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(wind blowing)
(gentle peaceful music)
2
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- [Voiceover] Bacteria.
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They're everywhere.
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They're invisible to the human eye
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and they're incredibly prolific.
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(birds chirping)
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(water flowing)
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In just one millimeter of fresh water,
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there are a million of them.
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In a single gram of soil, over 40 million.
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Together, they weigh more
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than all the plants and
animals in the world.
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(peaceful music)
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(people murmuring)
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Humans may think they rule the world
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but in reality, they're
just lodgers on a planet
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whose first inhabitants were bacteria.
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All living beings are covered with them,
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on the inside as well as the outside.
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In a human body, there
are 100 trillion of them.
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- We're actually more bacterial than human
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by about 10 to 100 fold.
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We truly are less human than we think.
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(many voices whispering)
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- [Voiceover] Bacteria are
generally very misunderstood.
26
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(speaking foreign language)
27
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- [Voiceover] People think
bacteria mean illness,
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but that's not true at all.
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In fact very few bacteria
are dangerous to humans.
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- [Voiceover] The fact is,
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the relationship that plants
and animals have to bacteria
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is often beneficial to both.
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(fly buzzing)
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These beneficial relationships
are called symbioses.
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(speaking foreign language)
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- [Voiceover] I can't
think of a single animal
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that's not symbiotic, especially us.
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We couldn't live without our bacteria.
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- [Voiceover] Symbiosis has
played a fundamental role
40
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in the evolution of life.
41
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(speaking foreign language)
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- [Voiceover] We found
out during the course
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of the 20th century
44
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that associations
between symbiotic species
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were more common than we thought
46
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and are definitely one of the
greatest motors of evolution.
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(slow dramatic music)
(water lapping)
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(dramatic music intensifies)
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(water gurgling)
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- [Voiceover] Deep down
at the bottom of the ocean
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lies the mysterious world of the abyss.
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Here in the greatest desert in the world,
53
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there's no plant life
and very few animals.
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(water gurgling)
55
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But when in the 1970s,
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oceanographers discovered
the first deep see vents,
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the phenomenal amount of
animal life they found there
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in an environment hitherto
thought hostile to all life forms
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raised a lot of questions.
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00:03:49,883 --> 00:03:53,921
(water gurgling)
61
00:03:53,921 --> 00:03:57,969
Could bacteria really survive
in such extreme conditions?
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Were they responsible for
this profusion of life?
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Could symbiosis explain
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these creatures' extraordinary success?
65
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(gentle peaceful music)
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- [Voiceover] To find
answers to these questions,
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the BIOBAZ oceanographic expedition,
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founded and led by
professor François Lallier
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of the Roscoff Biological
Station in Brittany,
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took us in search of secrets
hidden since the dawn of time,
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many fathoms beneath the sea.
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We're on course for some volcanic sites
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out in the middle of the Atlantic.
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There are 32 scientists on board
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and they're all experts
on deep sea vents biology.
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(machinery whirring)
77
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The state of the art technology
78
00:05:05,753 --> 00:05:08,872
of their remote controlled
robot, Victor 6000,
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will enable them to minutely
explore the volcanoes
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00:05:12,020 --> 00:05:14,770
of the mid-Atlantic ridge.
81
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(shouting in foreign language)
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(water lapping)
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(bang)
84
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(speaking in foreign language)
85
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(water splashing)
86
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(chattering in foreign language)
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(gentle dramatic music)
88
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- [Voiceover] Victor can dive
to depths of six kilometers.
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It's setting off into a
world of total darkness,
90
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heading for one of the most spectacular
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deep sea vents on the planet:
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Rainbow, which lies at
a depth of 2,300 meters.
93
00:06:07,318 --> 00:06:09,627
It's hard to get close to Rainbow.
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Powerful geysers constantly pump out
95
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gigantic swirls of scalding
liquids into the abyss.
96
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(slow dramatic music)
97
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(water gurgling)
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It's a boiling stew of
highly acidic fluids,
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their chemical composition
a long list of toxins,
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each more dangerous than the other.
101
00:06:57,848 --> 00:06:59,782
Yet, here at these geysers,
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there swarms an impressive
quantity of animal life.
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(gentle dramatic music)
104
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And right here among
all the chimney systems
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created by the geysers,
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hides the first creature the
scientists want to study,
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the Rimicaris shrimp.
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(light hearted upbeat music)
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These chimneys, covered in cracks,
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are the only ones that
release their fluids
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gently and regularly enough
112
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to provide the shrimps with
ideal living conditions.
113
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The Rimicaris huddle into the
channels of volcanic fluids,
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dancing together in an eternal ballet,
115
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as if in defiance of the
most extreme conditions
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to be found anywhere on the planet.
117
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(gentle light hearted music)
118
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(water lapping)
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(chattering in foreign language)
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- [Voiceover] Aboard the
boat, under the leadership
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of Marie-Anne Cambon and Magali Zbinden,
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everyone's getting ready for the catch.
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They're hoping for a haul
of 100 Rimicaris shrimps.
124
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(chattering in foreign language)
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(water gurgling)
126
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(speaking in foreign language)
127
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It's easy to catch them.
128
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You just Hoover them up.
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(whooshing of suction)
130
00:09:01,201 --> 00:09:03,056
Coming up to the surface,
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00:09:03,056 --> 00:09:05,313
the animals will suffer
the traumatizing effects
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of violent decompression.
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00:09:09,987 --> 00:09:11,977
Down here at 2,300 meters,
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the pressure is 230 bars,
135
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that's 230 kilos per square centimeter.
136
00:09:19,535 --> 00:09:22,294
(slow dramatic music)
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00:09:22,294 --> 00:09:23,641
(clattering)
138
00:09:25,414 --> 00:09:27,858
At the surface, the atmospheric pressure
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is just one kilo per square centimeter.
140
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(speaking foreign language)
- [Voiceover] We ourselves
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are organisms that contain gas.
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If we are compressed at 300 bars,
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our thoracic cage is immediately squashed,
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which of course means instant death.
145
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- [Voiceover] Fortunately,
these deep sea organisms
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contain no gases.
147
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(speaking in foreign language)
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00:09:58,290 --> 00:09:59,555
- [Voiceover] It's more a question
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of the fluidity of cellular membranes.
150
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We know that if we vary pressure,
then fluidity varies, too.
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00:10:08,663 --> 00:10:11,033
And membranes hold all an organism's
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channels of transmission:
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neural transmission, chemical
transmission, etcetera.
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00:10:16,976 --> 00:10:18,503
From the moment you disturb
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any of an organism's membrane passages,
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if the variations in
pressure are too much,
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the organism will die.
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(speaking in foreign language)
(gentle peaceful music)
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- [Voiceover] At sea level pressure,
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the Rimicaris shrimps of the Rainbow vent
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cannot survive longer than a few days.
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But their anatomy still remains
intact enough to be studied.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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Dissection of their digestion tube
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reveals the first enigma
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of these creatures' strange way of life.
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Apart from a few morsels of rock
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that they've nibbled here and there,
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their intestines contain no food at all.
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The shrimps' digestive system
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doesn't appear to play a major
role in their feeding habits.
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So, what then do they live on?
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(water gently flowing)
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The researchers naturally
turn their attention
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to the strange crustaceans' enormous head.
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(speaking foreign language)
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- [Voiceover] The head takes
up half the creature's body.
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That's very big.
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Normally, it's not even a third.
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When they're very young, they
look like ordinary shrimps
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and at a certain point
in their development,
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they metamorphose,
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a bit like a caterpillar
turning into a butterfly.
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The head become so
enormous, and the shell too,
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that the shrimp can't graze
anymore and can't feed.
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(water gently flowing)
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- [Voiceover] No wonder the
digestive tube's almost empty.
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As for the huge head, that's
due to the terrific size
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of the chamber that hold the gills,
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the animal's respiratory organ.
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When they take a look inside that chamber,
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the biologists get a big surprise.
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There are billions of
bacteria living there.
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(speaking foreign language)
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- [Voiceover] The bacteria have
to get into the gill cavity,
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so that creates really long filaments.
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And they also get into the scaphognathite,
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which is a kind of blade
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that pulsates in the
cephalothoracic cavity
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to create a current of water,
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and has long bristles on it
that are covered in bacteria.
