263
{\an7}BUSINESS PARTNERS,
AND BEST FRIENDS.
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00:02:43,296 --> 00:02:44,564
{\an7}THROUGH ALL OF THAT,
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00:02:44,598 --> 00:02:48,769
{\an7}\h\hNATE HAS NOT SHUT UP
ABOUT THAT RIVER ANOLE,
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00:02:48,802 --> 00:02:51,738
{\an7}SO WE’RE STARTING OUR JOURNEY
IN NATE’S OLD STOMPING GROUNDS
55
00:02:51,772 --> 00:02:54,074
{\an7}IN THE MOUNTAINS OF COSTA RICA
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00:02:54,107 --> 00:02:56,476
{\an7}\h\h\hTO FIND THE LIZARD
THAT WAS SO INTERESTING,
57
00:02:56,510 --> 00:02:59,947
{\an7}\h\hIT CONVINCED NATE
TO BECOME A BIOLOGIST.
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{\an7}♪
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNate: IF YOU GET
A CHANCE TO SEE A RIVER ANOLE,
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00:03:10,223 --> 00:03:11,391
{\an7}THE FIRST THING THAT IT’LL DO
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS SORT OF MOVE
TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ROCK
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00:03:13,460 --> 00:03:14,928
{\an7}OR THE BRANCH THAT IT’S ON.
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIF IT THINKS
THAT YOU’RE A REAL THREAT,
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{\an7}IT WILL DO SOMETHING AMAZING.
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{\an7}♪
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{\an7}SOMETIMES, RIVER ANOLES
\h\hREAPPEAR DOWNSTREAM
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{\an7}AFTER JUST A FEW SECONDS.
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT’S HARD TO PREDICT
EXACTLY WHERE THEY’LL POP UP.
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOTHER TIMES,
THEY JUST SEEM TO VANISH.
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00:03:45,459 --> 00:03:49,096
{\an7}WHAT ARE THEY DOING
WHEN THEY DISAPPEAR?
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00:03:49,129 --> 00:03:51,965
{\an7}Neil: ALMOST AS SOON AS WE GOT
\hOUR CAMERA UNDER THE WATER,
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00:03:51,998 --> 00:03:53,299
{\an7}WE WERE DOCUMENTING A BEHAVIOR
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00:03:53,333 --> 00:03:55,669
{\an7}\hTHAT’S ESSENTIALLY
UNKNOWN TO SCIENCE.
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00:03:57,771 --> 00:04:00,207
{\an7}Nate: ONE FEMALE CLUNG
\hTO A ROCK UNDERWATER
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00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:02,909
{\an7}FOR ALMOST TEN MINUTES.
76
00:04:02,943 --> 00:04:06,246
{\an7}WE FIGURED SHE MUST BE
\hHOLDING HER BREATH,
77
00:04:06,279 --> 00:04:08,481
{\an7}BUT WHEN WE WATCHED OUR FOOTAGE,
78
00:04:08,515 --> 00:04:12,753
{\an7}\hWE SAW SOMETHING
THAT BLEW US AWAY.
79
00:04:12,786 --> 00:04:16,123
{\an7}LOOK CAREFULLY, AND YOU CAN SEE
A LITTLE AIR BUBBLE
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00:04:16,156 --> 00:04:19,326
{\an7}GROWING AND SHRINKING
\h\h\h\h\hON HER HEAD.
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00:04:19,359 --> 00:04:21,828
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT LOOKS LIKE
SHE’S REBREATHING HER AIR,
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00:04:21,862 --> 00:04:26,633
{\an7}\h\h\hLIKE A DEEP-SEA DIVER
RECYCLING HER OXYGEN SUPPLY.
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00:04:26,666 --> 00:04:28,568
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hRESEARCHERS
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
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00:04:28,602 --> 00:04:32,806
{\an7}ARE NOW TRYING TO UNDERSTAND
\hTHIS REBREATHING BEHAVIOR.
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00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:37,410
{\an7}THE FIRST LAW OF THE LIZARD--
\h\h\h\h\h\hEXPECT SURPRISES.
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00:04:37,444 --> 00:04:43,450
{\an7}♪
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00:04:43,483 --> 00:04:44,818
{\an7}IT’S AN EXCITING START
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00:04:44,851 --> 00:04:48,722
{\an7}TO A QUEST WE’VE BEEN THINKING
\h\h\hABOUT EVER SINCE WE MET.
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00:04:50,791 --> 00:04:53,494
{\an7}Neil: I MET NATE DAPPEN IN 2008
IN COSTA RICA
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00:04:53,527 --> 00:04:54,595
{\an7}WHEN WE WERE BOTH STUDENTS
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00:04:54,628 --> 00:04:57,764
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hON THE SAME
TROPICAL BIOLOGY COURSE.
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00:04:57,798 --> 00:04:59,500
{\an7}Nate: WE WERE SO SIMILAR,
\h\hIT WAS KIND OF SPOOKY.
93
00:04:59,533 --> 00:05:00,968
{\an7}AND SO, WE’RE THE SAME HEIGHT,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSAME SIZE.
94
00:05:01,001 --> 00:05:03,170
{\an7}WE CAN FIT INTO EACH OTHER’S
\h\h\hCLOTHES IF WE NEED TO.
95
00:05:03,203 --> 00:05:05,439
{\an7}\h\hAND WE WERE BOTH
STUDYING EVOLUTION,
96
00:05:05,472 --> 00:05:07,307
{\an7}\h\h\h\hAND WE WERE BOTH
REALLY INTO PHOTOGRAPHY,
97
00:05:07,340 --> 00:05:08,575
{\an7}AND SO WE EITHER
HAD THE DECISION
98
00:05:08,608 --> 00:05:12,011
{\an7}TO DESTROY EACH OTHER
\h\h\hOR JOIN FORCES.
99
00:05:12,045 --> 00:05:13,947
{\an7}Neil: LUCKILY FOR NATE,
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00:05:13,980 --> 00:05:16,149
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWE DECIDED
NOT TO DESTROY EACH OTHER.
101
00:05:16,183 --> 00:05:19,553
{\an7}INSTEAD, WE STARTED WORKING
\h\hTOGETHER ON EXPERIMENTS,
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00:05:19,586 --> 00:05:23,824
{\an7}\hPHOTOGRAPHY PROJECTS,
AND EVENTUALLY ON FILMS.
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00:05:23,857 --> 00:05:25,092
{\an7}Nate: AND WE SORT OF HAD
THIS DECISION TO MAKE--
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00:05:25,125 --> 00:05:27,260
{\an7}DID WE WANT TO CONTINUE ON
\h\h\hAND BE RESEARCHERS,
105
00:05:27,294 --> 00:05:29,963
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hOR DID WE WANT
TO GO INTO FILM FULL TIME?
106
00:05:29,996 --> 00:05:31,397
{\an7}AND WE SORT OF DECIDED TOGETHER
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00:05:31,431 --> 00:05:32,866
{\an7}THAT WE WERE GONNA
\hTAKE THE PLUNGE
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00:05:32,899 --> 00:05:36,169
{\an7}AND START MAKING SCIENCE FILMS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hPROFESSIONALLY.
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00:05:36,203 --> 00:05:39,173
{\an7}\hNeil: EVER SINCE, NATE AND I
HAVE TRAVELED AROUND THE WORLD
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00:05:39,206 --> 00:05:42,976
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMAKING FILMS
ABOUT WILDLIFE AND SCIENCE.
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00:05:43,009 --> 00:05:44,878
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hONE FILM
WE’VE ALWAYS WANTED TO MAKE
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00:05:44,911 --> 00:05:47,480
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIS THE STORY
OF THESE LITTLE CREATURES
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00:05:47,514 --> 00:05:52,219
{\an7}\hTHAT HAVE HAD A HUGE IMPACT
ON OUR UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE.
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00:05:52,252 --> 00:05:56,189
{\an7}\hWE WANTED TO TELL
THE STORY OF ANOLES.
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00:05:56,223 --> 00:05:57,357
{\an7}Nate: WE’VE ALL SEEN
\h\h\hDOCUMENTARIES
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00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:00,026
{\an7}WITH LIONS AND SHARKS
\h\h\h\hAND ELEPHANTS,
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00:06:00,060 --> 00:06:01,128
{\an7}BUT NONE OF THOSE SPECIES
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00:06:01,161 --> 00:06:03,497
{\an7}\h\h\hHAVE HAD REMOTELY
THE SAME KIND OF IMPACT
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00:06:03,530 --> 00:06:07,434
{\an7}ON OUR UNDERSTANDING OF BIOLOGY
AS ANOLES HAVE.
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00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:10,637
{\an7}\hNeil: FROM EVOLUTION
TO ECOLOGY, GENETICS,
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00:06:10,670 --> 00:06:14,107
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hPHYSIOLOGY,
EVEN CONSERVATION BIOLOGY.
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00:06:14,140 --> 00:06:20,680
{\an7}♪
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00:06:20,714 --> 00:06:22,916
{\an7}SO, WHAT ARE ANOLES?
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00:06:22,949 --> 00:06:25,251
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY’RE A GROUP OF
CLOSELY RELATED LIZARD SPECIES
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00:06:25,285 --> 00:06:28,221
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT LIVE
ALL OVER THE AMERICAN TROPICS.
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00:06:28,255 --> 00:06:30,791
{\an7}THERE ARE MORE THAN 400 SPECIES
OF ANOLES
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00:06:30,824 --> 00:06:34,861
{\an7}WITH A WIDE RANGE OF COLORS,
\h\h\hSIZES, AND BEHAVIORS.
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00:06:34,895 --> 00:06:36,930
{\an7}BUT DESPITE ALL THIS VARIATION,
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00:06:36,963 --> 00:06:41,768
{\an7}ANOLES SHARE TWO TRAITS THAT SET
THEM APART FROM OTHER LIZARDS,
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00:06:41,801 --> 00:06:44,637
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND THAT’S THE DEWLAP,
WHICH IS A COLORFUL FLAP OF SKIN
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00:06:44,671 --> 00:06:46,673
{\an7}THAT EXTENDS FROM THE THROAT,
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00:06:46,706 --> 00:06:49,709
{\an7}AND STICKY, ADHESIVE TOE PADS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hON THEIR FEET,
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00:06:49,743 --> 00:06:54,014
{\an7}\h\h\hWHICH ALLOW THEM TO CLIMB
ON SMOOTH SURFACES LIKE LEAVES.
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00:06:54,047 --> 00:06:57,284
{\an7}\h\h\h\hSOME OTHER LIZARDS
HAVE DEWLAPS OR TOE PADS,
135
00:06:57,317 --> 00:06:59,820
{\an7}BUT ONLY ANOLES HAVE BOTH.
136
00:07:02,756 --> 00:07:04,791
{\an7}\h\h\hNate: THE DEWLAP
IS USED TO COMMUNICATE
137
00:07:04,824 --> 00:07:06,559
{\an7}\h\h\h\hWITH MEMBERS
OF THE SAME SPECIES.
138
00:07:06,593 --> 00:07:07,961
{\an7}\h\h\h\hMALES USE IT
TO TELL OTHER MALES,
139
00:07:07,994 --> 00:07:10,597
{\an7}"HEY, THIS IS MY TERRITORY.
\h\h\h\hDON’T MESS WITH ME,"
140
00:07:10,630 --> 00:07:13,700
{\an7}OR THEY USE IT TO SHOW FEMALES,
"HEY, COME OVER HERE,
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00:07:13,733 --> 00:07:16,569
{\an7}I’VE GOT THIS GREAT TERRITORY,
\hAND I’M REALLY ATTRACTIVE."
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00:07:19,072 --> 00:07:21,107
{\an7}Neil: TO WARD OFF
A POTENTIAL RIVAL,
143
00:07:21,141 --> 00:07:26,013
{\an7}\h\hA MALE ANOLE WILL PERFORM
A SORT OF RITUALIZED DISPLAY.
144
00:07:26,046 --> 00:07:29,016
{\an7}HE’LL DO PUSH-UPS,
145
00:07:29,049 --> 00:07:31,251
{\an7}AND HE’LL FLASH HIS DEWLAP.
146
00:07:33,253 --> 00:07:36,857
{\an7}\h\h\hIF THAT DOESN’T
INTIMIDATE HIS RIVAL,
147
00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:40,927
{\an7}THEIR ENCOUNTER CAN ESCALATE
\h\h\hINTO A VIOLENT BATTLE.
148
00:07:40,961 --> 00:07:55,242
{\an7}♪
149
00:07:55,275 --> 00:07:57,744
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIF THE MALE
CAN DEFEND HIS TERRITORY,
150
00:07:57,777 --> 00:08:01,881
{\an7}HE’LL HAVE OPPORTUNITIES
\h\h\h\hTO COURT FEMALES
151
00:08:01,915 --> 00:08:05,519
{\an7}AND, IF HE’S LUCKY,
\hA CHANCE TO MATE.
152
00:08:05,552 --> 00:08:16,797
{\an7}♪
153
00:08:16,830 --> 00:08:21,301
{\an7}\h\h\h\hNate: ANOLES ARE FIERCE
HUNTERS THAT CHASE DOWN AND EAT
154
00:08:21,334 --> 00:08:23,770
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hALMOST ANYTHING
THAT FITS IN THEIR MOUTHS...
155
00:08:27,974 --> 00:08:31,077
{\an7}FROM INSECTS AND SPIDERS
156
00:08:31,111 --> 00:08:32,913
{\an7}TO OTHER LIZARDS,
157
00:08:32,946 --> 00:08:35,715
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEVEN MEMBERS
OF THEIR OWN SPECIES.
158
00:08:35,749 --> 00:08:48,829
{\an7}♪
159
00:08:48,862 --> 00:08:51,198
{\an7}ONE THE MOST SURPRISING THINGS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT ANOLES
160
00:08:51,231 --> 00:08:53,233
{\an7}IS THAT GENERATIONS
\h\h\hOF SCIENTISTS
161
00:08:53,266 --> 00:08:57,403
{\an7}\hHAVE DEDICATED THEIR LIVES
TO STUDYING THESE CRITTERS.
162
00:08:57,437 --> 00:09:00,006
{\an7}\h\h\hTO UNDERSTAND WHY,
WE NEED TO INTRODUCE YOU
163
00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:05,646
{\an7}TO THE MAN AT THE CENTER
\hOF THE ANOLE UNIVERSE.
164
00:09:05,678 --> 00:09:07,046
{\an7}Man: IF YOU MENTION
\hANOLES TO ANYBODY,
165
00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:09,015
{\an7}THEY’RE GOING TO THINK
\h\hOF JONATHAN LOSOS.
166
00:09:09,049 --> 00:09:11,518
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMan: FIRST PERSON THAT
JUMPS TO MIND IS JONATHAN LOSOS.
167
00:09:11,551 --> 00:09:12,452
{\an7}Man: JONATHAN LOSOS.
168
00:09:12,485 --> 00:09:13,619
{\an7}Man: JONATHAN LOSOS.
169
00:09:13,653 --> 00:09:14,921
{\an7}Woman: JONATHAN LOSOS.
170
00:09:14,954 --> 00:09:16,389
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMan: YEAH, I WOULD SAY
JONATHAN LOSOS IS THE BOB DYLAN
171
00:09:16,423 --> 00:09:18,659
{\an7}OF ANOLE LIZARD BIOLOGY.
172
00:09:18,691 --> 00:09:19,859
{\an7}Woman: THE LEONARDO DA VINCI.
173
00:09:19,893 --> 00:09:20,660
{\an7}Man: THE GODFATHER.
174
00:09:20,693 --> 00:09:21,460
{\an7}Woman: THE JOHN LENNON.
