Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,919
For more than a millennium, Ancient Egypt was a lost world. All but
2
00:00:01,919 --> 00:00:06,040
forgotten. The remains of this civilisation built on the banks of the
3
00:00:06,040 --> 00:00:11,080
Nile lay buried beneath the desert sand. To this day,
4
00:00:11,080 --> 00:00:13,160
many have yet to come to light.
5
00:00:14,039 --> 00:00:18,199
But archaeologists continue to uncover more of the Egypt of the
6
00:00:18,199 --> 00:00:22,839
Pharaohs, revealing a little more of its incredible history every day.
7
00:00:23,640 --> 00:00:27,920
Thanks to the latest scientific technology, in physics, genetics and
8
00:00:27,920 --> 00:00:32,359
computer imaging, some riddles from the past are now being solved.
9
00:00:34,719 --> 00:00:39,039
One of the biggest mysteries of Ancient Egypt is the fate of Queen
10
00:00:39,039 --> 00:00:43,000
Nefertiti, whose name means "the beautiful woman has come".
11
00:00:44,399 --> 00:00:48,199
She was Pharaoh Akhenaten's principal wife, and — some say —
12
00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:53,040
mother of one of the most famous pharaohs: Tutankhamun. Her mummy
13
00:00:53,039 --> 00:00:57,560
has never conclusively been found, so the search for her has become a Holy
14
00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:01,920
Grail for Egyptologists and feeds the most contradictory theories.
15
00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:07,079
The moment we found out that this mummy was actually Nefertiti was
16
00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:08,440
a big moment in our research.
17
00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:12,079
All the samples they studied still contained DNA,
18
00:01:12,079 --> 00:01:13,719
which I find surprising.
19
00:01:14,840 --> 00:01:18,320
It was a very royal city, so it's certain Nefertiti lived here.
20
00:01:19,159 --> 00:01:20,840
The proportions of her face are
21
00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:23,640
perfect. She’s probably the perfect woman.
22
00:01:24,680 --> 00:01:29,080
A team of experts follow the traces of Nefertiti to understand how and
23
00:01:29,079 --> 00:01:34,400
where she died, and why this Egyptian queen has become so legendary.
24
00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:39,680
Antonio Fischetti, a doctor of physics and science reporter, will conduct
25
00:01:39,719 --> 00:01:44,679
research in Europe, while Egyptologist Claudine Le Tourneur d'Ison and
26
00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:48,080
science writer Giles Harpoutian will travel across Egypt
27
00:01:48,079 --> 00:01:50,799
in search of Nefertiti.
28
00:02:11,080 --> 00:02:16,160
To find out what became of Nefertiti's mummy, we must first reconstruct the
29
00:02:16,159 --> 00:02:19,919
timeline of a history spanning over 3,500 years.
30
00:02:20,280 --> 00:02:22,199
The history of Ancient Egypt.
31
00:02:22,639 --> 00:02:27,559
Claudine and Giles meet Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev who gives us an
32
00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:30,280
overview of this incredible civilisation.
33
00:02:31,919 --> 00:02:35,399
4000 to 5000 years ago, when the pyramids were built is what we call
34
00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:39,200
the Old Kingdom. It was the great time, when they made the
35
00:02:39,199 --> 00:02:45,399
pyramids of Khufu and Khafre the ones we all know. Around 3,500 years
36
00:02:45,400 --> 00:02:48,560
ago, during the Middle Kingdom, they made pyramids with brick and
37
00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:53,520
covered with stone. Then, around 2500 - 3000 years ago,
38
00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:54,760
was the New Kingdom
39
00:03:05,039 --> 00:03:09,719
Alexander the Great came in 332 BCE and after his rule, for three
40
00:03:09,759 --> 00:03:14,319
centuries, there was Ptolemy, Cleopatra, Arsinoë, these Greek
41
00:03:14,319 --> 00:03:15,919
and Macedonian pharaohs.
42
00:03:16,919 --> 00:03:22,839
Nefertiti lived around 1300 BCE. Claudine and Giles will jump some
43
00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:27,560
3300 years into the past, to Egypt’s New Kingdom,
44
00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:30,039
to try to shed light on her fate.
