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Eagles, dramatic predators
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that have inspired myths and legends for millennia.
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Though top of their food chain,
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they battle for survival,
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working tirelessly to raise their young.
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Powerful, diverse, agile,
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(dramatic music)
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(birds squawking)
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this is an Epic story of conquest for one individual.
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But what does it take to become a ruler of the skies?
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Nearly a meter long, one of the largest flying birds.
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It takes two and a half meter wings
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to get its six kilo body into the air.
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The white-tailed sea eagle is a master of survival.
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In bleak winter when food is in short supply,
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it hunts wildfowl,
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driving the Coots underwater until they tire.
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(somber music)
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There are 60 species of eagle.
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They are among the largest and most impressive birds
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united by their killing skills.
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Soaring on huge broad wings,
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scanning the landscape with eyes
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some three and a half times more acute than our own.
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They can swipe pray with enormous talons
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and devour their victims with meat cleaver beaks.
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(dramatic music)
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But the white-tail is distracted by the calls of his mate.
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Eagles pair for life
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and every year this couple return to their nest.
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They have built their home
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in the cold Northern forests of Scandinavia.
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Calling helps renew their bonds.
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They may be together for 20 years or more.
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(bird calling)
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Mating is a delicate balancing act
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that requires patience and trust from both parties,
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but they won't be able to enjoy
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this intimate moment for long.
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One of their offspring from last year
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is hoping to be welcomed home to the nest.
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It'll be several years before the chocolate brown chick
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will lighten and get its characteristic white tail.
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The youngsters will often stay close to their birthplace
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for their first few years.
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The plaintive calls beg for a free meal,
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but it's not going to work.
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With the female pregnant,
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they need to make some preparations.
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It's March and still pretty cold around their wetland home.
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The male eagle is searching, but he's not after food
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or even the frozen drinking water.
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He diligently gathers
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the driest reeds and grasses he can find
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and takes them back to the nest.
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The huge platform, or aerie,
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gets bigger each year with the home improvements.
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The grass goes on the inside to create a bowl,
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it's like papering the nursery for when the baby comes.
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Blue tits appreciate his handiwork.
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Smaller birds, often nest in the underside of the aerie.
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As long as the eagles don't eat them,
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they'll do a good job of keeping other predators at bay.
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All eagles build enormous nests
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and in the Amazon,
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there is plenty of building material for harpy eagles,
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providing they can break it from the trees.
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They're impressive aeries can be a meter and a half across
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and well over a meter deep.
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It's a good platform, but it doesn't offer much shelter.
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And the rainforest lives up to its name.
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The eight long weeks of incubation
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can be an uncomfortable period for the parents to be.
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Over the years, the nests of sea eagles can become so huge
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the trees have been known to collapse under their weight.
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After a few weeks, the female lays two baseball sized eggs.
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The grass bowl lining the nest
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will form cups around the eggs, keeping them warm
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and stopping the parents from squashing them.
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Now begins the arduous period of incubation.
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For over a month, both parents will take turns
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tending to the clutch while the partner goes off to feed.
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(water splashing)
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See eagles are supreme hunters of fish,
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but before long, even their fish catching skills
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are being put to the test.
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There are now two new mouths to feed.
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Sea eagles eat around 500 grams of food a day
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and it won't be long before the chicks are begging
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for a similar portion.
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The male returns to the nest
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for his share of babysitting, relieving his larger mate.
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Female eagles are always a kilo or so bigger than the males.
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She performs her toilette away from the nest,
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helping to keep the house clean.
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He butches his latest catch into bite-sized chunks.
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Back in the Amazon, the weather is finally brightening up.
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Mother's able to dry off just in time
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to welcome her new chick.
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Harpies usually only brewed one of their eggs,
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meaning only one will hatch.
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The male does most of the hunting for the family.
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She calls him in, her voice echoing across the forest.
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The pair regularly swap roles to help share the burden.
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Dad's brought dinner and a clawed hand reveals the victim,
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a three-toed sloth.
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Harpy eagles often snatch sloths, monkeys,
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and other animals from the tree canopies.
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Across the eagle family,
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all manner of meals are brought to the nest
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from ducks to deer,
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but for our young white-tails, it's usually fish.