175
00:09:21,494 --> 00:09:22,261
{\an7}Man: THE BARACK OBAMA.
176
00:09:22,295 --> 00:09:23,830
{\an7}Man: THE...
177
00:09:23,863 --> 00:09:26,833
{\an7}...ALBUS DUMBLEDORE
\hOF LIZARD BIOLOGY.
178
00:09:28,268 --> 00:09:29,770
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hMan: AND JONATHAN
HAS LITERALLY WRITTEN THE BOOK
179
00:09:29,803 --> 00:09:33,774
{\an7}ON, ON ANOLE BIOLOGY.
180
00:09:33,807 --> 00:09:35,909
{\an7}\hJonathan Losos: THE TWO MOST
COMMON WAYS OF PRONOUNCING IT
181
00:09:35,942 --> 00:09:39,012
{\an7}ARE "AN-OLE" AND "UH-NOLE."
182
00:09:39,045 --> 00:09:40,780
{\an7}AND THERE’S NO RIGHT OR WRONG.
183
00:09:40,814 --> 00:09:42,716
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND I ACTUALLY GO
BACK AND FORTH, EITHER ONE,
184
00:09:42,749 --> 00:09:45,385
{\an7}FOR NO PARTICULAR REASON.
185
00:09:45,418 --> 00:09:48,821
{\an7}\h\h\h\hMan: I MEAN, HE JUST
REALLY LOVES ANOLIS LIZARDS.
186
00:09:48,855 --> 00:09:52,492
{\an7}HE JUST ALSO HAPPENS TO BE
\h\hA BRILLIANT SCIENTIST.
187
00:09:54,427 --> 00:09:56,796
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNate: WE CAUGHT UP
WITH JONATHAN IN COSTA RICA
188
00:09:56,830 --> 00:10:01,601
{\an7}\h\h\hTO FIND OUT HOW HIS NAME
BECAME SYNONYMOUS WITH ANOLES.
189
00:10:01,634 --> 00:10:02,468
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan:
THERE’S A PICTURE OF ME
190
00:10:02,502 --> 00:10:05,038
{\an7}WHEN I WAS ABOUT EIGHT IN MIAMI,
191
00:10:05,071 --> 00:10:07,840
{\an7}\h\hAND I’D JUST CAUGHT
A, A LITTLE GREEN ANOLE.
192
00:10:07,874 --> 00:10:10,110
{\an7}\hIT’S A PICTURE OF ME LOOKING
VERY DOOFY WITH A GREEN ANOLE,
193
00:10:10,143 --> 00:10:11,845
{\an7}SO I GO WAY BACK WITH THEM.
194
00:10:14,481 --> 00:10:15,816
{\an7}Nate: IT SOUNDED LIKE DESTINY
195
00:10:15,849 --> 00:10:20,287
{\an7}THAT JONATHAN WOULD BECOME
\h\h\hAN ANOLE RESEARCHER.
196
00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:23,590
{\an7}\hJonathan: AND SO I’VE BEEN
STUDYING ANOLES EVER SINCE.
197
00:10:23,623 --> 00:10:26,526
{\an7}Nate: AND DO YOU KNOW
\hANY GOOD ANOLE PUNS?
198
00:10:26,559 --> 00:10:27,660
{\an7}Jonathan: WELL, ONLY ONE.
199
00:10:27,694 --> 00:10:30,230
{\an7}IT’S ANOLE-Y, BUT A GOODIE.
200
00:10:30,263 --> 00:10:31,431
{\an7}[IMITATES RIMSHOT]
201
00:10:31,464 --> 00:10:33,399
{\an7}Neil: OH!
202
00:10:35,802 --> 00:10:38,338
{\an7}\h\hNate: I FIRST MET JONATHAN
WHEN I WAS A GRADUATE STUDENT,
203
00:10:38,371 --> 00:10:42,375
{\an7}AND HE TRIED TO CONVINCE ME
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO STUDY ANOLES.
204
00:10:42,408 --> 00:10:43,409
{\an7}Jonathan: I REMEMBER THAT.
205
00:10:43,443 --> 00:10:45,145
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hI SAID,
THE GUY’S LIVING IN MIAMI,
206
00:10:45,178 --> 00:10:47,013
{\an7}AND HE WANTS TO GO TO SPAIN
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO DO HIS PhD
207
00:10:47,046 --> 00:10:49,415
{\an7}WHEN THERE ARE ANOLES
\h\h\hIN HIS BACKYARD.
208
00:10:49,449 --> 00:10:50,850
{\an7}CRAZY MAN!
209
00:10:50,884 --> 00:10:52,319
{\an7}\h\hNate: I KNOW, BUT WHAT I DID
INSTEAD IS I CONVINCED THIS GUY.
210
00:10:52,352 --> 00:10:53,386
{\an7}Neil: HE PAID IT FORWARD.
211
00:10:53,419 --> 00:10:54,854
{\an7}Jonathan: WELL, ALL RIGHT.
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hEXCELLENT.
212
00:10:54,888 --> 00:10:59,192
{\an7}\hSO, FAILURE, SUCCESS.
THAT’S HOW I LOOK AT IT.
213
00:10:59,225 --> 00:11:01,861
{\an7}Neil: I SPENT THREE YEARS
STUDYING ANOLES IN MIAMI,
214
00:11:01,895 --> 00:11:05,198
{\an7}WHERE THEY’RE JUST PART OF LIFE.
215
00:11:05,231 --> 00:11:08,634
{\an7}YOU’D RUN INTO PEOPLE--
\hJOGGERS, DOG WALKERS-
216
00:11:08,668 --> 00:11:10,870
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND MOST PEOPLE
HAVE SOME AWARENESS OF ANOLES.
217
00:11:10,904 --> 00:11:13,507
{\an7}BUT PEOPLE ARE USUALLY SURPRISED
TO LEARN THAT I’M NOT JUST
218
00:11:13,540 --> 00:11:16,043
{\an7}THIS ONE RANDOM WEIRDO
OUT THERE IN THE PARK,
219
00:11:16,075 --> 00:11:18,277
{\an7}\hBUT THERE ARE ACTUALLY
HUNDREDS OF BIOLOGISTS,
220
00:11:18,311 --> 00:11:20,747
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hINCLUDING SOME OF
THE TOP SCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD,
221
00:11:20,780 --> 00:11:24,651
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWHO ARE STUDYING
THESE PARTICULAR LIZARDS.
222
00:11:24,684 --> 00:11:26,152
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan:
IT’S HARD TO KNOW FOR SURE
223
00:11:26,186 --> 00:11:29,556
{\an7}HOW MANY PAPERS ON ANOLES HAVE
BEEN PUBLISHED OVER THE YEARS.
224
00:11:29,589 --> 00:11:34,394
{\an7}I WOULD GUESS 5,000,
\h\h\hMAYBE 10,000.
225
00:11:34,427 --> 00:11:37,330
{\an7}Nate: SO, A LOT OF PEOPLE
\h\h\h\h\h\hSTUDY ANOLES,
226
00:11:37,363 --> 00:11:40,566
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT WHERE DOES
THE ANOLE STORY BEGIN?
227
00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:42,168
{\an7}A GOOD PLACE TO START IS
228
00:11:42,202 --> 00:11:46,006
{\an7}THE WORLD’S LARGEST COLLECTION
\h\hOF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
229
00:11:46,039 --> 00:11:50,777
{\an7}AT THE SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL
\hMUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
230
00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:54,247
{\an7}Kevin de Queiroz: WE HAVE
\hALMOST 600,000 SPECIMENS
231
00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:56,048
{\an7}OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES.
232
00:11:56,082 --> 00:11:57,817
{\an7}OF THOSE 600,000,
233
00:11:57,850 --> 00:12:03,055
{\an7}ABOUT 18,000 OF THEM
ARE ANOLIS LIZARDS.
234
00:12:03,089 --> 00:12:04,791
{\an7}Neil: THESE SCIENTIFIC
\hCOLLECTIONS ARE LIKE
235
00:12:04,824 --> 00:12:09,362
{\an7}\hA COMBINATION DICTIONARY AND
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE ON EARTH.
236
00:12:09,395 --> 00:12:12,265
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHEY SHOW SCIENTISTS
WHAT SPECIES LOOK LIKE TODAY
237
00:12:12,298 --> 00:12:15,301
{\an7}AND HOW THEY’VE CHANGED
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOVER TIME.
238
00:12:15,335 --> 00:12:19,339
{\an7}UNFORTUNATELY, ANOLE FOSSILS
\h\h\h\hARE INCREDIBLY RARE,
239
00:12:19,372 --> 00:12:23,209
{\an7}SO, UNTIL RECENTLY, THE FOSSIL
RECORD DIDN’T SHED MUCH LIGHT
240
00:12:23,243 --> 00:12:26,813
{\an7}ON THE ANCIENT HISTORY
\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ANOLES.
241
00:12:26,846 --> 00:12:29,749
{\an7}\h\hBUT ALL THAT CHANGED
WITH RECENT DISCOVERIES
242
00:12:29,782 --> 00:12:32,184
{\an7}ON THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA.
243
00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:36,155
{\an7}Kevin: THERE’S A FAMOUS
\h\h\h\h\hAMBER INDUSTRY
244
00:12:36,189 --> 00:12:37,857
{\an7}THAT’S BEEN GOING ON THERE
\h\h\h\h\hFOR A LONG TIME.
245
00:12:37,890 --> 00:12:39,258
{\an7}THEY’RE USED FOR JEWELRY,
246
00:12:39,292 --> 00:12:43,229
{\an7}\hBUT OCCASIONALLY YOU FIND
BABY LIZARDS IN THERE, TOO.
247
00:12:46,432 --> 00:12:48,734
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNate: ONE OF THE MOST
BEAUTIFUL THINGS I’VE EVER SEEN
248
00:12:48,768 --> 00:12:53,306
{\an7}WAS A 20-MILLION-YEAR-OLD ANOLE
TRAPPED IN AMBER.
249
00:12:53,339 --> 00:12:54,707
{\an7}THERE WERE BUBBLES IN THE STONE
250
00:12:54,741 --> 00:12:59,012
{\an7}THAT TRULY CONTAINED THE AIR
\hTHAT THAT LIZARD BREATHED.
251
00:13:01,180 --> 00:13:02,848
{\an7}THESE LIZARDS TRAPPED IN AMBER
252
00:13:02,882 --> 00:13:06,018
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSHOW US THAT ANOLES
HAVE BEEN LIVING AND EVOLVING
253
00:13:06,052 --> 00:13:10,790
{\an7}ON THE ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN
FOR TENS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS.
254
00:13:10,823 --> 00:13:12,491
{\an7}THAT HISTORY IS PRESERVED
255
00:13:12,525 --> 00:13:16,229
{\an7}IN THE JARS THAT LINE THE WALLS
OF THESE COLLECTIONS.
256
00:13:16,262 --> 00:13:19,232
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLOOK CLOSELY,
AND YOU’LL START TO APPRECIATE
257
00:13:19,265 --> 00:13:23,870
{\an7}\hTHAT THESE LITTLE LIZARDS
ARE THE KEY TO A BIG STORY--
258
00:13:23,903 --> 00:13:26,672
{\an7}\hTHE STORY OF LIFE
AND HOW IT EVOLVES.
259
00:13:29,342 --> 00:13:32,912
{\an7}\h\hTO DISCOVER THE SECRETS
THAT ONLY ANOLES CAN REVEAL,
260
00:13:32,945 --> 00:13:34,613
{\an7}WE NEED TO FOLLOW
\hIN THE FOOTSTEPS
261
00:13:34,647 --> 00:13:37,250
{\an7}OF GENERATIONS OF SCIENTISTS.
262
00:13:37,283 --> 00:13:39,318
{\an7}WE NEED TO GO TO THE CARIBBEAN.
263
00:13:42,655 --> 00:13:47,293
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hHERE IN PUERTO RICO,
A WORLD OF SURPRISES IS WAITING.
264
00:13:51,197 --> 00:13:56,035
{\an7}\hNeil: IN THE CARIBBEAN, LAND
COMES IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES.
265
00:13:56,069 --> 00:13:58,905
{\an7}IF YOU VISIT THE BIGGEST ISLANDS
IN THE CARIBBEAN,
266
00:13:58,938 --> 00:14:00,339
{\an7}THE FIRST THING YOU’LL NOTICE
267
00:14:00,373 --> 00:14:04,210
{\an7}IS THAT THEY’RE CRAWLING
\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH ANOLES.
268
00:14:04,243 --> 00:14:06,746
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLOOK CLOSELY,
AND YOU’LL SEE THAT THESE ANOLES
269
00:14:06,779 --> 00:14:09,949
{\an7}COME IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTOO.
270
00:14:09,982 --> 00:14:13,018
{\an7}AND JUST LIKE BODYBUILDERS
\h\h\h\h\hAND BALLERINAS,
271
00:14:13,052 --> 00:14:15,388
{\an7}AN ANOLE’S ANATOMY
CAN TELL US A LOT
272
00:14:15,421 --> 00:14:17,423
{\an7}ABOUT HOW IT MAKES A LIVING.
273
00:14:19,759 --> 00:14:24,530
{\an7}STEP INTO A PUERTO RICAN FOREST,
AND YOU CAN SEE WHAT I MEAN.
274
00:14:24,564 --> 00:14:27,867
{\an7}YOU WON’T HAVE TO WAIT LONG
\h\hTO SEE YOUR FIRST ANOLE.
275
00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:30,736
{\an7}MAYBE IT’LL BE A BROWN ANOLE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH LONG LEGS
276
00:14:30,770 --> 00:14:32,472
{\an7}ON THE TRUNK OF A TREE.
277
00:14:34,974 --> 00:14:36,242
{\an7}HIGHER IN THE TREE,
278
00:14:36,275 --> 00:14:39,278
{\an7}YOU MIGHT FIND A GREEN ANOLE
\h\h\h\h\hWITH SHORTER LEGS
279
00:14:39,312 --> 00:14:43,783
{\an7}CLIMBING IN THE LEAVES
\h\h\h\hAND BRANCHES.
280
00:14:43,816 --> 00:14:47,620
{\an7}AND DOWN BY YOUR FEET, AN ANOLE
WITH A LONG TAIL AND STRIPES
281
00:14:47,653 --> 00:14:52,892
{\an7}THAT DISAPPEARS INTO THE GRASS
\h\h\h\hIF YOU GET TOO CLOSE.
282
00:14:52,925 --> 00:14:55,227
{\an7}HIGH IN THE CANOPY,
\h\hIF YOU’RE LUCKY,
283
00:14:55,261 --> 00:14:57,597
{\an7}\h\h\h\hYOU MIGHT SEE
A MASSIVE GREEN ANOLE
284
00:14:57,630 --> 00:15:02,268
{\an7}\hWITH STRONG JAWS
AND HUGE TOE PADS.
285
00:15:02,301 --> 00:15:05,704
{\an7}AND IF YOU SIT REALLY STILL,
YOU COULD SPOT A TINY ANOLE
286
00:15:05,738 --> 00:15:08,274
{\an7}WITH A SHORT TAIL
\hAND STUBBY LEGS
287
00:15:08,307 --> 00:15:12,578
{\an7}CLINGING TO THE SMALLEST TWIGS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE FOREST.
288
00:15:12,612 --> 00:15:13,713
{\an7}ALL OF THESE ANOLES
289
00:15:13,746 --> 00:15:16,716
{\an7}\hLIVE SIDE BY SIDE
HERE IN PUERTO RICO,
290
00:15:16,749 --> 00:15:19,952
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT THEY AREN’T JUST
RANDOMLY SCATTERED ALL OVER.