45
00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:46,080
We know that Nefertiti was born in Luxor, known in antiquity as Thebes.
46
00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:48,600
Back then it was the Egyptian capital.
47
00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:53,599
So it’s in this legendary city on the Nile that Claudine and Giles begin
48
00:03:53,599 --> 00:03:57,519
their research into the mystery of the beautiful Nefertiti.
49
00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:02,800
Where was she buried? Why does the location of her tomb remain unknown?
50
00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:06,000
Was her mummy possibly moved?
51
00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:11,640
These are the questions the experts will try to answer. This city in the
52
00:04:11,599 --> 00:04:16,199
heart of Egypt, famous for its temple, whose entrance was once flanked by
53
00:04:16,199 --> 00:04:20,439
two obelisks. One still remains. The
54
00:04:20,399 --> 00:04:24,079
other now stands on the Place de la Concorde in Paris.
55
00:04:24,279 --> 00:04:28,839
Thebes was one of the biggest pharaonic capitals. And where we find
56
00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:32,640
the first traces of the future Egyptian queen: Nefertiti.
57
00:04:33,399 --> 00:04:38,039
The legend of Nefertiti really began on December sixth, 1912.
58
00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:40,360
On that day, in Amarna
59
00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:45,600
in Middle Egypt, the bust of Queen Nefertiti was discovered. German
60
00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:50,200
archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt headed the excavation of the city that
61
00:04:50,199 --> 00:04:52,519
had lain buried for 33 centuries.
62
00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:58,920
In the ruins of a sculptor's workshop, he discovered the magnificent and
63
00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:04,400
surprisingly well-preserved bust of Queen Nefertiti. Now one the world's
64
00:05:04,399 --> 00:05:09,599
most famous artifacts, it is displayed at the Neues Museum in Berlin.
65
00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:19,079
The proportions of her face are perfect. She has a bit of masculinity,
66
00:05:19,079 --> 00:05:24,919
especially in the chin, giving her a slightly androgynous look. And we
67
00:05:24,920 --> 00:05:29,640
know this androgynous look is more seductive than absolute femininity.
68
00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:35,280
Whether these traits are really true to those of the real Nefertiti
69
00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:40,079
or not, over a million visitors rush to the Neues Museum every year
70
00:05:40,079 --> 00:05:45,639
to admire her likeness. The bust is now the emblematic representation
71
00:05:45,639 --> 00:05:47,719
of the queen around the world.
72
00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:58,200
The experts now know what Nefertiti looked like. But to help them in their
73
00:05:58,199 --> 00:06:03,000
search for her mummy, they need to learn more about her history.
74
00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:06,759
It is vital to reconstruct her life story and
75
00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:09,400
the places where she lived to unravel the
76
00:06:09,399 --> 00:06:11,719
mystery of her final resting place.
77
00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:19,160
Nefertiti was born in Thebes, into the high nobility that ruled Egypt for
78
00:06:19,199 --> 00:06:24,199
centuries. Pharaohs weren't just political leaders, but also the
79
00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:29,319
head of a religion with multiple gods represented in various ways. In
80
00:06:29,319 --> 00:06:34,079
modern day Luxor, the famous Karnak Temples still bear witness to the
81
00:06:34,079 --> 00:06:40,399
Egyptians’ reverence to these gods. Here the experts meet Dimitri Laboury,
82
00:06:40,399 --> 00:06:44,359
an Egyptologist who specialises in Nefertiti’s era.
83
00:06:46,759 --> 00:06:52,519
Karnak is a gigantic site of around 50 hectares. It's absolutely gigantic, a
84
00:06:52,519 --> 00:06:58,279
paradise for archaeologists, found in the area of modern-day Luxor. It's a
85
00:06:58,279 --> 00:07:02,279
sacred space that goes way beyond the site of Karnak with sanctuaries in
86
00:07:02,279 --> 00:07:07,399
Luxor, Deir el-Bahari and Medinet Habu. The whole site was sacred for
87
00:07:07,399 --> 00:07:10,199
the Ancient Egyptians since the founding of the city the Greeks
88
00:07:10,199 --> 00:07:12,920
named Thebes -- or Waset in Egyptian
89
00:07:12,839 --> 00:07:15,759
— and dates from the second millennium BCE.