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(water gently flowing)
(light rhythmic music)
203
00:13:00,292 --> 00:13:02,541
- [Voiceover] Microbiological analysis
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shows that these resident bacteria
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are always the same species.
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00:13:09,969 --> 00:13:13,332
In the absence of a true
functioning digestive system,
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the researchers wonder
if, when it comes to food,
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there isn't a relationship
between the shrimps
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and their vast colonies of bacteria.
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A kind of symbiosis, even.
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But to find out more about
this strange relationship,
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you have to work with
healthy shrimp specimens
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that haven't been through
the shock of decompression.
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00:13:46,658 --> 00:13:49,788
And that's what Bruce
Shillito's team intend to do
215
00:13:49,788 --> 00:13:52,202
on a second trip to the Rainbow site,
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with the help of a revolutionary new
217
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high pressure aquarium system.
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(tools ratcheting)
219
00:14:00,864 --> 00:14:05,724
(gentle light hearted music)
220
00:14:06,741 --> 00:14:10,164
To thrive with such success in
such different environments,
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bacteria must have an
amazing ability to adapt.
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00:14:16,220 --> 00:14:17,931
The next step of the mission
223
00:14:17,931 --> 00:14:21,629
will be to verify this
hypothesis at another site.
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(water gushing)
225
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So the course is set for Lucky Strike,
226
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another volcano discovered in 1992
227
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down at a depth of 1,700 meters.
228
00:14:37,376 --> 00:14:42,275
(light dramatic music)
229
00:15:02,268 --> 00:15:04,392
- [Voiceover] The deep sea
geysers at Lucky Strike
230
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aren't as powerful as the ones at Rainbow,
231
00:15:06,897 --> 00:15:08,851
so they haven't developed
those spectacular
232
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tall black and gray chimneys.
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(light dramatic music)
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Over the decades, they
have simply built up
235
00:15:18,625 --> 00:15:21,493
a succession of little hills.
236
00:15:21,493 --> 00:15:26,001
(gentle dramatic music)
237
00:15:38,253 --> 00:15:40,266
(talking in foreign language over music)
238
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The whitish carpets that
surround the Lucky Strike geysers
239
00:15:51,902 --> 00:15:54,796
are actually vast colonies of bacteria
240
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visible to the naked eye.
241
00:15:56,550 --> 00:15:57,564
(speaking in foreign language)
242
00:15:57,564 --> 00:15:58,952
- [Voiceover] The first thing you notice
243
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are they big layers of microbes,
244
00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:02,408
like big yellowish-white carpets
245
00:16:02,408 --> 00:16:04,483
that cover the sediments of the seabed
246
00:16:04,483 --> 00:16:07,249
and the ends of the chimneys.
247
00:16:07,249 --> 00:16:09,061
And the extraordinary thing
248
00:16:09,061 --> 00:16:10,955
is that they're actually long filaments
249
00:16:10,955 --> 00:16:13,575
that float in the current.
250
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(water lapping)
251
00:16:17,582 --> 00:16:19,164
- [Voiceover] These carpets of bacteria
252
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are flirting dangerously
253
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with the scalding emissions of fluid.
254
00:16:24,856 --> 00:16:28,058
Probes, placed by the team
right inside the chimneys,
255
00:16:28,058 --> 00:16:31,685
show temperatures of over 350 degrees.
256
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(water gurgling)
257
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But as they mix with the sea water
258
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that's at only three or four degrees,
259
00:16:38,098 --> 00:16:40,235
within the space of less than a meter,
260
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the temperature of the fluids
drops to less than 30 degrees,
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thus creating conditions
that favor the development
262
00:16:46,754 --> 00:16:49,274
of most species of bacteria.
263
00:16:50,384 --> 00:16:54,588
(slow dramatic music)
264
00:16:56,918 --> 00:16:59,478
The chemical composition
of the fluids, though,
265
00:16:59,478 --> 00:17:02,005
presents all the characteristics
of an environment
266
00:17:02,005 --> 00:17:04,412
hostile to most life forms.
267
00:17:04,412 --> 00:17:08,729
(water gurgling)
268
00:17:08,729 --> 00:17:11,114
They are highly acidic and contain
269
00:17:11,114 --> 00:17:13,491
radioactive elements, heavy metals,
270
00:17:13,491 --> 00:17:16,947
and highly toxic
molecules such as sulfurs.
271
00:17:16,947 --> 00:17:17,881
(speaking foreign language)
272
00:17:17,881 --> 00:17:19,557
- [Voiceover] From our
point of view, of course,
273
00:17:19,557 --> 00:17:22,986
what with the pressure, the
temperature, and the chemicals,
274
00:17:22,986 --> 00:17:24,996
because there are plenty
of compounds there
275
00:17:24,996 --> 00:17:27,365
that would be toxic to animal life,
276
00:17:27,365 --> 00:17:29,947
the conditions look extreme.
277
00:17:29,947 --> 00:17:32,237
For these bacteria, it's
simply their habitat
278
00:17:32,237 --> 00:17:34,433
and they're fine there.
279
00:17:35,599 --> 00:17:37,113
- [Voiceover] Researchers have discovered
280
00:17:37,113 --> 00:17:40,009
that the bacteria feast
on the volcanic fluids
281
00:17:40,009 --> 00:17:42,385
as if they were nectar.
282
00:17:42,385 --> 00:17:45,585
All those toxic elements,
deadly poisons for us,
283
00:17:45,585 --> 00:17:48,648
are for them a source of nourishment.
284
00:17:50,027 --> 00:17:54,728
(gentle dramatic music)
285
00:17:54,728 --> 00:17:56,987
(cars honking over music)
286
00:17:56,987 --> 00:17:59,698
Obviously, we find our human enviroment
287
00:17:59,698 --> 00:18:03,249
a more welcoming place
than a volcanic abyss.
288
00:18:04,365 --> 00:18:07,586
But these bacteria have
no need of a human body.
289
00:18:07,586 --> 00:18:10,366
They're quite at home here.
290
00:18:10,366 --> 00:18:12,298
Not many scientists know more about
291
00:18:12,298 --> 00:18:15,720
the role bacteria play in
our lives than Lora Hooper.
292
00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:18,475
- In some ways we can
consider the intestine,
293
00:18:18,475 --> 00:18:21,057
and maybe even the skin,
an extreme environment,
294
00:18:21,057 --> 00:18:24,969
in that these bacteria have
to cope with an immune system,
295
00:18:24,969 --> 00:18:29,264
for example, that's lobbying
grenades at them all the time.
296
00:18:30,234 --> 00:18:32,465
They have to cope with shifts in pH
297
00:18:32,465 --> 00:18:35,621
as they travel through the
stomach and to the intestine,
298
00:18:35,621 --> 00:18:37,823
and vast changes in diet.
299
00:18:37,823 --> 00:18:42,041
(light dramatic music)
300
00:18:43,583 --> 00:18:45,786
(water gurgling)
301
00:18:45,786 --> 00:18:49,834
- [Voiceover] Bacteria's ability
to survive is remarkable.
302
00:18:49,834 --> 00:18:52,674
For billions of years, they
were the only living creatures
303
00:18:52,674 --> 00:18:56,241
to colonize the deep sea geysers.
304
00:18:57,607 --> 00:19:00,009
But across millions of years of evolution,
305
00:19:00,009 --> 00:19:02,504
some enterprising
creatures from the surface
306
00:19:02,504 --> 00:19:04,530
have adapted to the conditions here
307
00:19:04,530 --> 00:19:07,891
and even managed to settle in permanently.
308
00:19:10,730 --> 00:19:13,083
So who are they, these pioneers,
309
00:19:13,083 --> 00:19:17,281
and how do they withstand
the extreme conditions?
310
00:19:17,281 --> 00:19:21,187
(gentle music)
311
00:19:21,187 --> 00:19:24,375
(drill whirring)
(chatter in foreign language)
312
00:19:30,696 --> 00:19:34,098
Jozée Sarrazin leads
an animal ecology team
313
00:19:34,098 --> 00:19:37,460
that specializes in deep sea geysers.