291
00:15:19,986 --> 00:15:22,922
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY SPECIALIZE,
SO YOU TEND TO FIND EACH TYPE
292
00:15:22,955 --> 00:15:26,525
{\an7}IN A DIFFERENT PART
\h\h\hOF THE FOREST.
293
00:15:26,559 --> 00:15:30,329
{\an7}SOME LOW, SOME HIGH.
294
00:15:30,363 --> 00:15:32,332
{\an7}SOME ON THE TREE TRUNKS
295
00:15:32,365 --> 00:15:35,935
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND OTHERS
OUT ON THE SMALLEST TWIGS.
296
00:15:40,039 --> 00:15:45,311
{\an7}\h\hHOP OVER TO A SECOND ISLAND,
AND THE PATTERN BECOMES CLEARER.
297
00:15:45,344 --> 00:15:47,079
{\an7}HERE IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
298
00:15:47,113 --> 00:15:51,584
{\an7}THE ANOLE SPECIES ARE DIFFERENT
THAN THE ONES IN PUERTO RICO,
299
00:15:51,617 --> 00:15:56,722
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT LOOK AROUND,
AND IT’LL FEEL LIKE DEJA VU.
300
00:15:56,756 --> 00:15:59,325
{\an7}\h\hYOU’LL FIND ANOLES
IN ALL THE SAME PLACES
301
00:15:59,358 --> 00:16:02,728
{\an7}YOU SAW THEM IN PUERTO RICO--
302
00:16:02,762 --> 00:16:06,399
{\an7}LONG-LEGGED BROWN ANOLES
\h\hON THE TREE TRUNKS,
303
00:16:06,432 --> 00:16:10,736
{\an7}\h\h\hANOLES WITH LONG TAILS
AND STRIPES IN THE GRASSES,
304
00:16:10,770 --> 00:16:15,408
{\an7}\h\h\h\hGIANT GREEN ANOLES
IN THE CANOPY, AND SO ON.
305
00:16:15,441 --> 00:16:18,044
{\an7}THE SPECIES PLAYING THESE ROLES
ARE DIFFERENT,
306
00:16:18,077 --> 00:16:21,948
{\an7}BUT THEY LOOK STRIKINGLY SIMILAR
BETWEEN ISLANDS.
307
00:16:21,981 --> 00:16:24,717
{\an7}IT’S ALMOST AS IF DIFFERENT
\h\h\h\h\hLOOK-ALIKE ACTORS
308
00:16:24,750 --> 00:16:28,654
{\an7}WERE PERFORMING THE SAME SHOW.
309
00:16:28,688 --> 00:16:29,923
{\an7}ACROSS THE CARIBBEAN,
310
00:16:29,956 --> 00:16:32,759
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hANOLES THAT LIVE
IN THE SAME PART OF THE FOREST
311
00:16:32,792 --> 00:16:35,595
{\an7}\h\h\hSHARE SIMILAR
ANATOMICAL FEATURES,
312
00:16:35,628 --> 00:16:39,365
{\an7}NO MATTER WHICH ISLAND
\h\h\h\hTHEY INHABIT.
313
00:16:39,398 --> 00:16:40,933
{\an7}IT’S SUCH AN UNUSUAL PATTERN
314
00:16:40,967 --> 00:16:45,538
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT ANOLE RESEARCHERS
INVENTED A WORD TO DESCRIBE IT.
315
00:16:45,571 --> 00:16:46,906
{\an7}THEY CALLED THESE ANOLE TYPES
316
00:16:46,939 --> 00:16:51,076
{\an7}THAT REPEAT FROM ISLAND
\hTO ISLAND "ECOMORPHS."
317
00:16:52,812 --> 00:16:54,080
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan:
THE ECOMORPHS ARE NAMED
318
00:16:54,113 --> 00:16:58,551
{\an7}FOR WHERE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
\h\hYOU USUALLY FIND THEM--
319
00:16:58,584 --> 00:17:00,486
{\an7}TRUNK GROUND,
320
00:17:00,520 --> 00:17:01,988
{\an7}TRUNK,
321
00:17:02,021 --> 00:17:03,956
{\an7}TRUNK CROWN,
322
00:17:03,990 --> 00:17:05,725
{\an7}THE CROWN GIANT,
323
00:17:05,758 --> 00:17:07,627
{\an7}TWIG,
324
00:17:07,660 --> 00:17:10,930
{\an7}AND GRASS BUSH.
325
00:17:10,963 --> 00:17:14,467
{\an7}Neil: CUBA, HISPANIOLA,
JAMAICA, AND PUERTO RICO
326
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:16,569
{\an7}EACH HAVE DIFFERENT SPECIES,
327
00:17:16,602 --> 00:17:20,339
{\an7}\hBUT THEY ALL HAVE
THE SAME ECOMORPHS.
328
00:17:20,373 --> 00:17:24,010
{\an7}THE QUESTION IS, WHY DO LIZARDS
LIVING IN THE SAME HABITAT
329
00:17:24,043 --> 00:17:28,080
{\an7}BUT ON DIFFERENT ISLANDS
\h\h\h\hLOOK SO SIMILAR?
330
00:17:28,114 --> 00:17:30,016
{\an7}\h\hJonathan: WHY DO THE ONES
NEAR THE GROUND HAVE LONG LEGS
331
00:17:30,049 --> 00:17:32,385
{\an7}AND THE ONES UP IN THE TREES
\h\h\h\h\h\hHAVE SHORT LEGS?
332
00:17:32,418 --> 00:17:33,619
{\an7}WHY UP IN THE TREE
333
00:17:33,653 --> 00:17:35,855
{\an7}DO THEY HAVE BIG TOE PADS
\hAND THEY’RE OFTEN GREEN
334
00:17:35,888 --> 00:17:37,089
{\an7}AND THE ONES DOWN ON THE GROUND
335
00:17:37,123 --> 00:17:40,560
{\an7}\hHAVE SMALLER TOES PADS
AND ARE BROWN IN COLOR?
336
00:17:40,593 --> 00:17:42,995
{\an7}Nate: JONATHAN SUSPECTED
\h\hTHAT EACH ECOMORPH’S
337
00:17:43,029 --> 00:17:45,465
{\an7}ANATOMICAL FEATURES
\hHELPED IT SURVIVE
338
00:17:45,498 --> 00:17:48,134
{\an7}IN A PARTICULAR PART
\h\h\hOF THE FOREST.
339
00:17:48,167 --> 00:17:52,571
{\an7}\hHE HATCHED AN INGENIOUS PLAN
TO PUT THIS IDEA TO THE TEST.
340
00:17:54,307 --> 00:17:55,475
{\an7}Jonathan: THE WAY WE TEST THAT
341
00:17:55,508 --> 00:17:58,544
{\an7}IS BASICALLY BY HAVING
\hTHE LIZARD OLYMPICS.
342
00:17:58,578 --> 00:18:01,314
{\an7}\hNate: JONATHAN CAPTURED
15 DIFFERENT ANOLE SPECIES
343
00:18:01,347 --> 00:18:04,483
{\an7}IN PUERTO RICO AND JAMAICA,
344
00:18:04,517 --> 00:18:05,918
{\an7}AND HE BROUGHT THEM INTO THE LAB
345
00:18:05,952 --> 00:18:09,189
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO MEASURE
THEIR SPRINTING SPEED,
346
00:18:09,221 --> 00:18:12,091
{\an7}JUMPING ABILITY,
347
00:18:12,124 --> 00:18:14,360
{\an7}AND TOE PAD CLINGING POWER.
348
00:18:18,531 --> 00:18:20,833
{\an7}THE SPECIES THAT LIVE
\h\hHIGH IN THE TREES,
349
00:18:20,866 --> 00:18:23,235
{\an7}\hTHE TRUNK CROWNS
AND CROWN GIANTS,
350
00:18:23,269 --> 00:18:25,605
{\an7}HAVE THE BIGGEST TOE PADS.
351
00:18:25,638 --> 00:18:29,809
{\an7}THESE TOE PADS HELP THEM STICK
TO SMOOTH SURFACES LIKE LEAVES
352
00:18:29,842 --> 00:18:31,777
{\an7}\h\h\h\hSO THEY DON’T
FALL OUT OF THE TREES.
353
00:18:35,047 --> 00:18:37,583
{\an7}TRUNK GROUND ANOLES
\h\hHAVE LONG LEGS,
354
00:18:37,617 --> 00:18:42,589
{\an7}\h\h\hWHICH HELP THEM JUMP FAR
AND RUN FAST ON FLAT SURFACES.
355
00:18:42,622 --> 00:18:44,724
{\an7}THESE ARE CRITICAL SKILLS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR A LIZARD
356
00:18:44,757 --> 00:18:48,527
{\an7}\h\hTHAT HAS TO CAPTURE PREY AND
ESCAPE PREDATORS ON THE GROUND.
357
00:18:51,297 --> 00:18:55,134
{\an7}\hJONATHAN’S LIZARD OLYMPICS
CONFIRMED WHAT HE SUSPECTED,
358
00:18:55,167 --> 00:18:58,070
{\an7}THAT EACH ECOMORPH
\hHAS ADAPTATIONS
359
00:18:58,104 --> 00:19:02,609
{\an7}\h\h\hTHAT HELP IT MOVE THROUGH
A DIFFERENT PART OF THE FOREST.
360
00:19:02,642 --> 00:19:04,144
{\an7}Jonathan: WE DID FIND
ONE INTERESTING TWIST
361
00:19:04,176 --> 00:19:05,811
{\an7}WE DIDN’T EXPECT.
362
00:19:05,845 --> 00:19:08,414
{\an7}WE THOUGHT THAT LIZARDS
\h\h\h\hWITH SHORT LEGS
363
00:19:08,447 --> 00:19:10,849
{\an7}\h\hWOULD BE FASTER
ON NARROW SURFACES.
364
00:19:10,883 --> 00:19:13,786
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTURNS OUT
THEY’RE NOT FASTER AT ALL.
365
00:19:13,819 --> 00:19:15,521
{\an7}Nate: THEY MAY NOT BE FAST,
366
00:19:15,554 --> 00:19:18,590
{\an7}BUT THE SHORT-LEGGED ANOLES
\h\h\h\hOF THE TWIG ECOMORPH
367
00:19:18,624 --> 00:19:21,360
{\an7}DO HAVE AN ADVANTAGE
\hON THIN BRANCHES.
368
00:19:21,394 --> 00:19:23,997
{\an7}THEY HARDLY EVER FALL.
369
00:19:24,030 --> 00:19:26,299
{\an7}IN CONTRAST, LONG-LEGGED ANOLES
370
00:19:26,332 --> 00:19:30,102
{\an7}\h\hHAVE REAL TROUBLE
MANEUVERING ON TWIGS.
371
00:19:30,136 --> 00:19:32,105
{\an7}Jonathan: THEY REACH AROUND
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO GET THE TWIG,
372
00:19:32,138 --> 00:19:36,843
{\an7}\hAND SOMETIMES THEY JUST MISS,
AND THEY JUST FALL OFF THE TWIG.
373
00:19:36,876 --> 00:19:38,344
{\an7}Nate: FOR AN ANOLE,
374
00:19:38,377 --> 00:19:41,380
{\an7}BEING ABLE TO MOVE QUICKLY AND
CONFIDENTLY THROUGH THE FOREST
375
00:19:41,414 --> 00:19:42,515
{\an7}MIGHT MEAN THE DIFFERENCE
376
00:19:42,548 --> 00:19:45,618
{\an7}BETWEEN A FULL BELLY
\hAND AN EMPTY ONE,
377
00:19:45,651 --> 00:19:48,687
{\an7}OR EVEN BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH.
378
00:19:51,424 --> 00:19:56,462
{\an7}Neil: IMAGINE AN ANOLE SPECIES
\hLIVING DOWN NEAR THE GROUND.
379
00:19:56,495 --> 00:19:58,530
{\an7}JUST BY CHANCE, SOME HAVE GENES
380
00:19:58,564 --> 00:20:02,201
{\an7}THAT GIVE THEM LONGER LEGS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAN OTHERS.
381
00:20:02,234 --> 00:20:04,937
{\an7}THESE LONG-LEGGED LIZARDS
\h\h\h\h\h\hCAN RUN FAST,
382
00:20:04,970 --> 00:20:06,972
{\an7}SO THEY’RE GREAT
AT CATCHING PREY
383
00:20:07,006 --> 00:20:11,143
{\an7}AND ESCAPING PREDATORS
\h\h\h\hON THE GROUND.
384
00:20:11,177 --> 00:20:13,079
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hON AVERAGE,
THESE LONG-LEGGED ANOLES
385
00:20:13,112 --> 00:20:16,582
{\an7}WILL PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING
\hTHAN SHORT-LEGGED ANOLES,
386
00:20:16,615 --> 00:20:21,019
{\an7}PASSING MORE OF THEIR GENES
\hON TO THE NEXT GENERATION,
387
00:20:21,053 --> 00:20:22,955
{\an7}SO OVER MANY GENERATIONS,
388
00:20:22,988 --> 00:20:26,925
{\an7}\h\h\hTHE WHOLE SPECIES
WILL EVOLVE LONGER LEGS.
389
00:20:26,959 --> 00:20:29,395
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT’S EXACTLY
HOW CHARLES DARWIN ENVISIONED
390
00:20:29,428 --> 00:20:32,031
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE PROCESS
OF NATURAL SELECTION,
391
00:20:32,064 --> 00:20:33,332
{\an7}SO TO JONATHAN,
392
00:20:33,365 --> 00:20:36,268
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNATURAL SELECTION
IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE FOREST
393
00:20:36,302 --> 00:20:41,707
{\an7}COULD EXPLAIN WHY EACH ECOMORPH
EVOLVED ITS DISTINCTIVE TRAITS.
394
00:20:41,741 --> 00:20:46,346
{\an7}\hTHE PROBLEM WAS, NO ONE WAS
THERE TO SEE EVOLUTION HAPPEN.
395
00:20:48,481 --> 00:20:50,616
{\an7}Jonathan: I ALWAYS COMPARE
\h\h\h\hSTUDYING EVOLUTION
396
00:20:50,649 --> 00:20:52,784
{\an7}TO BEING LIKE A DETECTIVE STORY.
397
00:20:52,818 --> 00:20:54,019
{\an7}WE’VE GOT A WHODUNIT.
398
00:20:54,053 --> 00:20:56,489
{\an7}WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST?
\h\h\h\hWHY DID IT HAPPEN?
399
00:20:56,522 --> 00:20:57,790
{\an7}WE CAN’T GO BACK IN TIME,
400
00:20:57,823 --> 00:20:59,658
{\an7}\h\hSO WE HAVE TO USE
WHATEVER CLUES WE HAVE
401
00:20:59,692 --> 00:21:00,726
{\an7}TO PIECE IT ALL TOGETHER
402
00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:02,495
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO FIGURE OUT
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST.
403
00:21:05,231 --> 00:21:07,633
{\an7}Neil: SINCE EACH ISLAND
\hHAS DIFFERENT SPECIES
404
00:21:07,666 --> 00:21:09,401
{\an7}BUT THE SAME ECOMORPHS,
405
00:21:09,435 --> 00:21:13,139
{\an7}THE BIG QUESTION IS WHETHER
THESE ECOMORPHS EVOLVED ONCE
406
00:21:13,172 --> 00:21:15,307
{\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THEN SPREAD
TO THE DIFFERENT ISLANDS
407
00:21:15,341 --> 00:21:20,179
{\an7}OR EVOLVED SEPARATELY
\h\h\hON EACH ISLAND.
408
00:21:20,212 --> 00:21:21,814
{\an7}\h\hJonathan: TO DISTINGUISH
BETWEEN THESE POSSIBILITIES,
409
00:21:21,847 --> 00:21:24,650
{\an7}\hWE NEED TO RECONSTRUCT
THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
410
00:21:24,683 --> 00:21:28,220
{\an7}OF ANOLES IN THE CARIBBEAN.