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Eagles are fastidious in their cleaning,
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both the nest and themselves, requiring constant attention.
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To be able to hunt, they must maintain their feathers,
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which are so dense and strong
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that they make up 5% of the parent bird's weight.
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With their chicks flourishing,
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the parents almost seem to celebrate their success.
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They need to be totally committed to the little ones
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who will be dependent on their help
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for the next five months.
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(water splashing)
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Another fish supper.
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At five weeks old, they are starting to look a lot
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like their parents, but already it's clear
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that one youngster is getting all the food.
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The parents work hard to try and provide for them both.
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Eagles usually lay two or three eggs,
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but in some species it's unusual for all to survive.
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Often the largest and fittest
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of the chicks will get the most food
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and the runt will waste away.
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The parent birds will fish throughout the day,
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though only around 30% of tries would result in a meal.
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(birds squawking)
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Having favoritism seems cruel,
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but ensures the parents can invest
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all their energy in one offspring.
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And that it's the one
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with the best chances of a successful future.
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But despite their best efforts,
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by July, there is just one youngster in the nest.
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It's possible the brother fell,
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but most likely he was starved
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or displaced by his larger sister.
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When there is only one survivor, it's usually female.
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Even at this age, she's the bigger sex.
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Does this take the pressure off the parents
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or just make their quest all the more important?
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They can't afford to lose another chick.
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She spotted a dead eel, easy pickings.
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No eagle turns his nose up at a free meal.
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While mum's fishing, dad delivers his catch of the day.
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(birds squawking)
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Sea eagles are real generalists,
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the chick's big enough to swallow the young rat whole.
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Summer is a productive time for the forest of Europe.
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Long hours of sunlight result in an abundance of food.
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As the season passes,
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the young female goes from strength to strength,
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having lost most of her infant down,
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but today her parents seem less forthcoming with food.
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They are trying to encourage their daughter
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to start exploring her world.
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(birds squawking)
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The parents come and go, teasing their chick.
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She seems agitated at their lack of parenting,
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but her frustrations are their intention.
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She suddenly seems to discover her wings.
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The first steps of exploring are called branching,
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branching out on the limbs of the tree.
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For 12 weeks all she's known is the inside of the nest,
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but that's about to change.
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(uplifting music)
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Sea eagles are often described as, "flying barn doors."
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Her huge wings will take a while to master.
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After a few days, her confidence grows
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and she can start to explore further.
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She feels ready for her first hunting trip.
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She has a lot to learn.
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Luckily, her parents will still offer food
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for a few more weeks, plenty of time to practice.
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With acute binocular vision,
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eagles have amazing depth perception,
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making them masters at snatching prey on the wing
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and none more so than the African fishing eagle.
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To perform such aerobatics,
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their feathers need a great deal of maintenance.
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Like all their family, the African fishing eagles
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perform a duet to proclaim their lifelong devotion.
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The young female still has a long way to go
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to become a true queen of the sky.
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(birds warbling)
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But she has another attempt at self-sufficiency.
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The first thing to catch her eye doesn't look too promising.
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A dead fish, on the other hand,
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is much more what she's accustomed to.
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Rocks are useful tools for cleaning her beak.
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Winter lies ahead, a tough time for all animals.
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(birds squawking)
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As summer draws to a close,
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the wetlands are getting busy with migrating wildfowl.
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This is the first time our female has seen ice.
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Her parents are still around,
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but are no longer offering free food.
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There are other eagles too,
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birds that have moved from Northern territories
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to a more sheltered wintering spot.
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Copying the adults examples,
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she finds weaker patches in the ice
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using four and a half centimeter claws
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to expose drinking water.
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It can also expose unexpected treasures,
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but now, there are a lot of hungry neighbors.
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This is her first taste of the competition she'll face.
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Just because she found the dead fish,
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doesn't mean she'll be able to eat it
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unless she ups her game.
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It's a free for all.
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Even a red kite and heron seek the crumbs
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that drop from the eagles table.
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It's winter, when all animals are tested by the elements.
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(birds squawking)
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Many birds migrate to avoid the worst of winter
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and some eagle populations do the same.
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In Northeastern Russia,
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the white-tails flea freezing inland valleys
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and head for the coast, an eagle mecca.