314
00:19:39,546 --> 00:19:41,380
To gauge the capacity of animals
315
00:19:41,380 --> 00:19:44,038
to colonize new ground around the geysers,
316
00:19:44,038 --> 00:19:47,225
she has come with a system
of artificial habitats,
317
00:19:47,225 --> 00:19:51,664
made up of slate, wood,
muslin, and even beef bones.
318
00:19:55,646 --> 00:19:58,006
(speaking in foreign language)
319
00:19:58,006 --> 00:19:59,347
(water gurgling)
320
00:19:59,347 --> 00:20:02,659
The whole range of them is
laid out close to the fluids
321
00:20:02,659 --> 00:20:05,403
and recuperated sometimes
a few days later,
322
00:20:05,403 --> 00:20:07,341
but more often the following year
323
00:20:07,341 --> 00:20:10,270
during the next expedition.
324
00:20:10,270 --> 00:20:14,566
(mysterious underwater tones)
325
00:20:22,970 --> 00:20:25,053
In the space of just a few days,
326
00:20:25,053 --> 00:20:27,364
bacteria from the surrounding
water have managed
327
00:20:27,364 --> 00:20:30,631
to settle on all the different habitats.
328
00:20:30,631 --> 00:20:34,504
(water gurgling)
329
00:20:39,107 --> 00:20:41,146
In their turn, they have soon attracted
330
00:20:41,146 --> 00:20:44,575
dozens of local species of
a particular kind of animal,
331
00:20:44,575 --> 00:20:46,682
the grazers.
332
00:20:46,682 --> 00:20:47,595
(speaking foreign language)
333
00:20:47,595 --> 00:20:48,706
- [Voiceover] The first animals
334
00:20:48,706 --> 00:20:52,736
fed directly on the bacteria,
just like cows at pasture.
335
00:20:52,736 --> 00:20:56,226
They came to graze the fields of bacteria.
336
00:20:57,857 --> 00:20:59,461
- [Voiceover] Millions of years ago,
337
00:20:59,461 --> 00:21:02,586
thanks to the bacteria that
formed the basis of their diet,
338
00:21:02,586 --> 00:21:05,222
the very first animal
species from the surface
339
00:21:05,222 --> 00:21:07,489
were able to survive in the vicinity
340
00:21:07,489 --> 00:21:10,339
of the deep sea geysers.
341
00:21:11,304 --> 00:21:13,555
(speaking foreign language)
342
00:21:13,555 --> 00:21:15,439
- [Voiceover] There are little gastropods,
343
00:21:15,439 --> 00:21:18,314
little sea snails.
344
00:21:18,314 --> 00:21:21,220
There are also little
amphipods, little crustaceans
345
00:21:21,220 --> 00:21:24,583
that graze on the bacteria.
346
00:21:27,142 --> 00:21:31,677
(slow dramatic music)
347
00:21:35,465 --> 00:21:37,919
- [Voiceover] Colonization
of the geysers of the abyss
348
00:21:37,919 --> 00:21:40,177
could have ended there with the grazers,
349
00:21:40,177 --> 00:21:42,693
content just to eat
the bacteria they found
350
00:21:42,693 --> 00:21:46,674
without establishing any
further relationship to them.
351
00:21:47,807 --> 00:21:50,982
(slow dramatic music)
352
00:21:50,982 --> 00:21:52,944
But the grazers have had nothing like
353
00:21:52,944 --> 00:21:54,766
the success of other species
354
00:21:54,766 --> 00:21:57,641
that have gone on to
develop gigantic colonies.
355
00:21:57,641 --> 00:22:01,319
Species like the so called
Azorean deep mussels,
356
00:22:01,319 --> 00:22:04,493
which are particularly
numerous at Lucky Strike.
357
00:22:04,493 --> 00:22:09,090
(slow dramatic music)
358
00:22:10,877 --> 00:22:13,271
One of the aims of the BIOBAZ program
359
00:22:13,271 --> 00:22:17,000
is to find out the reasons
for this exceptional success.
360
00:22:18,043 --> 00:22:20,970
(machinery whirring)
361
00:22:20,970 --> 00:22:23,638
(speaking in foreign language)
362
00:22:25,364 --> 00:22:27,853
The next dives of the robot Victor
363
00:22:27,853 --> 00:22:30,418
will be entirely dedicated
to the in depth study
364
00:22:30,418 --> 00:22:32,761
of the deep mussels' way of life.
365
00:22:33,891 --> 00:22:37,022
(machinery whirring)
366
00:22:37,022 --> 00:22:41,542
(slow dramatic music)
367
00:22:44,590 --> 00:22:47,701
Whereas Rimicaris shrimp
are only to be found
368
00:22:47,701 --> 00:22:50,544
at depths of more than 2,000 meters,
369
00:22:50,544 --> 00:22:54,329
deep mussels are present
wherever there are hot geysers.
370
00:22:54,329 --> 00:22:58,853
(slow dramatic music)
371
00:23:03,538 --> 00:23:07,453
(chattering in foreign language)
372
00:23:08,591 --> 00:23:10,576
The Lucky Strike deep mussels
373
00:23:10,576 --> 00:23:13,417
are harvested at depths
of less than 2,000 meters
374
00:23:13,417 --> 00:23:16,433
and stand up well to the decompression.
375
00:23:16,433 --> 00:23:20,578
The scientists can simply
transport them in Plexiglas boxes.
376
00:23:20,578 --> 00:23:25,186
(slow dramatic music)
377
00:23:49,575 --> 00:23:52,039
(clattering)
378
00:23:54,270 --> 00:23:55,611
- [Voiceover] What's most striking
379
00:23:55,611 --> 00:23:59,546
when you open a deep mussel,
is the sheer size of its gills.
380
00:24:00,446 --> 00:24:01,373
(speaking foreign language)
381
00:24:01,373 --> 00:24:04,140
- [Voiceover] In this mussel,
we found bacteria in the gills
382
00:24:04,140 --> 00:24:06,508
and in great abundance, too.
383
00:24:08,932 --> 00:24:10,637
- [Voiceover] There are
no bacterial filaments
384
00:24:10,637 --> 00:24:13,539
visible on the outside, though.
385
00:24:16,218 --> 00:24:18,260
Unlike with the Rimicaris shrimp,
386
00:24:18,260 --> 00:24:20,918
the deep mussel bacteria live right inside
387
00:24:20,918 --> 00:24:23,660
the cells of the gills,
388
00:24:23,660 --> 00:24:26,339
a very rare phenomenon.
389
00:24:26,339 --> 00:24:30,266
(water rippling)
(gentle peaceful music)
390
00:24:30,266 --> 00:24:31,457
The cells on the surface
391
00:24:31,457 --> 00:24:34,863
of the thousands of little
filaments that make up each gill
392
00:24:34,863 --> 00:24:38,660
have the specific task of
growing internal bacteria.
393
00:24:42,152 --> 00:24:45,304
It's quite clear when seen
through a fluorescent microscope,
394
00:24:45,304 --> 00:24:48,200
the nucleus of the cell is blue.
395
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:52,019
The hundreds of little red and
green blobs are all bacteria,
396
00:24:52,019 --> 00:24:56,283
comfortably lodged right
inside each specialized cell.
397
00:24:56,283 --> 00:25:00,688
(slow dramatic music)
398
00:25:01,701 --> 00:25:04,326
So the bacteria pull off the amazing feat
399
00:25:04,326 --> 00:25:07,724
of fooling the cells' immune
systems to get inside them,
400
00:25:07,724 --> 00:25:10,564
and once in, to stay there.
401
00:25:12,740 --> 00:25:13,695
(speaking foreign language)
402
00:25:13,695 --> 00:25:15,428
- [Voiceover] The animal
has to be able to regulate
403
00:25:15,428 --> 00:25:18,838
the rate of growth of the
bacteria within its own cells.
404
00:25:18,838 --> 00:25:21,420
In certain types of cells,
the bacteria are allowed,
405
00:25:21,420 --> 00:25:24,076
even encouraged to develop,
406
00:25:24,076 --> 00:25:25,494
whereas in all the other tissues,
407
00:25:25,494 --> 00:25:28,857
there are no symbiotic
bacteria to be found at all.
408
00:25:32,782 --> 00:25:34,523
- [Voiceover] But the
mussels don't merely accept
409
00:25:34,523 --> 00:25:36,455
the presence of the bacteria,
410
00:25:36,455 --> 00:25:40,273
they make sure that their
guests can eat their fill.