411
00:21:28,254 --> 00:21:31,124
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAN EVOLUTIONARY TREE
IS A DIAGRAM THAT ILLUSTRATES
412
00:21:31,157 --> 00:21:35,428
{\an7}THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF A SPECIES.
413
00:21:35,461 --> 00:21:36,662
{\an7}Neil: LIKE A REAL TREE,
414
00:21:36,695 --> 00:21:40,399
{\an7}AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE BEGINS
\h\h\h\h\hAS A SINGLE STEM,
415
00:21:40,432 --> 00:21:43,135
{\an7}A SINGLE ANCESTOR SPECIES.
416
00:21:43,169 --> 00:21:48,207
{\an7}WHEN THAT ONE SPECIES SPLITS
INTO TWO, THE STEM BRANCHES.
417
00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:53,145
{\an7}AS THE TREE GROWS, SOME BRANCHES
DIE BACK AS SPECIES GO EXTINCT,
418
00:21:53,179 --> 00:21:57,350
{\an7}BUT OTHERS KEEP GROWING
\h\h\h\h\hAND BRANCHING.
419
00:21:57,383 --> 00:22:01,287
{\an7}\h\h\h\hFOR A GROUP LIKE ANOLES,
WITH HUNDREDS OF LIVING SPECIES,
420
00:22:01,320 --> 00:22:05,057
{\an7}FIGURING OUT THE EVOLUTIONARY
\h\h\hTREE IS A DAUNTING TASK.
421
00:22:07,293 --> 00:22:08,461
{\an7}ONE TYPE OF EVIDENCE
422
00:22:08,494 --> 00:22:11,497
{\an7}\hTHAT HELPS SCIENTISTS
BUILD EVOLUTIONARY TREES
423
00:22:11,530 --> 00:22:12,865
{\an7}IS SOMETHING YOU CAN FIND
424
00:22:12,898 --> 00:22:18,337
{\an7}INSIDE EVERY PLANT AND ANIMAL
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hON EARTH--DNA.
425
00:22:18,370 --> 00:22:20,906
{\an7}Jonathan: DNA CHANGES OVER TIME.
IT EVOLVES.
426
00:22:20,940 --> 00:22:23,709
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE LONGER TWO SPECIES
HAVE BEEN DIVERGING SEPARATELY,
427
00:22:23,742 --> 00:22:26,345
{\an7}THE GREATER THE DIFFERENCE
\h\hWILL BE IN THEIR DNA,
428
00:22:26,378 --> 00:22:28,447
{\an7}AND SO BY SEQUENCING THE DNA
\h\h\h\h\h\hOF MANY SPECIES,
429
00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:32,617
{\an7}\h\h\h\hYOU CAN BUILD
AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE.
430
00:22:32,651 --> 00:22:36,088
{\an7}Neil: THE SHAPE OF THAT TREE,
\h\hITS PATTERN OF BRANCHING,
431
00:22:36,121 --> 00:22:37,322
{\an7}CAN HELP US UNDERSTAND
432
00:22:37,356 --> 00:22:40,793
{\an7}\h\h\h\hHOW ANOLES EVOLVED
AND SPREAD ACROSS ISLANDS.
433
00:22:43,362 --> 00:22:44,630
{\an7}AT ONE EXTREME,
434
00:22:44,663 --> 00:22:48,100
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hALL THE ECOMORPHS
COULD HAVE EVOLVED JUST ONCE,
435
00:22:48,133 --> 00:22:53,705
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHEN SPREAD
FROM ISLAND TO ISLAND.
436
00:22:53,739 --> 00:22:55,140
{\an7}AT THE OTHER EXTREME,
437
00:22:55,174 --> 00:22:58,110
{\an7}\h\hANOLES COULD HAVE SPREAD
TO DIFFERENT ISLANDS FIRST,
438
00:22:58,143 --> 00:23:00,646
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THEN EVOLVED
INTO THE ECOMORPHS SEPARATELY
439
00:23:00,679 --> 00:23:03,115
{\an7}ON EACH OF THE FOUR ISLANDS.
440
00:23:08,287 --> 00:23:10,923
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNate: JONATHAN AND HIS
COLLEAGUES COLLECTED DNA SAMPLES
441
00:23:10,956 --> 00:23:13,292
{\an7}FROM 55 SPECIES OF ANOLES
442
00:23:13,325 --> 00:23:17,162
{\an7}\hTO BUILD AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE
THAT ENCOMPASSED EVERY ECOMORPH
443
00:23:17,196 --> 00:23:20,900
{\an7}ON ALL FOUR ISLANDS.
444
00:23:20,933 --> 00:23:23,269
{\an7}Jonathan: HAD THE ECOMORPHS
TRULY EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY
445
00:23:23,302 --> 00:23:24,303
{\an7}ON DIFFERENT ISLANDS?
446
00:23:24,336 --> 00:23:26,004
{\an7}WELL, THE DNA SHOULD TELL US.
447
00:23:27,973 --> 00:23:31,109
{\an7}Nate: THE TREE GAVE THEM
\hAN ASTONISHING ANSWER.
448
00:23:31,143 --> 00:23:33,779
{\an7}DESPITE ALL THE VARIATION
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAMONG THEM,
449
00:23:33,846 --> 00:23:36,248
{\an7}ANOLES LIVING ON THE SAME ISLAND
450
00:23:36,282 --> 00:23:38,818
{\an7}WERE MORE CLOSELY RELATED
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO EACH OTHER
451
00:23:38,851 --> 00:23:41,754
{\an7}\hTHAN TO SPECIES
ON OTHER ISLANDS,
452
00:23:41,787 --> 00:23:46,091
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hEVEN THE ONES
THAT LOOKED STRIKINGLY SIMILAR.
453
00:23:46,125 --> 00:23:47,293
{\an7}THIS MEANT THAT ANOLES
454
00:23:47,326 --> 00:23:50,262
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHAD COLONIZED
THE DIFFERENT ISLANDS FIRST
455
00:23:50,296 --> 00:23:52,732
{\an7}AND THEN EVOLVED ON EACH ISLAND
456
00:23:52,765 --> 00:23:57,503
{\an7}INTO A VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL
\hCOMMUNITY OF ECOMORPHS.
457
00:23:57,536 --> 00:23:59,905
{\an7}Jonathan: NO ONE COULD EVER
\h\hARGUE ABOUT THAT AGAIN.
458
00:23:59,939 --> 00:24:03,910
{\an7}THEY EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY
\h\h\h\h\hON EACH ISLAND.
459
00:24:03,943 --> 00:24:05,611
{\an7}Nate: THESE SCIENTISTS
\h\h\h\h\hHAD REVEALED
460
00:24:05,644 --> 00:24:08,313
{\an7}ANOTHER LAW OF THE LIZARD--
461
00:24:08,347 --> 00:24:10,716
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWHEN THEY LIVE
IN THE SAME TYPE OF ENVIRONMENT,
462
00:24:10,749 --> 00:24:14,286
{\an7}\hDIFFERENT SPECIES EVOLVE
SIMILAR TRAITS TO SURVIVE
463
00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:17,557
{\an7}AGAIN AND AGAIN AND AGAIN.
464
00:24:19,358 --> 00:24:20,392
{\an7}\h\h\h\hJonathan: WELL,
PEOPLE WERE VERY EXCITED
465
00:24:20,426 --> 00:24:21,727
{\an7}WHEN THIS RESULT CAME OUT
466
00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:24,062
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBECAUSE IT SHOWED THAT
EVOLUTION DOES REPEAT ITSELF,
467
00:24:24,096 --> 00:24:26,899
{\an7}THAT THERE ARE RULES
\h\h\hTO EVOLUTION.
468
00:24:26,932 --> 00:24:30,169
{\an7}Nate: MANY SCIENTISTS THOUGHT
\h\hTHAT NATURE WAS SO COMPLEX
469
00:24:30,202 --> 00:24:33,739
{\an7}\h\hAND EVOLUTION UNFOLDED
OVER SUCH LONG TIMESCALES
470
00:24:33,772 --> 00:24:37,643
{\an7}\hTHAT YOU’D RARELY SEE
THE SAME OUTCOME TWICE.
471
00:24:37,676 --> 00:24:39,278
{\an7}\hJonathan: THEY SUGGESTED
THAT IF YOU COULD SOMEHOW
472
00:24:39,311 --> 00:24:40,913
{\an7}REPLAY THE TAPE OF LIFE,
473
00:24:40,946 --> 00:24:44,550
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hYOU WOULD GET
A DIFFERENT OUTCOME EVERY TIME.
474
00:24:44,583 --> 00:24:47,252
{\an7}\hBUT HERE YOU GOT THE SAME
OUTCOME FOUR TIMES IN A ROW
475
00:24:47,286 --> 00:24:50,022
{\an7}ON DIFFERENT ISLANDS.
476
00:24:50,055 --> 00:24:54,526
{\an7}\hNate: JONATHAN DECIDED TO DIG
DEEPER INTO THIS INTRIGUING IDEA
477
00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:57,897
{\an7}THAT EVOLUTION WAS PREDICTABLE.
478
00:24:57,930 --> 00:24:59,765
{\an7}Jonathan: IT WOULD BE GREAT
TO ACTUALLY DO AN EXPERIMENT
479
00:24:59,798 --> 00:25:01,466
{\an7}TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS
480
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:06,005
{\an7}\hTHAT NATURAL SELECTION DRIVES
THE EVOLUTION OF THESE FEATURES.
481
00:25:06,038 --> 00:25:07,540
{\an7}Nate: JONATHAN WAS
\hABOUT TO VENTURE
482
00:25:07,573 --> 00:25:11,477
{\an7}INTO NEW SCIENTIFIC TERRITORY
\h\h\h\hAND DISCOVER SOMETHING
483
00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:14,179
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT DARWIN
NEVER WOULD HAVE IMAGINED.
484
00:25:16,348 --> 00:25:17,549
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan:
IT’S A LITTLE-KNOWN FACT
485
00:25:17,583 --> 00:25:21,320
{\an7}\h\h\hTHAT CHARLES DARWIN
WAS A GREAT EXPERIMENTER,
486
00:25:21,353 --> 00:25:24,890
{\an7}\hBUT HE NEVER DID AN EXPERIMENT
ABOUT HIS MOST IMPORTANT IDEA--
487
00:25:24,923 --> 00:25:27,626
{\an7}THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
\hBY NATURAL SELECTION.
488
00:25:27,659 --> 00:25:30,829
{\an7}AND THE REASON HE DIDN’T DO
\hAN EXPERIMENT IS OBVIOUS.
489
00:25:30,863 --> 00:25:34,333
{\an7}HE THOUGHT THAT EVOLUTION
\hMOVED INCREDIBLY SLOWLY,
490
00:25:34,366 --> 00:25:35,734
{\an7}GLACIALLY SLOWLY.
491
00:25:35,768 --> 00:25:37,403
{\an7}HE THOUGHT IT WOULD TAKE
\h\h\hTHOUSANDS OF YEARS
492
00:25:37,436 --> 00:25:41,106
{\an7}\h\hTO LEAD TO CHANGES
THAT WE COULD DETECT.
493
00:25:41,140 --> 00:25:45,177
{\an7}\h\hWELL, DARWIN WAS RIGHT ABOUT
AN AMAZING NUMBER OF HIS IDEAS,
494
00:25:45,210 --> 00:25:49,414
{\an7}\h\h\hBUT THIS IS ONE IDEA
ABOUT WHICH HE WAS WRONG.
495
00:25:49,448 --> 00:25:51,750
{\an7}Neil: IT TURNS OUT THAT ANOLES
\h\h\h\hCAN SHOW US SOMETHING
496
00:25:51,784 --> 00:25:54,854
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT DARWIN
NEVER COULD HAVE IMAGINED--
497
00:25:54,887 --> 00:25:58,524
{\an7}WHAT EVOLUTION LOOKS LIKE
\h\h\h\hAS IT’S HAPPENING.
498
00:25:58,557 --> 00:26:02,327
{\an7}\h\h\hTO SEE IT FOR OURSELVES,
WE’RE HEADING TO THE BAHAMAS.
499
00:26:06,799 --> 00:26:09,068
{\an7}ON THE FOUR BIGGEST ISLANDS
\h\h\h\h\hOF THE CARIBBEAN,
500
00:26:09,101 --> 00:26:13,205
{\an7}ANOLES HAVE EVOLVED TO THRIVE IN
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE FOREST,
501
00:26:13,238 --> 00:26:16,341
{\an7}\h\h\h\hAND THEIR DNA REVEALS
THAT THEY DID SO INDEPENDENTLY
502
00:26:16,375 --> 00:26:19,945
{\an7}ON EACH ISLAND.
503
00:26:19,978 --> 00:26:22,781
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHESE EVENTS
TOOK MILLIONS OF YEARS,
504
00:26:22,815 --> 00:26:26,085
{\an7}BUT WHAT IF YOU COULD WATCH
\h\h\h\h\hEVOLUTION HAPPEN?
505
00:26:29,054 --> 00:26:30,556
{\an7}\h\h\h\hCHARLES DARWIN
THOUGHT THAT THE EARTH
506
00:26:30,589 --> 00:26:33,926
{\an7}CHANGED GRADUALLY OVER EONS,
507
00:26:33,959 --> 00:26:37,162
{\an7}AND SINCE PLANTS AND ANIMALS
ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTS,
508
00:26:37,196 --> 00:26:39,031
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHE THOUGHT
THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION
509
00:26:39,064 --> 00:26:42,768
{\an7}HAD TO BE SLOW AS WELL.
510
00:26:42,801 --> 00:26:45,370
{\an7}BUT SOME ENVIRONMENTS
ARE MUCH MORE DYNAMIC
511
00:26:45,404 --> 00:26:48,607
{\an7}THAN DARWIN IMAGINED.
512
00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:51,276
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE BAHAMAS
HAVE HUNDREDS OF TINY ISLANDS
513
00:26:51,310 --> 00:26:53,813
{\an7}THAT OFTEN GET HIT
\h\hBY HURRICANES.
514
00:26:53,846 --> 00:26:59,585
{\an7}\h\hHERE, SPECIES COLONIZE AND
GO EXTINCT FROM YEAR TO YEAR.
515
00:26:59,618 --> 00:27:01,954
{\an7}\h\h\hTHAT MAKES THEM
THE PERFECT LABORATORY
516
00:27:01,987 --> 00:27:05,057
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO STUDY
SURVIVAL AND ADAPTATION,
517
00:27:05,090 --> 00:27:08,260
{\an7}\h\hAND THAT’S WHAT BROUGHT
ECOLOGIST ROB PRINGLE HERE.
518
00:27:10,562 --> 00:27:11,596
{\an7}Rob Pringle: YOU KNOW, IF YOU DO
519
00:27:11,630 --> 00:27:13,866
{\an7}YOUR BEST MALE LIZARD
\h\h\h\hIMPERSONATION,
520
00:27:13,899 --> 00:27:16,468
{\an7}YOU MIGHT GET THE FEMALES
\h\hTO COME CHECK YOU OUT.
521
00:27:16,502 --> 00:27:19,739
{\an7}Neil: OH, YEAH, SHOULD I GET
\hDOWN AND DO SOME PUSH-UPS?
522
00:27:19,771 --> 00:27:21,373
{\an7}I WAS HELPING ROB CATCH ANOLES
523
00:27:21,406 --> 00:27:26,811
{\an7}FOR A MASSIVE EXPERIMENT
\h\hON ANOLE EVOLUTION.