90
00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:30,080
It's a very royal city. The king came here often -- as did his Queen,
91
00:07:30,079 --> 00:07:33,399
Nefertiti, whom he married in the fourth year of his rule.
92
00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:42,720
We’re coming to the most sacrosanct part of the Karnak Temple, the
93
00:07:42,720 --> 00:07:46,800
sanctuary, where every pharaoh was initiated into their role as pharaoh
94
00:07:46,800 --> 00:07:51,160
and communication with the god Amun. Every pharaoh since Thutmose
95
00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:52,360
III set foot here.
96
00:07:53,839 --> 00:07:56,319
They all walked here, including Akhenaten
97
00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:03,600
It was in Luxor where Nefertiti met future Pharaoh Akhenaten, whom she
98
00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:08,520
later married. The couple worshipped in the Karnak Temple, but so far,
99
00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:12,040
their mummies haven’t been found here. Nor is there any indication
100
00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:14,800
as to where Nefertiti's tomb might be.
101
00:08:16,399 --> 00:08:18,319
So, the experts head to the site of the
102
00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:20,840
palace Nefertiti occupied near Luxor,
103
00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:25,680
to search for clues that might lead them to the Queen’s mummy.
104
00:08:25,839 --> 00:08:30,079
The Egyptian leaders sought calm and serenity, far from the chaos of the
105
00:08:30,079 --> 00:08:35,679
Karnak Temple Complex. For years, archaeologists searched deserts and
106
00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:40,719
fields for Nefertiti's residence. And, finally, they think they’ve found it:
107
00:08:41,799 --> 00:08:44,639
West of Luxor, in Malkata
108
00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:48,839
Hello, Professor Lacovara. Nice to meet you!
109
00:08:49,600 --> 00:08:53,000
Peter Lacovara is leading an excavation on the site.
110
00:08:57,559 --> 00:08:59,039
Was it a huge palace?
111
00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:03,040
It was huge. It’s bigger than Buckingham Palace; it’s bigger than
112
00:09:03,039 --> 00:09:05,759
the White House. It covers an area — all
113
00:09:05,759 --> 00:09:08,639
the enclosures — it’s about 150 by 100
114
00:09:08,679 --> 00:09:13,799
meters. So, a huge area. Very often we have the kings kind of founding these
115
00:09:13,799 --> 00:09:16,399
palaces outside, near the royal city,
116
00:09:16,399 --> 00:09:20,519
near the capital — say, Thebes — but nearby, like Versailles.
117
00:09:27,519 --> 00:09:32,519
We know a lot about the decoration of the palace because it seems it
118
00:09:32,440 --> 00:09:38,280
collapsed, perhaps during a rainstorm. And so, much of the painting on the
119
00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:42,400
ceiling and the floor got preserved -- not so much on the walls.
120
00:09:42,399 --> 00:09:44,759
But we know it was very decorative.
121
00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:55,520
One of the reasons that we’re trying so hard to protect and preserve
122
00:09:55,559 --> 00:09:58,559
Malkata is that it’s the last of these royal
123
00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:00,919
cities that’s sort of in its original
124
00:10:00,919 --> 00:10:06,919
landscape. If you go to other royal cities like Amarna or Deir el-Ballas,
125
00:10:06,919 --> 00:10:14,079
they’re being encroached by the modern town. So, fortunately, Malkata
126
00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:16,720
is a little bit off in the desert, so you
127
00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:20,800
can get an idea of how it originally appeared.
128
00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:26,080
Peter Lacovara's excavation gives us a pretty good idea what Nefertiti's
129
00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:28,720
palace and its environment looked like.
130
00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:35,600
Meanwhile, Antonio is in northern France to learn about the palace’s
131
00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:40,399
interior, notably its wealth of decorative elements. This engineer
132
00:10:40,399 --> 00:10:43,559
and Egyptophile has made a 3D model of it.
133
00:10:44,919 --> 00:10:48,559
How exactly did you make a 3D version of this palace?
134
00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:54,000
We used archaeological sources and documentation we were given.