411
00:25:40,288 --> 00:25:41,214
(speaking foreign language)
412
00:25:41,214 --> 00:25:43,576
- [Voiceover] Mussels
are in fact like filters.
413
00:25:43,576 --> 00:25:45,951
They circulate water through their gills.
414
00:25:45,951 --> 00:25:48,815
There's oxygen in this
water as well as sulfurs,
415
00:25:48,815 --> 00:25:51,819
a bit of methane, and a
bit of dissolved carbon.
416
00:25:51,819 --> 00:25:54,682
So everything the bacteria need is there,
417
00:25:54,682 --> 00:25:56,062
and since the water's circulating,
418
00:25:56,062 --> 00:25:59,307
their environment is
constantly being refreshed.
419
00:25:59,307 --> 00:26:04,135
(gentle dramatic music)
420
00:26:07,829 --> 00:26:09,891
- [Voiceover] This relationship
between the bacteria
421
00:26:09,891 --> 00:26:12,603
and the mussels is most peculiar.
422
00:26:12,603 --> 00:26:14,749
It's as if, after millions of years
423
00:26:14,749 --> 00:26:16,442
of an intimate relationship,
424
00:26:16,442 --> 00:26:19,045
the bacteria were
progressively becoming part
425
00:26:19,045 --> 00:26:21,547
of the very cells of the mussel.
426
00:26:21,547 --> 00:26:25,757
(slow dramatic music)
427
00:26:32,988 --> 00:26:35,329
To measure to what extent the deep mussels
428
00:26:35,329 --> 00:26:38,551
are dependent on the bacteria
in the cells of their gills,
429
00:26:38,551 --> 00:26:40,448
the scientists at BIOBAZ
430
00:26:40,448 --> 00:26:42,565
are going to try a little experiment
431
00:26:42,565 --> 00:26:46,198
1,700 meters under the sea.
432
00:26:48,702 --> 00:26:51,881
It consists of putting a
few dozen mussels in cages
433
00:26:51,881 --> 00:26:55,229
at a distance from the
source of the fluids.
434
00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:00,879
(slow dramatic music)
435
00:27:01,663 --> 00:27:02,562
(speaking foreign language)
436
00:27:02,562 --> 00:27:04,606
- [Voiceover] When we take them
out of their natural habitat
437
00:27:04,606 --> 00:27:07,068
the bacteria get no more
sulfurs, no more methane,
438
00:27:07,068 --> 00:27:09,563
so they have nothing to live on.
439
00:27:10,763 --> 00:27:15,496
(slow dramatic music)
440
00:27:16,611 --> 00:27:18,075
- [Voiceover] Away from the fluids,
441
00:27:18,075 --> 00:27:22,191
the bacteria cease to multiply
and eventually disappear.
442
00:27:25,075 --> 00:27:27,332
And without their crop of bacteria,
443
00:27:27,332 --> 00:27:30,905
the mussels only survive
for two or three days.
444
00:27:30,905 --> 00:27:35,012
(slow dramatic music)
445
00:27:35,012 --> 00:27:38,909
What is the reason for this
fundamental dependence?
446
00:27:38,909 --> 00:27:39,951
(speaking foreign language)
447
00:27:39,951 --> 00:27:41,590
- [Voiceover] The gills
are like their larder,
448
00:27:41,590 --> 00:27:44,084
where they grow their bacteria.
449
00:27:48,108 --> 00:27:50,147
- [Voiceover] Astonishing as it may seem,
450
00:27:50,147 --> 00:27:52,315
each of these specialized cells
451
00:27:52,315 --> 00:27:54,733
is constantly digesting within itself
452
00:27:54,733 --> 00:27:58,661
a small part of its
personal stock of bacteria.
453
00:27:59,665 --> 00:28:00,580
(speaking foreign language)
454
00:28:00,580 --> 00:28:01,926
- [Voiceover] We also think the bacteria
455
00:28:01,926 --> 00:28:04,343
are capable of releasing compounds.
456
00:28:04,343 --> 00:28:06,263
For example, as a bacteria grows up,
457
00:28:06,263 --> 00:28:07,870
it will release sugars around it
458
00:28:07,870 --> 00:28:10,569
within the cell of the animal.
459
00:28:13,184 --> 00:28:15,064
By way of the blood circulation,
460
00:28:15,064 --> 00:28:18,708
molecules from the intracellular
bacteria in the gills
461
00:28:18,708 --> 00:28:22,225
actually feed all the mussels' cells.
462
00:28:22,225 --> 00:28:25,270
(water gurgling)
463
00:28:25,270 --> 00:28:30,105
(slow dramatic music)
464
00:28:44,436 --> 00:28:46,655
So it's an especially close symbiosis
465
00:28:46,655 --> 00:28:49,044
between animal and bacteria
466
00:28:49,044 --> 00:28:52,600
and it's the reason these
deep mussels have done so well
467
00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:55,594
in such extreme conditions.
468
00:28:58,031 --> 00:29:00,429
An intracellular symbiosis like this
469
00:29:00,429 --> 00:29:03,325
is a very rare phenomenon in biology.
470
00:29:03,325 --> 00:29:05,633
It's an extremely important discovery,
471
00:29:05,633 --> 00:29:07,717
since it demonstrates the fundamental role
472
00:29:07,717 --> 00:29:09,410
that bacteria have played
473
00:29:09,410 --> 00:29:12,751
in the most important phases of evolution.
474
00:29:15,376 --> 00:29:17,718
As long as two billion years ago,
475
00:29:17,718 --> 00:29:20,419
the symbiotic fusion of two bacteria,
476
00:29:20,419 --> 00:29:24,237
in a process resembling that
of intracellular symbiosis,
477
00:29:24,237 --> 00:29:28,522
was possibly at the origin of
the first cell with a nucleus.
478
00:29:30,529 --> 00:29:33,425
Soon after that, the
incorporation of a bacteria
479
00:29:33,425 --> 00:29:36,628
enabled cells with
nuclei to breathe oxygen
480
00:29:36,628 --> 00:29:39,188
and evolve ever more complex organisms
481
00:29:39,188 --> 00:29:42,690
all the way up to mammals
and to the human species.
482
00:29:42,690 --> 00:29:47,234
(slow dramatic music)
483
00:29:48,212 --> 00:29:50,352
A few hundred million years later,
484
00:29:50,352 --> 00:29:53,411
it was once again
symbiosis with a bacteria
485
00:29:53,411 --> 00:29:56,241
that would allow cells to photosynthesize
486
00:29:56,241 --> 00:30:00,764
and enable algae and all the
earth's vegetation to evolve.
487
00:30:01,788 --> 00:30:03,070
(speaking foreign language)
488
00:30:03,070 --> 00:30:05,074
- [Voiceover] So two of the
most easily recognizable
489
00:30:05,074 --> 00:30:06,857
characteristics of plants and animals
490
00:30:06,857 --> 00:30:09,168
come from bacteria that they breathe,
491
00:30:09,168 --> 00:30:11,958
or in the case of plants, photosynthesize.
492
00:30:11,958 --> 00:30:15,491
These both originate from
symbiosis with bacteria.
493
00:30:15,491 --> 00:30:20,087
(slow dramatic music)
494
00:30:29,682 --> 00:30:31,970
(water gurgling)
495
00:30:31,970 --> 00:30:35,061
- [Voiceover] These huge
populations of symbiotic mussels
496
00:30:35,061 --> 00:30:37,655
became an important food
source for other animals
497
00:30:37,655 --> 00:30:40,626
coming from the surface.
498
00:30:40,626 --> 00:30:43,962
(water gurgling)
499
00:30:43,962 --> 00:30:45,562
This third type of animal
500
00:30:45,562 --> 00:30:48,422
was neither a grazer nor a symbiotic.
501
00:30:48,422 --> 00:30:52,268
They were predators,
scavengers, and bottom feeders.
502
00:30:54,224 --> 00:30:56,316
(water gurgling)
503
00:30:56,316 --> 00:30:57,895
They may be the spitting image
504
00:30:57,895 --> 00:30:59,770
of their cousins at the surface,
505
00:30:59,770 --> 00:31:02,118
but these carnivores have adapted so well
506
00:31:02,118 --> 00:31:05,210
to the extreme physical and
chemical conditions here,
507
00:31:05,210 --> 00:31:06,912
that they have become species
508
00:31:06,912 --> 00:31:09,850
specific to the deep sea geysers.