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But they are not alone,
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the nine kilo Steller's sea eagle, the heaviest of all.
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(somber music)
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Several hundred will spend the winter on the ice flows.
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At first, there seems to be an awkward tolerance
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as the birds assemble.
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The reason they have picked this spot
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is that the chilly open waters around the ice flows
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are teaming with fish.
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For landlocked birds like ravens,
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eagles unlock the desirable resource.
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The Steller's and white-tailed
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are closely related sea eagles
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deploying the same tactic to secure a meal.
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(dramatic music)
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With freezing temperatures, the stakes are high
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and every scrap is worth fighting for.
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Among eagles, the Steller's characteristic beak
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is the biggest.
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But there is a third eagle here,
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smaller than the sea eagles,
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the golden has a fiery personality.
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And while it's not such a confident fisher,
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it enjoys a fish supper.
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When the food is running low,
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it seems everyone has their eye on the catch of the day.
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And as snow starts to fall tensions rise.
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(birds squalling)
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It's like David and Goliath,
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but the golden eagle isn't shy about stealing a meal.
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He may only be two-thirds their weight, but he's a fighter.
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Soon, claws and beaks are drawn all over the ice.
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The eagles reserve their lethal beaks for feeding
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and instead arm wrestle trying to pin each other down
264
00:28:30,770 --> 00:28:32,330
with powerful talons,
265
00:28:32,330 --> 00:28:34,943
throwing punches with their muscular wings.
266
00:29:25,782 --> 00:29:28,880
All eagles are quite solitary for most of the year,
267
00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:31,360
only hanging out with their partners and young,
268
00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:34,550
but now the golden seem happy to feed together
269
00:29:34,550 --> 00:29:37,763
giving the cold shoulder to the watchful sea eagles.
270
00:29:51,740 --> 00:29:53,780
Despite the abundance of fish,
271
00:29:53,780 --> 00:29:56,983
it's a long, tough winter for these Russian eagles.
272
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:03,490
They may be fighters,
273
00:30:03,490 --> 00:30:07,193
but nature really will let only the fittest survive.
274
00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:23,963
This youngster lost the fight.
275
00:30:34,490 --> 00:30:37,430
But victims of winter can become banquets
276
00:30:37,430 --> 00:30:39,363
for adaptable birds of prey.
277
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:47,543
A deer carcass has attracted the adult white-tails.
278
00:30:49,570 --> 00:30:51,533
It's worth walking on thin ice.
279
00:30:59,740 --> 00:31:01,460
But while her parents feed,
280
00:31:01,460 --> 00:31:04,113
the young female is given the cold shoulder.
281
00:31:15,150 --> 00:31:18,453
She needs the meal, but they are just not willing to share.
282
00:31:20,680 --> 00:31:23,513
(birds squalling)
283
00:31:26,510 --> 00:31:29,573
It's her huge mother who finally puts her foot down.
284
00:31:47,510 --> 00:31:50,593
The message is clear, it's time to fly the nest.
285
00:31:55,380 --> 00:31:57,510
Sea eagles rule the roost here
286
00:31:57,510 --> 00:31:59,513
keeping other birds on their toes.
287
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:08,830
Pretty much any of the animals living here
288
00:32:08,830 --> 00:32:10,103
could end up on the menu.
289
00:32:16,820 --> 00:32:18,650
Though if there's carrion available,
290
00:32:18,650 --> 00:32:21,273
it's a better energy saving alternative.
291
00:32:34,270 --> 00:32:38,003
A fox is drawn by the carcass, but it's not welcomed.
292
00:32:51,050 --> 00:32:54,080
It's injured and knows even a young sea eagle
293
00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:56,773
could make a meal of him, better not stick around.
294
00:33:14,020 --> 00:33:15,620
Out in the big wide world,
295
00:33:15,620 --> 00:33:18,263
there are all kinds of strange neighbors to meet.
296
00:33:30,325 --> 00:33:33,600
See eagles can kill birds as big as swans,
297
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:36,453
but for now she's more interested in scavenging.
298
00:33:40,650 --> 00:33:43,523
She and the crane race for any fishy scraps.
299
00:33:54,950 --> 00:33:58,170
She seems happy foraging alongside the crane,
300
00:33:58,170 --> 00:34:01,080
but in Japan, her white-tailed cousins are happy
301
00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:03,380
to snatch the food straight from their mouths.