524
00:27:26,845 --> 00:27:30,749
{\an7}\hRob: EASIEST AND BEST WAY TO
CATCH AN ANOLE IS TO NOOSE IT,
525
00:27:30,782 --> 00:27:34,052
{\an7}WHICH IS BASICALLY, IT’S LAND
FISHING FOR LIZARDS, YOU KNOW?
526
00:27:34,086 --> 00:27:35,387
{\an7}SO, YOU TAKE A FISHING POLE,
527
00:27:35,420 --> 00:27:37,222
{\an7}AND YOU TIE A LITTLE SLIPKNOT
\h\h\h\h\h\hAT THE END OF IT,
528
00:27:37,256 --> 00:27:40,259
{\an7}\h\hAND YOU TRY TO LOOP THAT
AROUND THE HEAD OF A LIZARD,
529
00:27:40,292 --> 00:27:42,060
{\an7}AND THEN YOU PULL,
530
00:27:42,094 --> 00:27:45,197
{\an7}AND HOPEFULLY YOU HAVE A LIZARD
ON THE END OF YOUR STICK.
531
00:27:45,230 --> 00:27:55,140
{\an7}♪
532
00:27:55,174 --> 00:27:56,342
{\an7}Neil: OH, LOOK AT THIS GUY!
533
00:27:56,375 --> 00:27:57,276
{\an7}Nate: YOU HAVE TO BRING IT UP
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO YOUR FACE.
534
00:27:57,309 --> 00:27:58,410
{\an7}Neil: OH!
535
00:27:58,443 --> 00:28:00,045
{\an7}Nate: OH [BLEEP]
\hYOU ALL RIGHT?
536
00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:05,217
{\an7}WELL, I GOTTA SAY THAT WAS THE
WORST LIZARD CATCH IN HISTORY!
537
00:28:05,250 --> 00:28:07,285
{\an7}Neil: SO, I GOT THE LIZARD.
538
00:28:07,319 --> 00:28:12,357
{\an7}\h\hAND I ALSO FELL THIGH-DEEP
INTO A HOLE IN THE LIMESTONE.
539
00:28:12,391 --> 00:28:14,727
{\an7}BUT ME AND THE LIZARD ARE OKAY.
540
00:28:20,365 --> 00:28:23,201
{\an7}Rob: OH, THERE WE GO.
541
00:28:23,235 --> 00:28:25,104
{\an7}\h\h\h\hNeil: I’LL LEAVE IT TO
THE PROFESSIONALS FROM NOW ON.
542
00:28:25,137 --> 00:28:27,406
{\an7}Rob: WELL, YOU KNOW.
543
00:28:27,439 --> 00:28:28,507
{\an7}Neil: ROB AND HIS COLLEAGUES
544
00:28:28,540 --> 00:28:30,909
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBRING THE ANOLES
BACK TO THEIR PORTABLE LAB
545
00:28:30,943 --> 00:28:33,546
{\an7}TO SAMPLE THEIR DNA
\h\hAND TAKE X-RAYS
546
00:28:33,579 --> 00:28:37,750
{\an7}TO MEASURE THE LIZARDS’ BONES
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH PRECISION.
547
00:28:37,783 --> 00:28:40,586
{\an7}THEY’RE LOOKING FOR SIGNS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF EVOLUTION
548
00:28:40,619 --> 00:28:42,888
{\an7}TAKING PLACE NOT OVER MILLENNIA,
549
00:28:42,921 --> 00:28:48,193
{\an7}\hBUT DURING AN EXPERIMENT
LASTING JUST A FEW YEARS.
550
00:28:48,227 --> 00:28:50,096
{\an7}\h\h\hAFTER YOU X-RAY HER
AND TAKE HER MEASUREMENTS,
551
00:28:50,128 --> 00:28:51,830
{\an7}\h\h\hTHEN SHE’S GOING TO COME
RIGHT BACK TO THIS SAME PERCH?
552
00:28:51,863 --> 00:28:52,831
{\an7}Rob: THAT’S EXACTLY RIGHT.
553
00:28:52,864 --> 00:28:53,765
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNeil:
SHE’LL PROBABLY JUST THINK
554
00:28:53,799 --> 00:28:54,833
{\an7}IT WAS A REALLY WEIRD DREAM.
555
00:28:54,866 --> 00:28:55,967
{\an7}Rob: IT’LL JUST BE
\h\hA WEIRD DREAM,
556
00:28:56,001 --> 00:28:57,269
{\an7}SOMETHING SHE’LL TELL
\h\hHER FRIENDS ABOUT.
557
00:28:57,302 --> 00:28:58,670
{\an7}LIKE, "YOU GUYS WOULDN’T BELIEVE
WHAT HAPPENED TO ME,"
558
00:28:58,704 --> 00:29:02,208
{\an7}AND THEN NONE OF THEM
\h\hWILL BELIEVE HER.
559
00:29:02,241 --> 00:29:03,709
{\an7}Nate: ANOLE RESEARCHERS
\h\h\h\hHAVE BEEN COMING
560
00:29:03,742 --> 00:29:06,111
{\an7}TO THE BAHAMAS FOR DECADES
561
00:29:06,144 --> 00:29:10,448
{\an7}BECAUSE IT’S A PERFECT PLACE
\hTO STUDY LIZARD EVOLUTION.
562
00:29:12,384 --> 00:29:14,119
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJonathan:
IF YOU GET A SMALL ENOUGH ISLAND
563
00:29:14,152 --> 00:29:16,388
{\an7}\hTHAT YOU CAN STUDY
THE WHOLE POPULATION
564
00:29:16,421 --> 00:29:19,157
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND YET BIG ENOUGH
THAT THEY CAN SURVIVE AND ADAPT,
565
00:29:19,191 --> 00:29:22,061
{\an7}IT’S ALMOST THE EQUIVALENT
OF A LABORATORY TEST TUBE.
566
00:29:25,030 --> 00:29:26,431
{\an7}Nate: IN THE 1970s,
567
00:29:26,465 --> 00:29:31,136
{\an7}\hECOLOGIST TOM SCHOENER FOUND
SMALL ISLANDS WITHOUT ANOLES,
568
00:29:31,169 --> 00:29:33,271
{\an7}AND HE ADDED ANOLES TO STUDY
569
00:29:33,305 --> 00:29:39,011
{\an7}HOW POPULATIONS GROW, SHRINK,
\h\hAND EVENTUALLY GO EXTINCT.
570
00:29:39,044 --> 00:29:41,480
{\an7}SOME POPULATIONS DEFIED THE ODDS
571
00:29:41,513 --> 00:29:45,183
{\an7}AND CONTINUED TO THRIVE
\h\h\h\hYEAR AFTER YEAR.
572
00:29:45,217 --> 00:29:50,255
{\an7}THESE SURVIVORS GAVE JONATHAN
\h\h\h\h\hAN INTRIGUING IDEA.
573
00:29:50,289 --> 00:29:54,460
{\an7}\hWOULD THE LIZARDS ADAPT
TO THEIR NEW ISLAND HOMES?
574
00:29:54,493 --> 00:29:57,396
{\an7}Jonathan: THEY HAD INADVERTENTLY
SET UP AN EVOLUTION EXPERIMENT
575
00:29:57,429 --> 00:30:00,532
{\an7}BECAUSE THESE ISLANDS DIFFERED
\h\hIN THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
576
00:30:02,467 --> 00:30:05,003
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTOM SCHOENER
HAD MOVED BROWN ANOLES
577
00:30:05,037 --> 00:30:07,573
{\an7}FROM A LARGER ISLAND,
\h\h\h\h\hSTANIEL CAY,
578
00:30:07,606 --> 00:30:09,541
{\an7}WHERE THE LIZARDS LIVED
\h\h\h\hON LARGE TREES,
579
00:30:09,574 --> 00:30:12,410
{\an7}TO THESE TINY LITTLE ISLANDS
\h\hTHAT DIDN’T HAVE TREES.
580
00:30:12,444 --> 00:30:16,448
{\an7}\hTHEY HAD NARROW BUSHES AND,
AND NARROW-STEMMED VEGETATION.
581
00:30:18,817 --> 00:30:21,887
{\an7}\h\hJUST LIKE TWIG ANOLES HAVING
SHORT LEGS ON NARROW VEGETATION,
582
00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:23,722
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWE PREDICTED
THAT THE BROWN ANOLES,
583
00:30:23,755 --> 00:30:26,157
{\an7}WHEN MOVED FROM A BROAD SURFACE
TO A NARROW SURFACE,
584
00:30:26,191 --> 00:30:29,194
{\an7}WOULD EVOLVE SHORTER LEGS.
585
00:30:29,227 --> 00:30:30,462
{\an7}Nate: DID THE SAME RULES
586
00:30:30,495 --> 00:30:33,665
{\an7}THAT MADE EVOLUTION PREDICTABLE
ON THE LARGE ISLANDS
587
00:30:33,699 --> 00:30:35,834
{\an7}OPERATE IN THE BAHAMAS, TOO?
588
00:30:35,867 --> 00:30:39,104
{\an7}AND IF SO, COULD WE WITNESS
\h\h\h\h\h\hEVOLUTION HAPPEN
589
00:30:39,137 --> 00:30:41,706
{\an7}IN JUST 14 YEARS?
590
00:30:44,242 --> 00:30:46,311
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFEW BIOLOGISTS
WOULD HAVE ASKED THIS QUESTION
591
00:30:46,345 --> 00:30:47,913
{\an7}BECAUSE MOST OF THEM
\h\h\hSTILL THOUGHT
592
00:30:47,946 --> 00:30:52,851
{\an7}THAT ANIMALS EVOLVED TOO SLOWLY
TO OBSERVE IN A HUMAN LIFETIME,
593
00:30:52,884 --> 00:30:55,086
{\an7}BUT JONATHAN SAW AN OPPORTUNITY
594
00:30:55,120 --> 00:31:00,192
{\an7}TO PUT THIS CONVENTIONAL WISDOM
TO THE TEST.
595
00:31:00,225 --> 00:31:01,893
{\an7}Shane Campbell-Staton:
A BIG PART OF BIOLOGY
596
00:31:01,927 --> 00:31:03,695
{\an7}IS ABOUT CREATIVITY, RIGHT?
597
00:31:03,729 --> 00:31:07,933
{\an7}AND ABOUT UNDERSTANDING, LIKE,
\hWHAT IS THE RIGHT QUESTION?
598
00:31:07,966 --> 00:31:09,468
{\an7}THERE’S AN ARTISTRY THERE.
599
00:31:09,501 --> 00:31:14,606
{\an7}\h\h\hAND IF THAT’S AN ART,
THEN JONATHAN IS A PICASSO.
600
00:31:14,639 --> 00:31:16,975
{\an7}\hNate: JONATHAN RETURNED
TO TOM SCHOENER’S ISLANDS
601
00:31:17,008 --> 00:31:20,111
{\an7}IN THE 1990s WITH A NEW PLAN--
602
00:31:20,145 --> 00:31:23,749
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTO COMPARE THE ANATOMY
OF THE NEW ISLAND POPULATIONS
603
00:31:23,782 --> 00:31:27,352
{\an7}\hAND THE ORIGINAL
SOURCE POPULATION.
604
00:31:27,386 --> 00:31:29,922
{\an7}IF THE ANOLES WERE DIFFERENT,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WOULD SHOW
605
00:31:29,955 --> 00:31:33,992
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT THESE POPULATIONS
HAD EVOLVED IN JUST 14 YEARS.
606
00:31:37,529 --> 00:31:40,699
{\an7}Jonathan: AND THE RESULTS
\h\hFLASHED ON THE SCREEN.
607
00:31:40,732 --> 00:31:43,969
{\an7}THE POPULATIONS WERE DIFFERENT.
THEY HAD EVOLVED!
608
00:31:44,002 --> 00:31:47,973
{\an7}\h\h\h\hWELL, NEEDLESS TO SAY,
THIS WAS INCREDIBLY EXCITING.
609
00:31:48,006 --> 00:31:52,043
{\an7}\h\hNate: THE ANOLES DIFFERED IN
JUST THE WAY JONATHAN EXPECTED.
610
00:31:52,077 --> 00:31:54,079
{\an7}\h\h\h\hON THE ISLANDS
WITH SLENDER BRANCHES,
611
00:31:54,112 --> 00:31:56,915
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE ANOLES
HAD EVOLVED SHORTER LEGS,
612
00:31:56,948 --> 00:32:00,852
{\an7}\hAND THEY DID SO
IN JUST 14 YEARS.
613
00:32:00,886 --> 00:32:04,423
{\an7}EVEN FOR ANOLES, WHICH CAN
REPRODUCE AT ONE YEAR OLD,
614
00:32:04,456 --> 00:32:07,592
{\an7}14 YEARS IS INCREDIBLY FAST.
615
00:32:11,129 --> 00:32:14,499
{\an7}\h\hJonathan: OF COURSE, DARWIN
WOULD HAVE BEEN VERY SURPRISED.
616
00:32:14,533 --> 00:32:17,069
{\an7}HE THOUGHT THAT EVOLUTION
\h\h\h\hOCCURRED SO SLOWLY
617
00:32:17,102 --> 00:32:18,904
{\an7}THAT YOU COULDN’T
\hPOSSIBLY SEE IT
618
00:32:18,937 --> 00:32:21,573
{\an7}UNTIL A THOUSAND YEARS
\h\h\h\h\hHAD ELAPSED.
619
00:32:26,511 --> 00:32:28,079
{\an7}ONCE WE REALIZED THAT ANOLES
620
00:32:28,113 --> 00:32:30,282
{\an7}WOULD ADAPT RAPIDLY
\hTO NEW CONDITIONS,
621
00:32:30,315 --> 00:32:34,653
{\an7}THAT OPENED OUR EYES TO OTHER
\h\h\hEXPERIMENTS WE COULD DO.
622
00:32:34,686 --> 00:32:37,722
{\an7}\h\hNate: ANOLE RESEARCHERS
COULD NOW ASK NEW QUESTIONS,
623
00:32:37,756 --> 00:32:41,293
{\an7}LIKE HOW DO PREDATORS
\h\hAFFECT EVOLUTION?
624
00:32:41,326 --> 00:32:42,661
{\an7}AND THEY COULD ANSWER
\h\h\hTHOSE QUESTIONS
625
00:32:42,694 --> 00:32:46,865
{\an7}NOT JUST BY DOING DETECTIVE WORK
ABOUT THE ANCIENT PAST,
626
00:32:46,898 --> 00:32:48,433
{\an7}BUT BY DOING EXPERIMENTS
627
00:32:48,467 --> 00:32:53,605
{\an7}AND WATCHING EVOLUTION UNFOLD
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE PRESENT.
628
00:32:53,638 --> 00:32:55,807
{\an7}THAT’S WHAT ROB PRINGLE
\h\h\h\hAND JASON KOLBE
629
00:32:55,841 --> 00:32:59,345
{\an7}ARE DOING IN THE BAHAMAS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hRIGHT NOW.
630
00:32:59,377 --> 00:33:01,312
{\an7}\h\h\h\hRob: SO, IT’S A,
IT’S A GOOD PLACE TO BE
631
00:33:01,346 --> 00:33:02,747
{\an7}IF YOU’RE A, A BROWN ANOLE.
632
00:33:02,781 --> 00:33:03,782
{\an7}Nate: LET’S GO PAINT
\h\h\hSOME LIZARDS!
633
00:33:03,815 --> 00:33:04,816
{\an7}\h\h\hRob: LET’S GO
PAINT SOME LIZARDS!
634
00:33:04,850 --> 00:33:06,285
{\an7}Nate: ALL RIGHT!