509
00:31:12,443 --> 00:31:14,825
Take the Mirocaris shrimp, for instance,
510
00:31:14,825 --> 00:31:18,212
a distant cousin of the
Rimicaris with its huge head,
511
00:31:18,212 --> 00:31:20,836
or the Segonzacia crab,
512
00:31:20,836 --> 00:31:24,405
both of them scavengers
and bottom feeders.
513
00:31:27,811 --> 00:31:30,362
These native species
spend their whole lives
514
00:31:30,362 --> 00:31:32,706
around the sources of volcanic fluids
515
00:31:32,706 --> 00:31:35,427
and are perfectly happy here.
516
00:31:35,427 --> 00:31:39,920
(slow dramatic music)
517
00:31:46,664 --> 00:31:50,426
But at another nearby
site 800 meters deep,
518
00:31:50,426 --> 00:31:54,615
there's another large
species of crab, the Chaceon.
519
00:31:55,992 --> 00:31:59,380
This big crustacean doesn't
live here at the geysers,
520
00:31:59,380 --> 00:32:02,002
it just drops by from time to time,
521
00:32:02,002 --> 00:32:04,574
drawn by all those mussels.
522
00:32:04,574 --> 00:32:09,532
(slow dramatic music)
523
00:32:09,532 --> 00:32:11,552
Unlike the local crabs,
524
00:32:11,552 --> 00:32:14,590
the Chaceons can't withstand
the fluid emissions
525
00:32:14,590 --> 00:32:18,225
and often come away with painful burns.
526
00:32:18,225 --> 00:32:22,917
(upbeat mysterious music)
527
00:32:31,922 --> 00:32:35,410
But their daring is
rewarded with copious meals.
528
00:32:35,410 --> 00:32:39,576
(upbeat mysterious music)
529
00:33:13,173 --> 00:33:16,290
Those huge banquets have
their downside, though.
530
00:33:16,290 --> 00:33:18,602
All the creatures of the deep sea geysers
531
00:33:18,602 --> 00:33:20,988
have had to get used to
the presence everywhere,
532
00:33:20,988 --> 00:33:22,854
in the water and in their food,
533
00:33:22,854 --> 00:33:24,730
of a lot of toxins.
534
00:33:24,730 --> 00:33:26,515
(water gurgling)
535
00:33:26,515 --> 00:33:29,549
Top of the list, hydrogen sulfide.
536
00:33:29,549 --> 00:33:31,919
There's always plenty
of that in the fluids.
537
00:33:31,919 --> 00:33:32,860
(speaking foreign language)
538
00:33:32,860 --> 00:33:35,676
- [Voiceover] It's what make
rotten eggs smell so bad.
539
00:33:35,676 --> 00:33:37,803
It's a molecule, that
in contact with the air,
540
00:33:37,803 --> 00:33:40,294
gives off a very nasty smell.
541
00:33:41,832 --> 00:33:44,409
It's a molecule, that for
an animal, for example,
542
00:33:44,409 --> 00:33:46,036
is highly toxic
543
00:33:46,036 --> 00:33:49,258
because it replaces the
oxygen in the hemoglobin,
544
00:33:49,258 --> 00:33:52,741
so if you breathe in sulfur,
it can asphyxiate you.
545
00:33:55,503 --> 00:33:56,882
- [Voiceover] So the local inhabitants
546
00:33:56,882 --> 00:34:00,790
have adapted to the need to
detoxify these chemical elements
547
00:34:00,790 --> 00:34:02,807
but what is the strange hair
548
00:34:02,807 --> 00:34:06,624
that most of the crabs
seem to be covered with?
549
00:34:06,624 --> 00:34:08,122
Well, guess what?
550
00:34:08,122 --> 00:34:10,764
It's bacteria.
551
00:34:13,483 --> 00:34:14,436
(speaking foreign language)
552
00:34:14,436 --> 00:34:15,778
- [Voiceover] Generally, if a bacteria
553
00:34:15,778 --> 00:34:17,711
can lodge itself on an animal,
554
00:34:17,711 --> 00:34:21,028
that means it's been accepted
and will benefit the animal.
555
00:34:21,028 --> 00:34:23,088
When the bacteria draw in heavy metals
556
00:34:23,088 --> 00:34:24,966
or elements like sulfurs,
557
00:34:24,966 --> 00:34:27,365
they transform them in order to grow,
558
00:34:27,365 --> 00:34:30,016
and so what they put
back into the environment
559
00:34:30,016 --> 00:34:32,653
is less toxic than what they took in.
560
00:34:32,653 --> 00:34:36,299
That's what we refer to as detoxification.
561
00:34:38,229 --> 00:34:40,044
- [Voiceover] The
bacteria grow on the crabs
562
00:34:40,044 --> 00:34:41,951
because they like it there.
563
00:34:41,951 --> 00:34:44,707
It's like having their
own chauffeur-driven ride.
564
00:34:44,707 --> 00:34:47,820
One that keeps them neither
too near, nor too far,
565
00:34:47,820 --> 00:34:50,625
from those nourishing fluid streams.
566
00:34:50,625 --> 00:34:54,454
It is indeed a kind of
external bacterial symbiosis.
567
00:34:54,454 --> 00:34:56,611
(gentle peaceful music)
(yawning)
568
00:34:56,611 --> 00:34:59,443
(birds chirping)
569
00:35:02,107 --> 00:35:05,587
We ourselves also wear
an overcoat of bacteria,
570
00:35:05,587 --> 00:35:08,552
but ours is totally invisible.
571
00:35:08,552 --> 00:35:12,736
Our bodies contain 10 times
more bacteria than cells.
572
00:35:12,736 --> 00:35:16,257
The mucous membranes of our
respiratory system and genitals,
573
00:35:16,257 --> 00:35:20,215
as well as the insides of our
digestive tube, are carpeted,
574
00:35:20,215 --> 00:35:23,441
and the surface of our
body covered with them.
575
00:35:23,441 --> 00:35:26,506
- It's known that there are
approximately a million bacteria
576
00:35:26,506 --> 00:35:28,946
per square centimeter of skin,
577
00:35:28,946 --> 00:35:32,405
and interestingly, if you wash your hands,
578
00:35:32,405 --> 00:35:34,595
that will go down, but
only very temporarily.
579
00:35:34,595 --> 00:35:35,953
(water splashing)
So 30 minutes later,
580
00:35:35,953 --> 00:35:37,915
they're all back.
581
00:35:37,915 --> 00:35:39,954
They are making their home there
582
00:35:39,954 --> 00:35:42,465
so that other pathogenic bacteria
583
00:35:42,465 --> 00:35:47,071
are less likely to be able
to successfully colonize,
584
00:35:47,071 --> 00:35:50,507
but they also stimulate the
immune system of the skin
585
00:35:50,507 --> 00:35:54,427
and so that confers
some protection as well.
586
00:35:55,674 --> 00:35:58,871
- [Voiceover] Our best friends
are the bacteria on our skin.
587
00:35:58,871 --> 00:36:01,355
In exchange, we feed
them with the dead cells
588
00:36:01,355 --> 00:36:02,459
that are the product
589
00:36:02,459 --> 00:36:04,974
of the constant renewal of our epidermis.
590
00:36:04,974 --> 00:36:07,652
Just as with the crabs down in the abyss,
591
00:36:07,652 --> 00:36:11,062
it's a question of
symbiosis, of mutual aid.
592
00:36:13,062 --> 00:36:17,695
(gentle peaceful music)
593
00:36:21,047 --> 00:36:23,429
Let's return to the Rainbow cleft,
594
00:36:23,429 --> 00:36:27,655
where the Rimicaris shrimp has
carved out its little domain.
595
00:36:27,655 --> 00:36:31,142
(tools ratcheting)
(whistling)
596
00:36:31,142 --> 00:36:33,409
To further their research
on the relationship
597
00:36:33,409 --> 00:36:35,785
between the shrimps and
the bacteria they carry
598
00:36:35,785 --> 00:36:37,424
in their outsized heads,
599
00:36:37,424 --> 00:36:40,405
the team needs to be able to
observe some healthy specimens
600
00:36:40,405 --> 00:36:42,250
that haven't suffered the effects
601
00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:44,781
of such brutal decompression.