302
00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:18,320
Cranes are revered in many parts of the world
303
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:20,130
and in some areas of Japan,
304
00:34:20,130 --> 00:34:22,430
farmers try to help them through the winter
305
00:34:22,430 --> 00:34:23,653
by offering food,
306
00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:28,903
something the eagles are quick to spot.
307
00:34:30,265 --> 00:34:33,098
(birds squawking)
308
00:35:18,770 --> 00:35:21,950
Badgering among birds of different species is common,
309
00:35:21,950 --> 00:35:23,270
known as mobbing,
310
00:35:23,270 --> 00:35:25,693
harassing until the victim gives up its food.
311
00:36:00,933 --> 00:36:03,710
One of the adult white-tails has found carrion,
312
00:36:03,710 --> 00:36:05,810
but it's not immune to the ravens mobbing
313
00:36:06,720 --> 00:36:09,913
and this time a red kite wants a piece of the action.
314
00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:48,060
Surprisingly, it seems spooked
315
00:36:48,060 --> 00:36:49,660
by its lighter cousin's agility.
316
00:37:26,530 --> 00:37:29,593
But yet another eagle has been watching the proceedings.
317
00:37:38,620 --> 00:37:41,960
The lesser spotted eagle isn't much bigger than the kite,
318
00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:44,023
but it has the family's fighting spirit.
319
00:38:01,275 --> 00:38:02,370
Once he's got it,
320
00:38:02,370 --> 00:38:04,933
he's not going to surrender it to the crows.
321
00:38:15,740 --> 00:38:17,970
About half the size of the sea eagle
322
00:38:17,970 --> 00:38:21,763
and perhaps more closely related to hawks, he's got guts,
323
00:38:22,980 --> 00:38:26,280
meaning he doesn't mind standing his ground
324
00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:28,923
or being scared off by lanky intruders.
325
00:38:36,590 --> 00:38:39,950
Like all eagles, the lesser spotted is adaptable,
326
00:38:39,950 --> 00:38:42,370
he'll scavenge, but hunt as well.
327
00:38:42,370 --> 00:38:45,480
He uses his sharp eyesight to spot his prey,
328
00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:48,463
but has an unusual technique to catch it.
329
00:38:55,510 --> 00:38:58,573
His prey can be anything from rabbits to frogs.
330
00:39:25,860 --> 00:39:28,103
This time, a lizard has caught his eye.
331
00:39:29,860 --> 00:39:33,133
This species can soar and dive like the others,
332
00:39:34,830 --> 00:39:37,713
but its also perfected the stalk and pounce.
333
00:40:11,830 --> 00:40:14,590
Our young female has settled in some wetland
334
00:40:14,590 --> 00:40:17,040
where she's finding food easy to scavenge
335
00:40:17,040 --> 00:40:18,433
from around the shores.
336
00:40:29,570 --> 00:40:32,020
The poolside is busy by late summer,
337
00:40:32,020 --> 00:40:34,363
everyone wanting waterfront accommodation.
338
00:40:43,060 --> 00:40:46,053
She's got a new eagle neighbor, a greater spotted.
339
00:41:01,290 --> 00:41:04,020
Many young sea eagles will stay in one area
340
00:41:04,020 --> 00:41:06,020
often with other non-breeding birds
341
00:41:06,020 --> 00:41:07,670
for their first five years or so,
342
00:41:09,810 --> 00:41:13,540
while others are known to settle far from their birthplace.
343
00:41:13,540 --> 00:41:16,020
With so many sea eagles and the spotted,
344
00:41:16,020 --> 00:41:17,903
it's too crowded for our female.
345
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:20,903
So she decides to move on again.
346
00:41:24,530 --> 00:41:26,870
Eagles use large territories,
347
00:41:26,870 --> 00:41:29,510
some moving widely with the seasons
348
00:41:29,510 --> 00:41:31,023
and others staying local.
349
00:41:31,870 --> 00:41:35,993
Sea eagles typically use 30 to 70 square kilometers,
350
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:38,860
though she might have to travel a while
351
00:41:38,860 --> 00:41:41,213
to find a patch that isn't already taken.