635
00:33:06,318 --> 00:33:07,686
{\an7}ROB SHOWED ME HOW TO MARK ANOLES
636
00:33:07,719 --> 00:33:11,756
{\an7}WITH NON-TOXIC, WATER-SOLUBLE
\h\hPAINT FOR HIS EXPERIMENT.
637
00:33:11,790 --> 00:33:14,026
{\an7}\hRob: YEAH, THERE’S A TON
OF LIZARDS ON THIS ISLAND.
638
00:33:14,059 --> 00:33:15,027
{\an7}Nate: THIS IS ALSO FUN.
639
00:33:15,060 --> 00:33:16,295
{\an7}Rob: YEAH, IT’S A LOT OF FUN!
640
00:33:16,328 --> 00:33:18,931
{\an7}Nate: IT’S LIKE SHOOTIN’
\h\hLIZARDS IN A BARREL.
641
00:33:18,964 --> 00:33:20,132
{\an7}Rob: SHOOTIN’ LIZARDS
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN A TREE.
642
00:33:20,165 --> 00:33:21,667
{\an7}Nate: YES, IT’S KIND OF
\h\h\hEXACTLY LIKE THAT.
643
00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:22,768
{\an7}[LAUGHTER]
644
00:33:26,104 --> 00:33:27,872
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE LIZARDS
WILL LOSE THESE PAINT MARKS
645
00:33:27,906 --> 00:33:30,142
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE NEXT TIME
THEY SHED THEIR SKINS,
646
00:33:30,175 --> 00:33:33,178
{\an7}BUT THE PAINT DOESN’T NEED
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO LAST LONG.
647
00:33:33,211 --> 00:33:35,780
{\an7}BY MARKING ALL THE ANOLES
\h\h\hWE CAN FIND ONE DAY
648
00:33:35,814 --> 00:33:36,982
{\an7}AND RETURNING TO COUNT
649
00:33:37,015 --> 00:33:39,484
{\an7}THE MARKED AND UNMARKED ANOLES
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE NEXT DAY,
650
00:33:39,518 --> 00:33:43,722
{\an7}WE CAN ESTIMATE THE TOTAL NUMBER
OF ANOLES ON AN ISLAND.
651
00:33:43,755 --> 00:33:46,224
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hRob: LAST YEAR
WE HAD UPWARDS OF 400 LIZARDS
652
00:33:46,258 --> 00:33:47,693
{\an7}ON THIS ISLAND.
653
00:33:47,726 --> 00:33:50,662
{\an7}\hNate: THIS POPULATION CENSUS
HELPS THE RESEARCHERS MONITOR
654
00:33:50,695 --> 00:33:54,165
{\an7}HOW THE ANOLES ARE DOING
\hON DIFFERENT ISLANDS.
655
00:33:54,199 --> 00:33:57,602
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND ON SOME ISLANDS,
THE ANOLES ARE IN REAL DANGER
656
00:33:57,636 --> 00:34:02,007
{\an7}BECAUSE ROB AND JASON HAVE ADDED
ANOTHER LIZARD INTO THE MIX,
657
00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:05,610
{\an7}ONE OF THE BROWN ANOLE’S
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hENEMIES--
658
00:34:05,644 --> 00:34:07,779
{\an7}THE CURLY-TAILED LIZARD.
659
00:34:07,812 --> 00:34:20,658
{\an7}♪
660
00:34:20,692 --> 00:34:29,401
{\an7}♪
661
00:34:29,434 --> 00:34:31,369
{\an7}\h\h\h\hNeil: IT TURNS OUT
THAT CURLY-TAILED LIZARDS
662
00:34:31,403 --> 00:34:35,374
{\an7}DON’T JUST IMPACT THE NUMBERS
\h\h\h\hOF ANOLES ON ISLANDS.
663
00:34:35,407 --> 00:34:39,878
{\an7}THEY ACTUALLY CAUSE
\hNATURAL SELECTION.
664
00:34:39,911 --> 00:34:41,279
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJason Kolbe:
WITHIN THE FIRST SIX MONTHS
665
00:34:41,313 --> 00:34:43,248
{\an7}OF THE CURLY TAILS BEING THERE,
666
00:34:43,281 --> 00:34:46,584
{\an7}ANOLES WITH LONGER HIND LIMBS
\h\h\h\hHAVE BETTER SURVIVAL,
667
00:34:46,618 --> 00:34:49,187
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND PRESUMABLY
THAT’S BECAUSE THEY’RE FASTER
668
00:34:49,220 --> 00:34:50,888
{\an7}AT RUNNING ON THE GROUND
669
00:34:50,922 --> 00:34:55,427
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTO ESCAPE PREDATION
FROM THE CURLY-TAILED LIZARD.
670
00:34:55,460 --> 00:34:58,363
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNeil: GRADUALLY,
THE ANOLES BEGIN TO MOVE UP.
671
00:34:58,396 --> 00:35:00,431
{\an7}THEY SPEND LESS TIME
\h\h\hON THE GROUND
672
00:35:00,465 --> 00:35:04,169
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND MORE TIME
IN THE SLENDER BRANCHES.
673
00:35:04,202 --> 00:35:06,571
{\an7}ONCE THEY’RE OUT OF DANGER
\h\h\h\hFROM THE PREDATOR,
674
00:35:06,605 --> 00:35:10,609
{\an7}\h\h\hNATURAL SELECTION
HAS A DIFFERENT EFFECT.
675
00:35:10,642 --> 00:35:13,345
{\an7}Jason: DURING THAT PERIOD,
\h\h\h\hSELECTION REVERSES
676
00:35:13,378 --> 00:35:17,048
{\an7}AND FAVORS BROWN ANOLES
WITH SHORTER HIND LIMBS
677
00:35:17,082 --> 00:35:19,851
{\an7}BECAUSE THEY’RE OCCUPYING
\hTHESE NARROWER BRANCHES,
678
00:35:19,884 --> 00:35:21,586
{\an7}AND ANOLES WITH SHORTER LIMBS
679
00:35:21,620 --> 00:35:24,523
{\an7}\h\hCAN MOVE BETTER
IN THAT ENVIRONMENT.
680
00:35:27,359 --> 00:35:31,096
{\an7}Neil: THESE EXPERIMENTS REVEAL
\hANOTHER LAW OF THE LIZARD--
681
00:35:31,129 --> 00:35:34,766
{\an7}\h\h\h\hNATURAL SELECTION
IS HAPPENING ALL THE TIME,
682
00:35:34,799 --> 00:35:37,335
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND IT’S DRIVEN
NOT ONLY BY THE ENVIRONMENT,
683
00:35:37,369 --> 00:35:40,005
{\an7}BUT ALSO BY OTHER SPECIES.
684
00:35:43,541 --> 00:35:45,676
{\an7}ONE SPECIES MORE THAN ANY OTHER
685
00:35:45,710 --> 00:35:50,715
{\an7}IS SHAPING THE NEXT ERA
\h\hOF LIZARD EVOLUTION.
686
00:35:50,749 --> 00:35:54,753
{\an7}HOW ARE ANOLES ADAPTING
\hTO THE AGE OF HUMANS?
687
00:35:54,786 --> 00:35:59,224
{\an7}\hTO FIND OUT, NATE AND I ARE
HEADING TO MY BACKYARD, MIAMI,
688
00:35:59,257 --> 00:36:02,026
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO DISCOVER
THE ASTONISHING ADAPTATIONS
689
00:36:02,060 --> 00:36:05,196
{\an7}OF THESE LITTLE LIZARDS
\h\h\h\hIN THE BIG CITY.
690
00:36:10,335 --> 00:36:12,137
{\an7}\hNate: OUR JOURNEY
HAS ALREADY SHOWN US
691
00:36:12,170 --> 00:36:16,741
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT ANOLES ARE EVOLVING
TO SURVIVE IN A CHANGING WORLD,
692
00:36:16,775 --> 00:36:19,811
{\an7}BUT NEVER IN THEIR HISTORY
\h\h\h\hHAVE ANOLES FACED
693
00:36:19,844 --> 00:36:23,981
{\an7}\h\h\h\hA MORE PERILOUS
OR UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT
694
00:36:24,015 --> 00:36:27,218
{\an7}THAN THE WORLD OF HUMANS.
695
00:36:27,252 --> 00:36:30,689
{\an7}Neil: LIVING IN MIAMI, I SEE
ANOLES AROUND ME EVERY DAY,
696
00:36:30,722 --> 00:36:32,991
{\an7}BUT A LOT OF THE ANOLES
\h\h\h\h\hI SEE IN MIAMI
697
00:36:33,024 --> 00:36:35,226
{\an7}DIDN’T ACTUALLY ORIGINATE THERE.
698
00:36:35,260 --> 00:36:39,464
{\an7}\hTHEY COME FROM ISLANDS
ALL OVER THE CARIBBEAN.
699
00:36:39,497 --> 00:36:43,668
{\an7}\h\hNate: SOUTHERN FLORIDA IS A
MELTING POT OF ANOLE IMMIGRANTS.
700
00:36:43,702 --> 00:36:46,972
{\an7}\h\hFLORIDA HAS ONLY ONE
NATIVE SPECIES OF ANOLE,
701
00:36:47,005 --> 00:36:52,010
{\an7}\hBUT EIGHT OTHER SPECIES HAVE
ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS HERE.
702
00:36:52,043 --> 00:36:54,846
{\an7}Neil: THEY GOT TO MIAMI EITHER
\h\h\h\hTHROUGH THE PET TRADE
703
00:36:54,879 --> 00:36:58,015
{\an7}OR ACCIDENTALLY IN SHIPMENTS
\hOF PRODUCE AND OTHER GOODS
704
00:36:58,049 --> 00:37:00,451
{\an7}COMING FROM THE CARIBBEAN.
705
00:37:00,485 --> 00:37:03,922
{\an7}Nate: HUMANS DON’T JUST BRING
\h\h\h\hANOLES INTO THE CITY.
706
00:37:03,955 --> 00:37:07,926
{\an7}AS WE CONVERT WILD FORESTS
\h\hINTO CONCRETE JUNGLES,
707
00:37:07,959 --> 00:37:10,962
{\an7}WE ALSO BRING THE CITY
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO ANOLES.
708
00:37:14,365 --> 00:37:16,367
{\an7}Jason: WHEN ANOLES ARRIVE
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN A NEW AREA,
709
00:37:16,401 --> 00:37:18,837
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY ENCOUNTER
NOVEL TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTS,
710
00:37:18,870 --> 00:37:24,175
{\an7}AND SO THERE ARE NEW PREDATORS,
THERE ARE NEW COMPETITORS.
711
00:37:24,209 --> 00:37:27,045
{\an7}\h\h\h\hMOST ANOLES LIVE
ON THE TRUNKS OF TREES,
712
00:37:27,078 --> 00:37:30,181
{\an7}\h\h\hBRANCHES OF TREES,
HIGHER UP IN THE CANOPY.
713
00:37:30,215 --> 00:37:32,951
{\an7}BUT IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT,
\h\h\hMUCH OF THIS VEGETATION
714
00:37:32,984 --> 00:37:38,923
{\an7}HAS BEEN REPLACED BY BUILDINGS
\h\h\h\hAND WALLS, LAMPPOSTS.
715
00:37:38,957 --> 00:37:41,960
{\an7}Nate: THOSE SURFACES CAN BE
SMOOTHER AND HARDER TO CLIMB
716
00:37:41,993 --> 00:37:43,962
{\an7}THAN TREES AND ROCKS,
717
00:37:43,995 --> 00:37:47,532
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THAT’S NOT
THE ONLY CHALLENGE OF CITY LIFE.
718
00:37:47,565 --> 00:37:50,034
{\an7}Jason: BY REPLACING
\hNATURAL VEGETATION
719
00:37:50,068 --> 00:37:54,906
{\an7}\h\hWITH CONCRETE, ASPHALT, THEY
CHANGE THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT.
720
00:37:54,939 --> 00:37:59,877
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY’RE MUCH HOTTER
THAN A COMPARABLE NATURAL AREA.
721
00:37:59,911 --> 00:38:01,413
{\an7}Nate: SINCE LIZARDS
\h\h\hCAN’T REGULATE
722
00:38:01,446 --> 00:38:03,615
{\an7}THEIR BODY TEMPERATURES
\h\h\h\h\h\hINTERNALLY,
723
00:38:03,648 --> 00:38:08,520
{\an7}THE HEAT OF THE CITY COULD ALSO
THREATEN THEIR SURVIVAL.
724
00:38:08,553 --> 00:38:11,022
{\an7}\h\hJonathan: IN SOME CASES, THE
CHALLENGES ARE TOO OVERWHELMING.
725
00:38:11,055 --> 00:38:12,123
{\an7}THEY JUST CAN’T DO IT,
726
00:38:12,157 --> 00:38:14,092
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBUT SOMETIMES
THEY’RE ABLE TO SURVIVE
727
00:38:14,125 --> 00:38:18,496
{\an7}\hAND PERHAPS EVEN ADAPT
TO THESE NEW CONDITIONS.
728
00:38:18,530 --> 00:38:22,834
{\an7}Neil: ONE OF THESE SURVIVORS IS
THE PUERTO RICAN CRESTED ANOLE,
729
00:38:22,867 --> 00:38:27,605
{\an7}WHICH THRIVES IN CITIES
THROUGHOUT PUERTO RICO.
730
00:38:27,639 --> 00:38:30,509
{\an7}RESEARCHERS KRISTIN WINCHELL
\hAND SHANE CAMPBELL-STATON
731
00:38:30,542 --> 00:38:32,310
{\an7}WANT TO UNDERSTAND
\hHOW THIS SPECIES
732
00:38:32,343 --> 00:38:35,413
{\an7}IS COPING WITH LIFE IN THE CITY.
733
00:38:35,446 --> 00:38:36,614
{\an7}\h\h\hKristin Winchell:
THE OVERARCHING QUESTION
734
00:38:36,648 --> 00:38:39,017
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hMY RESEARCH
IS TRYING TO TACKLE IS
735
00:38:39,050 --> 00:38:42,787
{\an7}\h\hCAN HUMANS INFLUENCE
THE COURSE OF EVOLUTION?
736
00:38:42,821 --> 00:38:47,225
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hShane: HOW FAST
CAN THESE ANIMALS CHANGE?
737
00:38:47,258 --> 00:38:49,026
{\an7}AND CAN THEY KEEP PACE
738
00:38:49,060 --> 00:38:52,463
{\an7}WITH HUMAN-MEDIATED CHANGES
\h\h\h\hIN THE ENVIRONMENT?
739
00:38:54,732 --> 00:38:56,434
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hKristin: I THINK
A LOT OF PEOPLE DO GET CONFUSED
740
00:38:56,467 --> 00:38:58,436
{\an7}WHEN I’M WALKING AROUND
\h\h\h\hIN URBAN AREAS.
741
00:38:58,469 --> 00:39:00,504
{\an7}I AM WALKING AROUND
WITH A FISHING POLE,
742
00:39:00,538 --> 00:39:02,440
{\an7}WHICH IS VERY STRANGE.
743
00:39:02,473 --> 00:39:05,743
{\an7}I’M STICKING MY FISHING POLE
UP TREES AND ON THEIR WALLS,
744
00:39:05,777 --> 00:39:07,145
{\an7}WHICH IS EVEN STRANGER,
745
00:39:07,178 --> 00:39:11,516
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND SO WE,
WE GET A LOT OF QUESTIONS.