602
00:36:44,781 --> 00:36:46,679
(speaking in foreign language)
603
00:36:46,679 --> 00:36:48,697
(chain rattling)
604
00:36:48,697 --> 00:36:50,782
Bruce Shillito's team has come up with
605
00:36:50,782 --> 00:36:54,487
a little technological
jewel, made up of two parts:
606
00:36:54,487 --> 00:36:56,624
PERISCOP and BALIST
607
00:36:56,624 --> 00:36:58,642
that can bring shrimps up to the surface
608
00:36:58,642 --> 00:37:01,427
while maintaining the
pressure from down below.
609
00:37:06,348 --> 00:37:07,553
(speaking foreign language)
610
00:37:07,553 --> 00:37:09,483
- [Voiceover] It's a
totally unique invention.
611
00:37:09,483 --> 00:37:11,949
It's the only machine that
can connect with a cell
612
00:37:11,949 --> 00:37:15,832
that can itself harvest
quite sizable animals.
613
00:37:15,832 --> 00:37:18,229
Of course, we're not
talking about giant squid,
614
00:37:18,229 --> 00:37:21,469
but five centimeter shrimps
is still pretty good.
615
00:37:26,977 --> 00:37:29,988
With food preservation, we
talk about the cold chain,
616
00:37:29,988 --> 00:37:32,201
but here we're talking
about the pressure chain.
617
00:37:32,201 --> 00:37:33,664
From the place they were caught
618
00:37:33,664 --> 00:37:35,421
right up to where they're studied,
619
00:37:35,421 --> 00:37:37,297
we maintain the pressure of the seabed
620
00:37:37,297 --> 00:37:40,600
and maintain the most
natural conditions possible.
621
00:37:43,635 --> 00:37:46,459
- [Voiceover] BALIST, the more
complex part of the system,
622
00:37:46,459 --> 00:37:48,965
stays on board the boat.
623
00:37:48,965 --> 00:37:51,255
It's impressive stainless steel structure
624
00:37:51,255 --> 00:37:53,413
weighs nearly 400 kilos
625
00:37:53,413 --> 00:37:56,197
and means it can recreate the
extreme pressure conditions
626
00:37:56,197 --> 00:37:58,260
of the abyss.
627
00:38:04,153 --> 00:38:05,379
(speaking foreign language)
628
00:38:05,379 --> 00:38:06,946
- [Voiceover] It works like an airlock,
629
00:38:06,946 --> 00:38:08,974
a bit like on a space shuttle.
630
00:38:08,974 --> 00:38:10,622
Like a craft that comes and connects
631
00:38:10,622 --> 00:38:12,920
to the space station to supply it.
632
00:38:12,920 --> 00:38:15,295
We pressurize the water
lock, the connection,
633
00:38:15,295 --> 00:38:17,872
then once everything's
at the same pressure,
634
00:38:17,872 --> 00:38:20,616
we open the main valves
just a quarter of a turn
635
00:38:20,616 --> 00:38:24,313
and we can transfer the animals
just by tipping it all in.
636
00:38:27,589 --> 00:38:29,212
- [Voiceover] The first
into action, though,
637
00:38:29,212 --> 00:38:32,309
is PERISCOP, the movable part.
638
00:38:32,309 --> 00:38:36,445
(speaking foreign language)
(machinery clattering)
639
00:38:38,661 --> 00:38:43,025
(gentle dramatic music)
640
00:38:43,025 --> 00:38:45,172
It is placed on the elevator,
641
00:38:45,172 --> 00:38:47,863
a freestanding module
that shuttles up and down
642
00:38:47,863 --> 00:38:50,292
from the surface during Victor's dives,
643
00:38:50,292 --> 00:38:53,713
which can last up to 36 hours.
644
00:38:53,716 --> 00:38:56,281
(splashing)
(gentle dramatic music)
645
00:39:00,981 --> 00:39:02,865
The mission of the robot's pilots
646
00:39:02,865 --> 00:39:06,681
is to catch 20 Rimicaris
shrimps inside a sealed tube
647
00:39:06,681 --> 00:39:09,866
they call the "PERISCOPette."
648
00:39:10,866 --> 00:39:15,294
(gentle dramatic music)
649
00:39:20,506 --> 00:39:25,281
(whirring of suction)
650
00:39:30,456 --> 00:39:33,216
First stage accomplished.
651
00:39:33,216 --> 00:39:37,218
(gentle dramatic music)
652
00:39:44,853 --> 00:39:47,843
Victor straight away
takes control of PERISCOP,
653
00:39:47,843 --> 00:39:51,226
which is a few hundred
meters away on the elevator.
654
00:39:51,226 --> 00:39:55,689
(gentle dramatic music)
655
00:40:00,208 --> 00:40:02,403
Fitting the PERISCOPette full of shrimps
656
00:40:02,403 --> 00:40:04,688
into PERISCOP's steel cylinder
657
00:40:04,688 --> 00:40:07,649
is the most delicate maneuver
of the whole operation.
658
00:40:07,649 --> 00:40:12,037
(water flowing)
(soft dramatic music)
659
00:40:27,787 --> 00:40:32,489
(water gurgling)
660
00:40:35,010 --> 00:40:38,254
Now it's just a case of
closing the powerful valve
661
00:40:38,254 --> 00:40:40,239
that will maintain the deep sea pressure
662
00:40:40,239 --> 00:40:42,850
all the way to the surface.
663
00:40:42,850 --> 00:40:46,908
(water gurgling)
664
00:40:48,093 --> 00:40:51,730
After a few minutes, the
elevator casts off its ballast
665
00:40:51,730 --> 00:40:55,699
and its buoyancy carries
it back up to the surface.
666
00:40:55,699 --> 00:41:00,198
(slow mysterious music)
667
00:41:15,889 --> 00:41:20,521
(water lapping)
668
00:41:23,849 --> 00:41:25,035
- [Voiceover] Back on board,
669
00:41:25,035 --> 00:41:28,684
Bruce Shillito is preparing
a cozy nest for his guests.
670
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:32,588
(banging)
671
00:41:32,588 --> 00:41:34,612
(clattering)
672
00:41:36,238 --> 00:41:39,497
Inside BALIST, the shrimps
will be quite at home.
673
00:41:39,497 --> 00:41:41,439
The water is at eight degrees
674
00:41:41,439 --> 00:41:45,522
and the pressure is around 230
kilos per square centimeter.
675
00:41:49,741 --> 00:41:52,855
Through the window of three
centimeter thick sapphire,
676
00:41:52,855 --> 00:41:54,871
the scientists can observe the animals
677
00:41:54,871 --> 00:41:57,449
throughout the experiments.
678
00:42:02,164 --> 00:42:03,970
(speaking foreign language)
- [Voiceover] That's it.
679
00:42:08,374 --> 00:42:10,165
Watch the handle.
680
00:42:15,870 --> 00:42:17,725
- [Voiceover] The last
phase of the operation
681
00:42:17,725 --> 00:42:19,809
is to connect PERISCOP to BALIST
682
00:42:19,809 --> 00:42:21,678
without any loss of pressure.
683
00:42:21,678 --> 00:42:24,866
(speaking foreign language)
- [Voiceover] One, two, three.
684
00:42:24,866 --> 00:42:27,063
Is that good for you guys?
685
00:42:27,063 --> 00:42:29,903
On the trolley, there.
686
00:42:29,903 --> 00:42:32,424
Put it down gently.
687
00:42:33,654 --> 00:42:34,809
That's it.
688
00:42:35,789 --> 00:42:37,069
Okay.
689
00:42:38,108 --> 00:42:41,213
Put it where it usually
goes so it'll be clear.
690
00:42:41,213 --> 00:42:42,801
It's not quite in the joint yet.
691
00:42:42,801 --> 00:42:44,441
Almost, almost.
692
00:42:44,441 --> 00:42:46,596
A bit further onto the
plate, keep sliding.
693
00:42:46,596 --> 00:42:48,005
More, more.
694
00:42:48,005 --> 00:42:49,328
Slide it.