352
00:41:49,430 --> 00:41:52,850
As she travels, the colors of autumn disappear
353
00:41:52,850 --> 00:41:54,323
as winter claims the land.
354
00:42:23,180 --> 00:42:26,990
She spots some carrion that will help sustain her journey,
355
00:42:26,990 --> 00:42:29,610
though, of course, with sharp-eyed birds around,
356
00:42:29,610 --> 00:42:31,633
she's not the only one to notice.
357
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:37,470
Crows and magpies try to lay claim to the carcass,
358
00:42:37,470 --> 00:42:39,260
but with their straight bills,
359
00:42:39,260 --> 00:42:41,910
they are having trouble getting into the frozen body.
360
00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:48,743
A buzzard joins the feast.
361
00:42:55,180 --> 00:42:58,323
His tin opener beak is just what the magpies needed.
362
00:43:05,750 --> 00:43:09,200
While they are happy for the buzzard to get things started,
363
00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:11,483
the crows try to police the portions.
364
00:43:47,860 --> 00:43:50,393
A second buzzard adds to the chaos.
365
00:43:56,810 --> 00:43:58,640
They don't expect an eagle
366
00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:01,603
to be passing over the usually quiet fields.
367
00:44:09,340 --> 00:44:13,623
She's wary, eagles always approach a scene with caution.
368
00:44:42,250 --> 00:44:45,633
After a brief pit stop, she continues her journey.
369
00:45:13,917 --> 00:45:17,250
Her quest takes her into the mountains.
370
00:45:21,830 --> 00:45:24,413
This is the realm of the golden eagle.
371
00:45:28,040 --> 00:45:31,213
This one's taking advantage of a fox's misfortune.
372
00:45:34,560 --> 00:45:37,810
Golden eagles are capable of hunting foxes
373
00:45:37,810 --> 00:45:39,923
and even modest sized deer.
374
00:45:43,640 --> 00:45:46,010
As well as the usual mob of crows,
375
00:45:46,010 --> 00:45:48,103
it now has some bigger competition.
376
00:46:02,230 --> 00:46:04,770
She has landed on her feet,
377
00:46:04,770 --> 00:46:07,853
a good spot for any eagle to call home.
378
00:46:10,550 --> 00:46:14,370
Craggy mountains and deep lakes teaming with fish
379
00:46:16,510 --> 00:46:18,663
and only one other eagle in sight.
380
00:46:35,460 --> 00:46:38,690
It's a young male a few years older than her
381
00:46:38,690 --> 00:46:40,523
and already a skilled fisherman.
382
00:46:57,470 --> 00:46:58,883
She seems impressed.
383
00:47:01,287 --> 00:47:03,870
(somber music)
384
00:47:30,640 --> 00:47:34,740
Winter firmly grips the landscape, but with experience,
385
00:47:34,740 --> 00:47:37,673
the male isn't having any trouble finding food.
386
00:47:41,350 --> 00:47:45,023
He's followed the noisy crows to a winter-killed deer.
387
00:47:54,190 --> 00:47:57,763
The discovery of a carcass will see him through hard times.
388
00:48:05,620 --> 00:48:09,050
The female has decided to stay in the mountains
389
00:48:09,050 --> 00:48:11,523
and now is her chance to make an impression.
390
00:48:21,140 --> 00:48:22,833
She boldly pushes in.
391
00:48:24,910 --> 00:48:27,160
She's younger, but being female
392
00:48:27,160 --> 00:48:28,943
already has a weight advantage.
393
00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:36,663
She's taken a stand and secured her future.
394
00:48:47,650 --> 00:48:49,730
Our female still has a few years
395
00:48:49,730 --> 00:48:52,140
until she'll be ready to breed,
396
00:48:52,140 --> 00:48:53,890
perhaps the male will stick around.
397
00:49:04,860 --> 00:49:08,593
In a final act of defiance, she proves her worth,
398
00:49:09,720 --> 00:49:13,933
not just as a powerful scavenger, but a hunter as well.
399
00:49:17,970 --> 00:49:22,970
With strength, adaptability, and determination,
400
00:49:23,380 --> 00:49:26,403
she's truly become a queen of the sky.
401
00:49:31,280 --> 00:49:33,863
(somber music)
31686
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