746
00:39:11,549 --> 00:39:12,683
{\an7}Neil: TO UNDERSTAND
\h\hWHETHER LIZARDS
747
00:39:12,717 --> 00:39:15,186
{\an7}ARE ADAPTING TO CITY LIFE,
748
00:39:15,220 --> 00:39:19,691
{\an7}KRISTIN AND SHANE COLLECT ANOLES
FROM URBAN AND NATURAL SITES
749
00:39:19,724 --> 00:39:21,459
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND TAKE THEM
BACK TO THEIR FIELD LAB
750
00:39:21,492 --> 00:39:25,029
{\an7}\hTO COMPARE THEIR ANATOMY
AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE.
751
00:39:27,732 --> 00:39:30,635
{\an7}\h\h\h\hKRISTIN FOUND THAT,
COMPARED TO FOREST LIZARDS,
752
00:39:30,668 --> 00:39:35,606
{\an7}URBAN LIZARDS HAD LONGER LEGS
\h\h\h\h\hAND LARGER TOE PADS.
753
00:39:35,640 --> 00:39:40,311
{\an7}THE QUESTION IS, DO THESE TRAITS
MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
754
00:39:40,345 --> 00:39:44,216
{\an7}TO FIND OUT, KRISTIN PLANNED
\h\h\hA NEW LIZARD OLYMPICS
755
00:39:44,249 --> 00:39:47,853
{\an7}TO TEST THE ANOLES’ PERFORMANCE
IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT.
756
00:39:47,886 --> 00:39:50,021
{\an7}\h\hTHE FIRST EVENT
IN THIS COMPETITION?
757
00:39:50,054 --> 00:39:53,190
{\an7}URBAN AND FOREST LIZARDS
\hSPRINTED ON RACETRACKS
758
00:39:53,224 --> 00:39:55,927
{\an7}WITH THREE DIFFERENT SURFACES.
759
00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:58,796
{\an7}Kristin: WE’RE RUNNING THEM
\h\h\h\hON PAINTED CONCRETE,
760
00:39:58,830 --> 00:40:03,168
{\an7}ON BARK, AND ON UNPAINTED METAL,
761
00:40:03,201 --> 00:40:04,602
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND SO WE’RE
VERY INTERESTED TO SEE
762
00:40:04,636 --> 00:40:09,040
{\an7}IF THE FOREST LIZARDS CAN RUN
\hAS FAST AS THE URBAN LIZARDS
763
00:40:09,073 --> 00:40:12,443
{\an7}ON THESE OTHER SUBSTRATES.
764
00:40:12,477 --> 00:40:13,778
{\an7}Neil: WHILE KRISTIN’S LIZARDS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSPRINTED
765
00:40:13,811 --> 00:40:15,746
{\an7}ON MINIATURE RACETRACKS,
766
00:40:15,780 --> 00:40:19,384
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSHANE SET UP
A LESS TRADITIONAL OLYMPIC EVENT
767
00:40:19,417 --> 00:40:25,056
{\an7}TO TEST HOW URBAN ANOLES COPE
\h\hWITH THE HEAT OF THE CITY.
768
00:40:25,089 --> 00:40:28,125
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hShane: REPTILES
ARE COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS,
769
00:40:28,159 --> 00:40:30,962
{\an7}AND A LOT OF ASPECTS
\h\hOF THEIR BIOLOGY
770
00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:33,631
{\an7}ARE LINKED TO TEMPERATURE.
771
00:40:33,665 --> 00:40:37,569
{\an7}\hTO FIGURE OUT HOW HOT A LIZARD
CAN GET BEFORE IT STOPS WORKING,
772
00:40:37,602 --> 00:40:40,872
{\an7}WE GRADUALLY WARM THAT LIZARD,
773
00:40:40,905 --> 00:40:46,244
{\an7}AND WE PERIODICALLY FLIP IT
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hONTO ITS BACK.
774
00:40:46,277 --> 00:40:48,412
{\an7}Neil: SHANE ISN’T HURTING
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE LIZARDS.
775
00:40:48,446 --> 00:40:50,181
{\an7}AS HE SLOWLY HEATS THEM UP,
776
00:40:50,214 --> 00:40:53,117
{\an7}THEY EVENTUALLY GET TOO HOT
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO RESPOND.
777
00:40:53,151 --> 00:40:54,686
{\an7}Shane: THE RIGHTING REFLEX
\h\h\hIS SUCH A GOOD TEST
778
00:40:54,719 --> 00:40:58,423
{\an7}BECAUSE A LIZARD ALWAYS
WANTS TO BE ON ITS FEET.
779
00:40:58,456 --> 00:40:59,824
{\an7}Neil: SHANE RECORDS
\h\hTHE TEMPERATURE
780
00:40:59,857 --> 00:41:02,960
{\an7}AT WHICH THEY CAN NO LONGER
\hTURN THEMSELVES BACK OVER,
781
00:41:02,994 --> 00:41:07,732
{\an7}\hAND THEN HE QUICKLY HELPS
THE LIZARDS COOL BACK DOWN.
782
00:41:07,765 --> 00:41:10,601
{\an7}AFTER CAPTURING AND TESTING
\h\h\h\hHUNDREDS OF ANOLES,
783
00:41:10,635 --> 00:41:12,170
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT WAS TIME
FOR SHANE AND KRISTIN
784
00:41:12,203 --> 00:41:15,540
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTO COMPARE THE LIZARDS
FROM THE FOREST AND THE CITY.
785
00:41:17,408 --> 00:41:20,678
{\an7}ON AVERAGE, URBAN LIZARDS WERE
ABLE TO TOLERATE TEMPERATURES
786
00:41:20,712 --> 00:41:22,948
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WERE
ONE DEGREE CELSIUS HOTTER
787
00:41:22,981 --> 00:41:25,650
{\an7}COMPARED TO FOREST LIZARDS.
788
00:41:25,683 --> 00:41:27,251
{\an7}Kristin: A DIFFERENCE
OF ONE DEGREE CELSIUS
789
00:41:27,285 --> 00:41:28,553
{\an7}MIGHT NOT SEEM LIKE A LOT,
790
00:41:28,586 --> 00:41:30,221
{\an7}\hBUT FOR A LIZARD,
THIS IS A DIFFERENCE
791
00:41:30,254 --> 00:41:34,425
{\an7}OF BEING ABLE TO BE ACTIVE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hALL DAY LONG
792
00:41:34,459 --> 00:41:37,996
{\an7}\h\h\hAND HAVE ACCESS TO ALL OF
THOSE MATES AND ALL OF THAT FOOD
793
00:41:38,029 --> 00:41:41,065
{\an7}\h\hTHAT YOU OTHERWISE
WOULD HAVE TO GIVE UP
794
00:41:41,099 --> 00:41:45,236
{\an7}\h\h\hBECAUSE YOU’RE HIDING IN
THE SHADE TRYING TO COOL DOWN.
795
00:41:45,269 --> 00:41:47,571
{\an7}Neil: THE URBAN LIZARDS ALSO
\hHAVE AN ADVANTAGE RUNNING
796
00:41:47,605 --> 00:41:52,310
{\an7}ON THE SLICK SURFACES FOUND
\h\hIN THE CITY ENVIRONMENT.
797
00:41:52,343 --> 00:41:55,646
{\an7}\h\hKristin: THE URBAN LIZARDS
RUN FASTER ON ALL SUBSTRATES,
798
00:41:55,680 --> 00:41:58,082
{\an7}AND THESE DIFFERENCES
\hARE MOST PRONOUNCED
799
00:41:58,116 --> 00:42:00,285
{\an7}\hON THE VERY SMOOTH
VERTICAL SUBSTRATES,
800
00:42:00,318 --> 00:42:04,289
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hON THE METAL
AND ON THE PAINTED CONCRETE.
801
00:42:04,322 --> 00:42:08,259
{\an7}THE ABILITY TO PERFORM WELL
\h\h\h\hON THESE SUBSTRATES
802
00:42:08,292 --> 00:42:12,696
{\an7}\h\h\hHAS REAL IMPLICATIONS FOR
THEIR SURVIVAL IN THIS HABITAT.
803
00:42:14,465 --> 00:42:17,201
{\an7}\h\h\hNeil: THESE LITTLE LIZARDS
CONTINUE TO SURPRISE SCIENTISTS
804
00:42:17,235 --> 00:42:19,604
{\an7}WITH THEIR POWERS OF ADAPTATION,
805
00:42:19,637 --> 00:42:23,241
{\an7}EVEN IN FAST-CHANGING
\h\h\h\hENVIRONMENTS.
806
00:42:23,274 --> 00:42:25,042
{\an7}KRISTIN AND SHANE’S DISCOVERIES
807
00:42:25,076 --> 00:42:28,079
{\an7}\h\h\h\hSHOW THAT THE ANOLES’
ANCIENT EVOLUTIONARY PLAYBOOK
808
00:42:28,112 --> 00:42:32,483
{\an7}\h\hSTILL HELPS THEM SURVIVE AND
ADAPT, EVEN IN THE MODERN WORLD.
809
00:42:37,255 --> 00:42:39,557
{\an7}Nate: JUST WHEN WE THOUGHT
\h\hOUR JOURNEY WAS OVER,
810
00:42:39,590 --> 00:42:43,194
{\an7}WE HEARD ABOUT A NEW DISCOVERY
\hIN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC--
811
00:42:43,227 --> 00:42:45,629
{\an7}A NEW ANOLE SPECIES,
812
00:42:45,663 --> 00:42:47,064
{\an7}A TRULY BIZARRE LIZARD
813
00:42:47,098 --> 00:42:51,035
{\an7}THAT HAD CAUGHT SCIENTISTS
\h\hCOMPLETELY OFF GUARD.
814
00:42:51,069 --> 00:42:53,405
{\an7}WE HAD TO SEE IT.
815
00:42:53,438 --> 00:42:55,640
{\an7}\h\hONE OF THE FEW PEOPLE
WHO KNEW WHERE TO FIND IT
816
00:42:55,673 --> 00:42:59,577
{\an7}WAS LUKE MAHLER, THE SCIENTIST
\h\h\hWHO FIRST DESCRIBED IT.
817
00:43:01,646 --> 00:43:03,014
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLuke Mahler:
IT’S AN UNEXPECTED DISCOVERY.
818
00:43:03,047 --> 00:43:06,250
{\an7}THIS IS A GIANT ANOLE THAT,
THAT LIVES HIGH IN THE TREES
819
00:43:06,284 --> 00:43:08,820
{\an7}BUT IS STRIKINGLY SIMILAR
\h\hTO A GROUP OF LIZARDS
820
00:43:08,853 --> 00:43:11,189
{\an7}PREVIOUSLY ONLY KNOWN FROM CUBA,
821
00:43:11,222 --> 00:43:14,592
{\an7}SO THIS, THIS ANOLE POTENTIALLY
REPRESENTS A NEW ECOMORPH,
822
00:43:14,625 --> 00:43:16,494
{\an7}AND SO WE’RE HERE
\hTO LOOK FOR IT.
823
00:43:20,231 --> 00:43:21,332
{\an7}Neil: LUKE TOOK US TO THE PLACE
824
00:43:21,365 --> 00:43:25,903
{\an7}\h\hWHERE HE FIRST SAW
THIS MYSTERIOUS ANOLE.
825
00:43:25,937 --> 00:43:28,740
{\an7}\h\h\h\hLuke: YOU GET
THIS SORT OF NEAT SPOT
826
00:43:28,773 --> 00:43:30,408
{\an7}\h\h\hWHERE THE TREES
ARE DRY FOREST TREES,
827
00:43:30,441 --> 00:43:33,110
{\an7}BUT THEN YOU START GETTING
\h\h\h\hTHE SPANISH MOSS,
828
00:43:33,144 --> 00:43:34,412
{\an7}LOTS OF LICHEN.
829
00:43:34,445 --> 00:43:35,713
{\an7}Nate: I’VE NEVER SEEN
\hANY PLACE LIKE THIS.
830
00:43:35,746 --> 00:43:38,582
{\an7}THIS IS A TOTALLY BIZARRE,
\h\h\hUNIQUE, COOL PLACE.
831
00:43:38,616 --> 00:43:39,650
{\an7}Neil: I’M "LICHEN"
THIS ENVIRONMENT.
832
00:43:39,684 --> 00:43:40,985
{\an7}Nate: YEAH.
833
00:43:41,018 --> 00:43:42,586
{\an7}Luke: OH! THAT’S, THAT’S GOOD!
834
00:43:42,620 --> 00:43:44,255
{\an7}[LAUGHTER]
835
00:43:44,288 --> 00:43:46,490
{\an7}Nate: "I’M LICHEN
THIS ENVIRONMENT."
836
00:43:46,524 --> 00:43:47,492
{\an7}Neil: LUKE TOLD US THAT
837
00:43:47,525 --> 00:43:49,560
{\an7}\h\h\h\hOUR BEST CHANCE
OF FINDING THESE LIZARDS
838
00:43:49,594 --> 00:43:52,964
{\an7}WAS TO SEARCH FOR THEM AT NIGHT
WHILE THEY WERE SLEEPING.
839
00:44:03,908 --> 00:44:06,778
{\an7}\h\h\h\hNate: I WILL FLIP OUT
IF WE SEE THIS LIZARD TONIGHT.
840
00:44:06,811 --> 00:44:07,845
{\an7}Neil: IS THAT A GUARANTEE?
841
00:44:07,879 --> 00:44:08,747
{\an7}Nate: THAT I’LL FLIP OUT?
842
00:44:08,779 --> 00:44:09,713
{\an7}Neil: IS THAT A PROMISE?
843
00:44:09,747 --> 00:44:11,048
{\an7}Nate: I PROMISE.
\hI’LL FLIP OUT.
844
00:44:11,082 --> 00:44:12,650
{\an7}Neil: AWESOME.
I CAN’T WAIT.
845
00:44:17,388 --> 00:44:18,623
{\an7}Nate: THIS NEW SPECIES WAS
846
00:44:18,656 --> 00:44:21,826
{\an7}ONE OF THE MOST MYSTERIOUS
\h\hLIZARDS IN THE WORLD,
847
00:44:21,859 --> 00:44:26,263
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND WE WANTED TO BE
THE FIRST FILM CREW TO FIND IT.
848
00:44:26,297 --> 00:44:29,901
{\an7}EASIER SAID THAN DONE.
849
00:44:29,934 --> 00:44:32,403
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hLuke: YOU GOTTA BE
IN THE RIGHT SPOT, GET LUCKY,
850
00:44:32,436 --> 00:44:36,340
{\an7}\h\h\hAND BE LOOKING
FOR THE RIGHT THING.
851
00:44:36,374 --> 00:44:39,744
{\an7}Nate: FROM LUKE’S DESCRIPTION,
\h\hWE KNEW WHAT TO LOOK FOR--
852
00:44:39,777 --> 00:44:41,979
{\an7}A GRAYISH MOSSY-LOOKING LIZARD
853
00:44:42,013 --> 00:44:44,716
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSLEEPING
ON A GRAY MOSSY BRANCH.
854
00:44:47,351 --> 00:44:49,153
{\an7}\h\hI’VE NEVER SEEN
SO MANY TARANTULAS.
855
00:44:49,187 --> 00:44:50,155
{\an7}Luke: WELCOME TO MY WORLD.
856
00:44:50,188 --> 00:44:51,222
{\an7}[LAUGHTER]
857
00:44:56,027 --> 00:44:57,729
{\an7}[SIGHS]
858
00:44:57,762 --> 00:45:01,032
{\an7}Nate: AFTER SPENDING FIVE HOURS
LOOKING AT TWIGS IN THE DARK,
859
00:45:01,065 --> 00:45:03,134
{\an7}YOU START SEEING THINGS
\h\h\hTHAT AREN’T THERE.
860
00:45:03,167 --> 00:45:05,202
{\an7}I’M PRETTY SLEEPY.
861
00:45:05,236 --> 00:45:08,439
{\an7}IT HAS BEEN A LONG,
UNSUCCESSFUL NIGHT.