695
00:42:49,328 --> 00:42:51,626
A bit more, okay that's good.
696
00:42:51,626 --> 00:42:53,970
Now we unscrew it.
697
00:42:53,970 --> 00:42:55,409
That's it.
698
00:42:55,409 --> 00:42:58,033
(light rhythmic music)
699
00:42:58,033 --> 00:43:00,488
- [Voiceover] Before he opens
the powerful water lock,
700
00:43:00,488 --> 00:43:02,728
Bruce has to balance to the nearest gram
701
00:43:02,728 --> 00:43:06,686
the pressure in both BALIST and PERISCOP.
702
00:43:06,686 --> 00:43:07,682
(speaking foreign language)
703
00:43:07,682 --> 00:43:09,886
- [Voiceover] Now I balance it with BALIST
704
00:43:09,886 --> 00:43:12,391
so the water lock's okay.
705
00:43:12,391 --> 00:43:14,747
Now for this.
706
00:43:14,747 --> 00:43:16,543
Okay.
707
00:43:17,267 --> 00:43:20,500
- [Voiceover] Only now can
they transfer the Rimicaris.
708
00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:24,987
(light rhythmic music)
709
00:43:36,522 --> 00:43:39,166
But despite the sloping
angle of the system,
710
00:43:39,166 --> 00:43:41,959
the PERISCOPette refuses to go down.
711
00:43:41,959 --> 00:43:45,268
It looks like one of the
valves isn't perfectly aligned.
712
00:43:45,268 --> 00:43:46,277
(speaking foreign language)
713
00:43:46,277 --> 00:43:47,524
- [Voiceover] I think I hit it.
714
00:43:47,524 --> 00:43:51,794
(light rhythmic music)
715
00:43:53,651 --> 00:43:56,380
It felt like it was going in there.
716
00:43:56,380 --> 00:43:58,730
It's going through, it's fine.
717
00:44:00,209 --> 00:44:04,436
(gentle dramatic music)
718
00:44:05,498 --> 00:44:08,464
You got something going on your end?
719
00:44:08,464 --> 00:44:10,287
Right, wait. I'll close it.
720
00:44:12,238 --> 00:44:14,718
We messed it up once with Girard
721
00:44:14,718 --> 00:44:18,285
and all three of us were
banging on the tube there.
722
00:44:18,285 --> 00:44:20,377
Okay, wait.
723
00:44:22,571 --> 00:44:24,855
- [Voiceover] The shrimps
can survive inside BALIST
724
00:44:24,855 --> 00:44:27,244
for up to four days.
725
00:44:32,352 --> 00:44:33,688
(speaking foreign language)
726
00:44:33,688 --> 00:44:34,915
- [Voiceover] In the aquarium,
727
00:44:34,915 --> 00:44:36,620
we can control the temperature,
728
00:44:36,620 --> 00:44:38,562
we can control the flow and pressure,
729
00:44:38,562 --> 00:44:39,961
and that allows us to carry out
730
00:44:39,961 --> 00:44:42,698
a lot of interesting experiments.
731
00:44:50,859 --> 00:44:52,781
- [Voiceover] The various
experiments carried out
732
00:44:52,781 --> 00:44:54,902
using the PERISCOP BALIST system
733
00:44:54,902 --> 00:44:57,841
will lead to a surprising discovery.
734
00:45:01,088 --> 00:45:01,998
(speaking foreign language)
735
00:45:01,998 --> 00:45:03,687
- [Voiceover] We'd always
thought that the shrimps
736
00:45:03,687 --> 00:45:05,669
grazed on the inside of their gill cavity,
737
00:45:05,669 --> 00:45:07,236
that it was like a growing chamber
738
00:45:07,236 --> 00:45:09,996
and that they scratched at the
bacteria there to eat them.
739
00:45:09,996 --> 00:45:12,662
But then we found out that
the covering of bacteria
740
00:45:12,662 --> 00:45:15,772
was never actually scratched or damaged.
741
00:45:18,461 --> 00:45:20,018
- [Voiceover] Unlike the deep mussel,
742
00:45:20,018 --> 00:45:23,227
the shrimp does not eat the
bacteria in its gill cavity.
743
00:45:23,227 --> 00:45:24,780
On the contrary.
744
00:45:24,780 --> 00:45:27,725
The research shows that
the bacteria actually
745
00:45:27,725 --> 00:45:31,728
feed their host just by
transferring molecules.
746
00:45:32,681 --> 00:45:33,595
(speaking foreign language)
747
00:45:33,595 --> 00:45:35,599
- [Voiceover] The bacteria
produce organic molecules
748
00:45:35,599 --> 00:45:39,412
that are defused by passing
though the skin of the animal.
749
00:45:40,465 --> 00:45:42,429
- [Voiceover] This must mean
that the internal surface
750
00:45:42,429 --> 00:45:45,387
of the gill chamber lets
food molecules through
751
00:45:45,387 --> 00:45:47,991
directly into the creature's blood supply.
752
00:45:47,991 --> 00:45:50,283
This is amazing news.
753
00:45:54,253 --> 00:45:56,597
Could it mean that there's
a direct comparison
754
00:45:56,597 --> 00:45:58,600
between the huge head of the shrimp
755
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:00,672
and our own large intestine,
756
00:46:00,672 --> 00:46:03,664
which also contains billions of bacteria?
757
00:46:04,620 --> 00:46:05,564
(speaking foreign language)
758
00:46:05,564 --> 00:46:09,097
- [Voiceover] Human intestinal
bacteria help us to digest.
759
00:46:09,097 --> 00:46:11,036
We have our gastric juices of course,
760
00:46:11,036 --> 00:46:13,351
but they can't digest everything we eat.
761
00:46:13,351 --> 00:46:16,878
We think it's more or less the
same thing for the Rimicaris.
762
00:46:16,878 --> 00:46:20,728
Basically it's a shrimp that
has its intestines in its head.
763
00:46:20,728 --> 00:46:25,696
(light hearted music)
764
00:46:28,140 --> 00:46:29,533
- [Voiceover] However the exchange
765
00:46:29,533 --> 00:46:32,074
between the Rimicaris
shrimp and its bacteria,
766
00:46:32,074 --> 00:46:33,975
goes a lot further than that between
767
00:46:33,975 --> 00:46:36,883
our intestines and theirs.
768
00:46:38,595 --> 00:46:41,333
A human being has to
ingest a certain amount
769
00:46:41,333 --> 00:46:44,511
of vegetable or animal
sustenance every day,
770
00:46:44,511 --> 00:46:48,069
which helps to build up
the body's cell structure.
771
00:46:48,069 --> 00:46:52,658
(light hearted music)
772
00:46:55,564 --> 00:46:58,467
The main purpose of
our intestinal bacteria
773
00:46:58,467 --> 00:47:01,516
is to help us digest our food.
774
00:47:03,024 --> 00:47:05,667
- They're producing metabolites
that we can utilize,
775
00:47:05,667 --> 00:47:08,173
they're also breaking
down dietary substances
776
00:47:08,173 --> 00:47:10,862
like complex polysaccharides
777
00:47:10,862 --> 00:47:14,225
that we don't have the enzymes to digest.
778
00:47:14,225 --> 00:47:18,857
So they're very beneficial
to our digestion in that way.
779
00:47:21,985 --> 00:47:23,347
- [Voiceover] But it's quite different
780
00:47:23,347 --> 00:47:25,202
for the Rimicaris shrimps.
781
00:47:25,202 --> 00:47:27,891
They don't even need to eat.
782
00:47:27,891 --> 00:47:30,331
The molecules they need to survive
783
00:47:30,331 --> 00:47:33,477
are entirely provided by their bacteria.
784
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:35,020
(speaking foreign language)
785
00:47:35,020 --> 00:47:36,289
- [Voiceover] It's magic, really.
786
00:47:36,289 --> 00:47:38,415
Very well organized, anyway.
787
00:47:38,415 --> 00:47:43,339
(dramatic music)
788
00:47:45,484 --> 00:47:47,895
- [Voiceover] For true symbiosis to occur,
789
00:47:47,895 --> 00:47:51,116
the relationship has to be
beneficial to both parties.
790
00:47:51,116 --> 00:47:54,794
So what's the advantage
here for the bacteria?