862
00:45:08,472 --> 00:45:10,140
{\an7}\h\h\h\hNeil: OTHER THAN
A FEW HUNDRED TARANTULAS
863
00:45:10,174 --> 00:45:12,643
{\an7}AND A TON OF BUG BITES,
\h\h\h\hWE HAD NOTHING.
864
00:45:12,677 --> 00:45:13,645
{\an7}Nate: I THINK WE’RE
\hGOING TO FIND IT,
865
00:45:13,678 --> 00:45:16,214
{\an7}JUST NOT TONIGHT.
866
00:45:17,848 --> 00:45:21,218
{\an7}\h\hNeil: WE STILL HAD ONE MORE
NIGHT IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
867
00:45:21,252 --> 00:45:23,654
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hONE LAST CHANCE
TO BE THE FIRST FILM CREW
868
00:45:23,688 --> 00:45:27,292
{\an7}\hTO CAPTURE FOOTAGE
OF THIS NEW SPECIES,
869
00:45:27,325 --> 00:45:29,861
{\an7}BUT IT WAS STARTING TO FEEL
\h\h\h\h\hLIKE A LONG SHOT.
870
00:45:33,864 --> 00:45:37,935
{\an7}♪
871
00:45:37,969 --> 00:45:39,204
{\an7}Nate: IT WAS OUR LAST NIGHT
872
00:45:39,237 --> 00:45:42,173
{\an7}\h\hIN THIS REMOTE CORNER
OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
873
00:45:42,206 --> 00:45:45,409
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hOUR LAST CHANCE
TO FIND AND FILM A LIZARD
874
00:45:45,443 --> 00:45:47,879
{\an7}THAT WAS BRAND-NEW TO SCIENCE.
875
00:45:47,912 --> 00:45:49,847
{\an7}WE WERE ALL A LITTLE NERVOUS.
876
00:45:51,782 --> 00:45:54,785
{\an7}Luke: SO, THE GOAL HERE
\hIS IF YOU SEE A LIZARD
877
00:45:54,819 --> 00:45:57,655
{\an7}AND IT DOESN’T SEE YOU,
\h\h\hLOOK AWAY FROM IT,
878
00:45:57,688 --> 00:46:00,925
{\an7}DON’T SCARE IT WITH YOUR LIGHTS,
FLAG IT, RADIO OVER,
879
00:46:00,958 --> 00:46:02,593
{\an7}LET EVERYBODY KNOW.
880
00:46:02,627 --> 00:46:06,965
{\an7}♪
881
00:46:06,998 --> 00:46:11,603
{\an7}\h\hNeil: A FEW HOURS GO BY, AND
LUKE GETS A CALL OVER THE RADIO.
882
00:46:11,636 --> 00:46:14,672
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMan on radio:
SO, WE GOT AN ANOLE UP HERE.
883
00:46:14,705 --> 00:46:18,242
{\an7}\h\hLuke: ALL RIGHT,
I’LL BE RIGHT OVER.
884
00:46:18,276 --> 00:46:19,744
{\an7}OKAY, WHICH, WHICH, WHICH TREE?
885
00:46:22,713 --> 00:46:26,183
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hYEP, THAT’S,
THAT’S ANOLIS LANDESTOYI.
886
00:46:26,217 --> 00:46:28,519
{\an7}OKAY, WE GOT ONE.
887
00:46:28,552 --> 00:46:29,887
{\an7}Nate: A BABY?
888
00:46:29,920 --> 00:46:30,721
{\an7}Luke: WE GOT ONE.
889
00:46:30,755 --> 00:46:31,556
{\an7}Nate: WHERE IS IT?
890
00:46:31,589 --> 00:46:32,723
{\an7}Luke: I’LL SHOW YOU.
891
00:46:32,757 --> 00:46:33,992
{\an7}SO, WE’RE GOING TO BE CAREFUL
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNOT TO SPOOK IT.
892
00:46:34,025 --> 00:46:37,529
{\an7}\h\h\h\hUP. YOU CAN SEE
THERE’S THAT WHITE SPOT.
893
00:46:37,561 --> 00:46:38,328
{\an7}Nate: OH, YEAH!
894
00:46:38,362 --> 00:46:39,730
{\an7}Luke: THAT’S IT.
895
00:46:39,764 --> 00:46:42,667
{\an7}IT’S A LITTLE JUVIE HANGING
HEAD-DOWN WITH ITS TAIL UP.
896
00:46:42,700 --> 00:46:44,001
{\an7}Nate: HOW DID YOU SEE THAT?
897
00:46:44,035 --> 00:46:45,970
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNeil: WHOA!
IT’S TOTALLY DIFFERENT-LOOKING
898
00:46:46,003 --> 00:46:48,138
{\an7}FROM, THAN EVERYTHING ELSE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWE’VE SEEN.
899
00:46:48,172 --> 00:46:50,675
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNate: FIRST
ANOLIS LANDESTOYI, MAN!
900
00:46:50,708 --> 00:46:52,176
{\an7}YEAH!
901
00:46:52,209 --> 00:46:54,645
{\an7}ALL RIGHT!
902
00:46:54,679 --> 00:46:57,849
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSEEING THIS LIZARD
FOR THE FIRST TIME WAS AMAZING,
903
00:46:57,882 --> 00:47:00,184
{\an7}BUT THEN REALITY HIT.
904
00:47:00,217 --> 00:47:04,088
{\an7}IT WAS DANGLING FROM A BRANCH
\h\h\h30 FEET OFF THE GROUND,
905
00:47:04,121 --> 00:47:06,590
{\an7}WAY TOO HIGH FOR US TO FILM.
906
00:47:06,624 --> 00:47:09,660
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hOUR ONLY CHANCE
WAS TO WAIT UNTIL SUNRISE
907
00:47:09,694 --> 00:47:12,830
{\an7}\h\hAND HOPE THAT IT MOVED LOW
ENOUGH THAT WE COULD CATCH IT.
908
00:47:18,302 --> 00:47:21,105
{\an7}HEY, I GOT AN IDEA.
I GOT A GREAT IDEA.
909
00:47:21,138 --> 00:47:22,172
{\an7}LET’S PULL THE CAR OVER HERE
910
00:47:22,206 --> 00:47:25,743
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND NOOSE HIM
FROM ON TOP OF THE CAR.
911
00:47:25,776 --> 00:47:28,145
{\an7}Neil: WE BOTH GET ON THE ROOF.
912
00:47:28,179 --> 00:47:30,982
{\an7}\h\h\hNATE’S LOOKING THROUGH THE
CAMERA SO THAT HE CAN GUIDE ME,
913
00:47:31,015 --> 00:47:34,585
{\an7}BECAUSE I CAN’T SEE
\h\hWHAT I’M DOING.
914
00:47:34,618 --> 00:47:37,821
{\an7}Nate: NO, I THINK
YOU JUST LOST HIM.
915
00:47:37,855 --> 00:47:39,390
{\an7}YES, YES, YES, YES, YES!
916
00:47:39,423 --> 00:47:42,860
{\an7}OH! YOU GOT HIM!
917
00:47:42,893 --> 00:47:45,429
{\an7}[BLEEP] YOU GOT HIM!
918
00:47:45,463 --> 00:47:46,431
{\an7}YES!
919
00:47:46,464 --> 00:47:48,433
{\an7}[LAUGHS]
920
00:47:48,466 --> 00:47:50,034
{\an7}NEIL!
921
00:47:50,067 --> 00:47:52,069
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHANDS DOWN,
THE BEST LIZARD CATCH
922
00:47:52,103 --> 00:47:53,338
{\an7}THAT I’VE EVER SEEN.
923
00:47:53,371 --> 00:47:55,940
{\an7}Neil: HERE IS ONE OF THE RAREST
ANOLES IN THE WORLD!
924
00:47:55,973 --> 00:47:57,675
{\an7}[LAUGHTER]
925
00:47:57,708 --> 00:48:00,611
{\an7}OH, HE’S LIKE A LITTLE DINOSAUR.
926
00:48:00,644 --> 00:48:02,412
{\an7}Nate: WHAT?
927
00:48:02,446 --> 00:48:03,347
{\an7}Neil: HE’S TRYING
\hTO BITE ME HERE.
928
00:48:03,381 --> 00:48:05,516
{\an7}Nate: OH, MY GOD!
929
00:48:05,549 --> 00:48:06,717
{\an7}Neil: I’M PRETTY STOKED.
930
00:48:06,751 --> 00:48:07,719
{\an7}Nate: THIS IS LIKE
\hTHE WHOLE TRIP,
931
00:48:07,752 --> 00:48:09,520
{\an7}WE’VE BEEN LOOKING
\h\hFOR THIS GUY.
932
00:48:09,553 --> 00:48:11,989
{\an7}\h\h\hVERY, VERY FEW PEOPLE
WHO ARE INTERESTED IN ANOLES
933
00:48:12,022 --> 00:48:15,926
{\an7}\h\h\hHAVE SEEN THIS LIZARD,
WHICH MAKES IT SUPER SPECIAL
934
00:48:15,960 --> 00:48:20,832
{\an7}TO GET TO, TO GET TO HOLD.
935
00:48:20,865 --> 00:48:22,867
{\an7}AS WE HELD THIS NEW SPECIES
936
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:25,603
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND FILMED IT
CLIMB BACK INTO THE TREE,
937
00:48:25,636 --> 00:48:28,506
{\an7}WE COULDN’T HELP BUT REMEMBER
\hTHE FIRST LAW OF THE LIZARD
938
00:48:28,539 --> 00:48:32,143
{\an7}WE LEARNED ON THIS JOURNEY--
939
00:48:32,176 --> 00:48:34,612
{\an7}EXPECT SURPRISES.
940
00:48:34,645 --> 00:48:36,313
{\an7}EVEN ON HISPANIOLA,
941
00:48:36,347 --> 00:48:39,750
{\an7}AN ISLAND WHERE BIOLOGISTS
\hHAVE WORKED FOR DECADES,
942
00:48:39,784 --> 00:48:41,853
{\an7}HERE WAS A STRANGE ANOLE,
943
00:48:41,886 --> 00:48:44,889
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTOTALLY UNLIKE
ANYTHING ELSE ON THE ISLAND,
944
00:48:44,922 --> 00:48:50,161
{\an7}THAT NO ONE HAD EVEN NOTICED
\h\h\hUNTIL A FEW YEARS AGO.
945
00:48:50,194 --> 00:48:53,197
{\an7}Neil: IT REALLY DROVE HOME
HOW LITTLE WE STILL KNOW,
946
00:48:53,230 --> 00:48:55,232
{\an7}IN MANY WAYS, ABOUT ANOLES.
947
00:48:55,266 --> 00:48:56,768
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT EVEN SOME
OF THE MOST COMMON SPECIES,
948
00:48:56,801 --> 00:48:59,337
{\an7}\hTHE ONES THAT SCIENTISTS
HAVE STUDIED FOR DECADES,
949
00:48:59,370 --> 00:49:00,671
{\an7}THERE ARE STILL THINGS
\h\hABOUT THEIR LIVES
950
00:49:00,704 --> 00:49:02,306
{\an7}THAT WE JUST DON’T KNOW.
951
00:49:05,042 --> 00:49:07,878
{\an7}\h\h\hJonathan: WHEN I GRADUATED
FROM COLLEGE, I SAID TO MYSELF,
952
00:49:07,912 --> 00:49:11,416
{\an7}"I’M NEVER GOING TO STUDY ANOLES
AGAIN BECAUSE WE KNOW IT ALL."
953
00:49:11,449 --> 00:49:12,884
{\an7}OF COURSE, THAT WAS NAIVE.
954
00:49:12,917 --> 00:49:16,687
{\an7}FAR FROM KNOWING IT ALL, WE’VE
BARELY SCRATCHED THE SURFACE.
955
00:49:16,720 --> 00:49:21,625
{\an7}♪
956
00:49:21,659 --> 00:49:23,561
{\an7}Nate: NEIL AND I HAD FOLLOWED
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE ANOLE STORY
957
00:49:23,594 --> 00:49:26,263
{\an7}FOR MORE THAN A YEAR,
958
00:49:26,297 --> 00:49:30,835
{\an7}\hFROM CARIBBEAN RAINFORESTS
TO UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES,
959
00:49:30,868 --> 00:49:34,872
{\an7}FROM TINY BAHAMIAN ISLANDS
\h\hTO THE CITY OF MIAMI.
960
00:49:34,905 --> 00:49:36,206
{\an7}WE STARTED THIS QUEST
961
00:49:36,240 --> 00:49:40,478
{\an7}\hTHINKING WE UNDERSTOOD
WHY ANOLES WERE SPECIAL,
962
00:49:40,511 --> 00:49:44,615
{\an7}\h\h\hBUT OUR JOURNEY LEFT US
WITH SOMETHING MORE PROFOUND.
963
00:49:46,417 --> 00:49:49,387
{\an7}\hNeil: GOING AND SEEING
THE DIVERSITY OF ANOLES
964
00:49:49,420 --> 00:49:51,222
{\an7}\h\h\hIN AN ISLAND
LIKE PUERTO RICO,
965
00:49:51,255 --> 00:49:53,157
{\an7}\h\h\hIT’S LIKE GOING
TO THE LOUVRE IN PARIS
966
00:49:53,190 --> 00:49:55,859
{\an7}AND APPRECIATING THE ART THERE.
967
00:49:55,893 --> 00:49:59,663
{\an7}IT’S SOMETHING THAT’S BEAUTIFUL
AND COMPLEX AND FASCINATING,
968
00:49:59,697 --> 00:50:01,933
{\an7}COMPLETELY OF ITS OWN ACCORD.
969
00:50:01,966 --> 00:50:06,070
{\an7}♪
970
00:50:06,103 --> 00:50:07,938
{\an7}Nate: WHEN I WAS A SCIENTIST
\h\h\h\h\hSTUDYING LIZARDS,
971
00:50:07,972 --> 00:50:11,209
{\an7}\h\hPEOPLE WOULD ALWAYS ASK ME,
"WHY ARE YOU STUDYING LIZARDS?"
972
00:50:11,242 --> 00:50:13,611
{\an7}\h\h\hAND I THINK THAT IT’S,
IT’S NORMAL TO BE SKEPTICAL.
973
00:50:13,644 --> 00:50:17,181
{\an7}\hIT’S HARD TO UNDERSTAND WHY
IT COULD POSSIBLY BE IMPORTANT
974
00:50:17,214 --> 00:50:18,816
{\an7}TO DEDICATE ALL THIS EFFORT
975
00:50:18,849 --> 00:50:22,653
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hINTO UNDERSTANDING HOW
THESE LIZARDS LIVE THEIR LIVES.
976
00:50:22,686 --> 00:50:25,956
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT LIFE ON EARTH
IS INCREDIBLY COMPLICATED,
977
00:50:25,990 --> 00:50:29,527
{\an7}\hAND UNDERSTANDING THE RULES
THAT GENERATED THAT DIVERSITY
978
00:50:29,560 --> 00:50:31,662
{\an7}IS FUNDAMENTAL TO UNDERSTANDING
979
00:50:31,695 --> 00:50:33,764
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHERE WE FIT
INTO THE BIGGER PICTURE,
980
00:50:33,797 --> 00:50:35,332
{\an7}AND VERY FEW OTHER ORGANISMS
981
00:50:35,366 --> 00:50:39,337
{\an7}\h\h\hHAVE TAUGHT US AS MUCH
ABOUT THOSE RULES AS ANOLES.
982
00:50:39,370 --> 00:50:49,113
{\an7}♪
983
00:50:49,146 --> 00:50:59,056
{\an7}♪
118241
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