791
00:47:55,479 --> 00:47:56,443
(speaking foreign language)
792
00:47:56,443 --> 00:47:58,231
- [Voiceover] The shrimp
provides the bacteria
793
00:47:58,231 --> 00:47:59,720
with a closed cavity
794
00:47:59,720 --> 00:48:02,410
where nothing else can
get at them to eat them.
795
00:48:02,410 --> 00:48:05,971
(water gurgling)
796
00:48:05,971 --> 00:48:07,472
- [Voiceover] Well, the
shrimp provides them
797
00:48:07,472 --> 00:48:08,935
with a home, of course,
798
00:48:08,935 --> 00:48:11,225
but it also invites them to dinner.
799
00:48:11,225 --> 00:48:13,848
It provides constant access to the sulfurs
800
00:48:13,848 --> 00:48:17,400
and other energy sources
present in the volcanic streams.
801
00:48:17,400 --> 00:48:19,601
(water gurgling)
802
00:48:19,601 --> 00:48:21,204
(speaking foreign language)
803
00:48:21,204 --> 00:48:23,847
- [Voiceover] The shrimps going
back and forth into the heat
804
00:48:23,847 --> 00:48:25,148
but not for too long.
805
00:48:25,148 --> 00:48:28,942
Like, "Oh, ouch! That's
enough, better cool off a bit."
806
00:48:28,942 --> 00:48:31,493
But the bacteria get
their hydrothermal fluids
807
00:48:31,493 --> 00:48:34,196
that enable them to multiply and prosper
808
00:48:34,196 --> 00:48:38,545
and to provide the shrimp
with its organic matter.
809
00:48:41,399 --> 00:48:44,572
- [Voiceover] It's a
risky business, though.
810
00:48:44,572 --> 00:48:45,486
(speaking foreign language)
811
00:48:45,486 --> 00:48:47,155
- [Voiceover] Sometimes
you come across shrimps
812
00:48:47,155 --> 00:48:50,990
whose shells are burnt and
have bits of them damaged
813
00:48:50,990 --> 00:48:52,537
and this is certainly because
814
00:48:52,537 --> 00:48:54,286
they got too close to the fluids
815
00:48:54,286 --> 00:48:56,899
and have been burnt by them.
816
00:48:56,899 --> 00:49:01,245
(water gurgling)
817
00:49:01,245 --> 00:49:05,318
(many voices whispering)
818
00:49:05,318 --> 00:49:07,953
- [Voiceover] Our intestines,
too, offer food and board
819
00:49:07,953 --> 00:49:11,346
to a vast community of bacteria.
820
00:49:11,346 --> 00:49:13,877
They enjoy a safe environment and,
821
00:49:13,877 --> 00:49:18,283
except in very hard times,
all the food they can eat.
822
00:49:22,090 --> 00:49:24,832
- It turns out that it's actually
823
00:49:24,832 --> 00:49:27,188
a mutually beneficial relationship.
824
00:49:29,292 --> 00:49:34,201
(slow dramatic music)
825
00:49:39,552 --> 00:49:41,749
- [Voiceover] Scientists
have made enormous progess
826
00:49:41,749 --> 00:49:44,835
in understanding these
remarkable symbioses,
827
00:49:44,835 --> 00:49:47,703
but there's still a lot left to learn.
828
00:49:47,703 --> 00:49:51,162
(slow dramatic music)
829
00:49:51,162 --> 00:49:53,136
How and when, for example,
830
00:49:53,136 --> 00:49:55,955
do the baby deep mussels
or Rimicaris shrimps
831
00:49:55,955 --> 00:49:59,710
first acquire their bacteria?
832
00:50:01,238 --> 00:50:02,866
The researchers have just found
833
00:50:02,866 --> 00:50:04,891
the first seed of an answer to this
834
00:50:04,891 --> 00:50:07,154
with the Rimicaris shrimps.
835
00:50:07,754 --> 00:50:08,675
(speaking foreign language)
836
00:50:08,675 --> 00:50:11,099
- [Voiceover] This is definitely
a very mysterious creature
837
00:50:11,099 --> 00:50:13,035
and we don't know its life cycle.
838
00:50:13,035 --> 00:50:15,224
They carry a few eggs under their abdomen
839
00:50:15,224 --> 00:50:17,675
until they have a young
larva that can swim,
840
00:50:17,675 --> 00:50:21,558
and we find bacteria on
the outside of the eggs.
841
00:50:22,541 --> 00:50:24,520
- [Voiceover] It would
appear that the bacteria
842
00:50:24,520 --> 00:50:27,178
are already there on their eggs.
843
00:50:27,178 --> 00:50:29,351
(slow dramatic music)
844
00:50:29,351 --> 00:50:33,468
(heart beating over music)
845
00:50:33,468 --> 00:50:35,669
The human fetus, by contrast,
846
00:50:35,669 --> 00:50:37,774
protected in its mother's uterus,
847
00:50:37,774 --> 00:50:39,703
is completely sterile.
848
00:50:39,703 --> 00:50:41,090
The mother's immune system
849
00:50:41,090 --> 00:50:44,657
represents an impenetrable
barrier to any bacteria.
850
00:50:44,657 --> 00:50:49,519
(slow dramatic music)
(heart beating over music)
851
00:50:51,514 --> 00:50:54,757
So for us, the whole question of bacteria
852
00:50:54,757 --> 00:50:58,089
only starts at the moment of our birth.
853
00:50:58,089 --> 00:51:02,554
(baby crying)
854
00:51:04,118 --> 00:51:08,137
- Early in life, the bacteria
that occupied the neonate
855
00:51:08,137 --> 00:51:11,999
are generally from the
mother's microbial flora.
856
00:51:11,999 --> 00:51:16,000
But the developing child,
in the case of humans,
857
00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:18,126
quickly acquires its own microbiota
858
00:51:18,126 --> 00:51:20,426
and this develops into an adult microbiota
859
00:51:20,426 --> 00:51:24,201
during the first years of life.
860
00:51:24,201 --> 00:51:29,093
(slow dramatic music)
(birds chirping)
861
00:51:32,611 --> 00:51:34,357
- [Voiceover] Man is just one piece
862
00:51:34,357 --> 00:51:36,909
of earth's great biological puzzle,
863
00:51:36,909 --> 00:51:39,956
where it's the bacteria who reign supreme.
864
00:51:39,956 --> 00:51:41,219
- That's the beauty of bacteria.
865
00:51:41,219 --> 00:51:42,847
They can adapt to anything.
866
00:51:42,847 --> 00:51:44,520
To them, from their perspective,
867
00:51:44,520 --> 00:51:47,071
probably nothing is an
extreme environment.
868
00:51:47,071 --> 00:51:51,238
(gurgling)
869
00:51:54,130 --> 00:51:56,231
- [Voiceover] Bacteria may
have been the very first
870
00:51:56,231 --> 00:51:58,031
living beings on earth,
871
00:51:58,031 --> 00:52:01,708
but they've never tried to wipe
out more complex life forms.
872
00:52:02,826 --> 00:52:05,623
On the contrary, they've
constantly helped,
873
00:52:05,623 --> 00:52:09,549
stimulated, and accompanied
the evolution of live.
874
00:52:09,549 --> 00:52:14,088
(slow dramatic music)
875
00:52:20,153 --> 00:52:23,343
The remarkable success of
the bacterial symbioses
876
00:52:23,343 --> 00:52:24,972
found down in the abyss
877
00:52:24,972 --> 00:52:27,618
has shed a lot of light on
the fundamental importance
878
00:52:27,618 --> 00:52:29,743
of mutual aid between creatures
879
00:52:29,743 --> 00:52:32,339
when it comes to
maintaining life on earth,
880
00:52:32,339 --> 00:52:34,988
including our own.
881
00:52:37,158 --> 00:52:41,806
Here down in the deep, acidic,
burning geysers of the abyss,
882
00:52:41,806 --> 00:52:45,765
it's as if hell itself
opened its jaws to show us
883
00:52:45,765 --> 00:52:50,721
how symbiosis is the key to the
future of all life on earth.
884
00:52:50,721 --> 00:52:55,181
(water gurgling)
885
00:52:56,510 --> 00:53:01,284
(peaceful light hearted music)
64767
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