135
00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:58,600
Excavation manager Peter Lacovara provided us with the plans he
136
00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:02,399
reconstructed. From that and some small decorative elements, we were
137
00:11:02,399 --> 00:11:05,039
able to model the whole building in 3D.
138
00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:13,200
First, we made an aerial view of the whole thing, then we set about
139
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:17,400
reconstructing the hall of columns that leads to the throne room. We
140
00:11:17,399 --> 00:11:21,639
constructed this colonnade from elements found on site. The overall
141
00:11:21,639 --> 00:11:25,199
blueprint of the room as well as the limestone bases of the columns.
142
00:11:27,080 --> 00:11:30,560
However, the rest of the columns were wooden, so now, it's a complete
143
00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:34,399
reconstruction. The wood on the trunk of the columns was painted red.
144
00:11:34,399 --> 00:11:38,840
The tops, or capitals, had plant motifs and were brightly coloured.
145
00:11:42,039 --> 00:11:45,199
Can you imagine Nefertiti living in this palace?
146
00:11:45,919 --> 00:11:49,399
Absolutely. Nefertiti likely lived here in her youth.
147
00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:09,399
So if we can assume that Nefertiti was indeed born in Thebes, might she also
148
00:12:09,399 --> 00:12:14,279
have died there? Could her mummy
149
00:12:14,279 --> 00:12:19,079
still be there? Where should we start looking?
150
00:12:24,360 --> 00:12:29,639
In the fourth year of his rule, Nefertiti's husband Akhenaten turned
151
00:12:29,639 --> 00:12:35,199
his land upside down. The king revolutionised Egypt’s traditional
152
00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:41,920
religion, imposing veneration of just one god: Aten, the god of the sun
153
00:12:56,279 --> 00:12:59,799
Would you say that this is the birthplace of Atenism?
154
00:13:00,919 --> 00:13:05,399
Absolutely, we're here in a temple that was redecorated by Ramses II,
155
00:13:05,399 --> 00:13:10,279
around a century after Akhenaten, but in all likelihood, it's here where
156
00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:15,160
Atenism, or the first ideas that led to Atenism, began. It was here that
157
00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:19,520
Akhenaten built a temple dedicated to his new protective deity, the sun
158
00:13:19,519 --> 00:13:23,039
god who would only become the god Aten once we're on the other side of
159
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,559
that door, outside the temple complex.
160
00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:32,680
Egyptians’ polytheistic religion — in which they worshipped many deities —
161
00:13:32,679 --> 00:13:36,759
was replaced by a monotheistic one: Atenism.
162
00:13:41,519 --> 00:13:45,439
In a collapsed Karnak temple, archaeologists discovered wall
163
00:13:45,440 --> 00:13:50,560
fragments dedicated to Aten. These sculpted stones reveal the rising
164
00:13:50,559 --> 00:13:55,279
adoration of the sun god. They also demonstrate Egypt's
165
00:13:55,279 --> 00:13:57,679
prosperity during Nefertiti’s time.
166
00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:10,080
A wealth derived from living near the Nile and its fertile shores.
167
00:14:11,759 --> 00:14:15,919
While excavating the fortifications around the Karnak temple complex,
168
00:14:15,919 --> 00:14:21,079
archaeologists discovered the foundations of a ruined and hitherto
169
00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:25,720
unknown temple. It didn't even appear on official maps.
170
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,919
Claudine and Giles learn that much evidence linked to Akhenaten and
171
00:14:32,919 --> 00:14:37,679
Nefertiti, including fragments of monumental statues, were found here.
172
00:14:38,399 --> 00:14:43,399
Though nothing is left on site today. They must dig deep into the history of
173
00:14:43,399 --> 00:14:49,079
these temples to find out more about Nefertiti, the queen at the heart of a
174
00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:51,840
cultural and religious upheaval in Egypt.
175
00:14:57,919 --> 00:15:04,039
Back to Europe. The Archéovision lab is based in Bordeaux, France. Here,
176
00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:09,280
archaeologists and graphic designers combine their skills to create 3D
177
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:14,520
models of famous lost temples. This helps us understand Nefertiti's living
178
00:15:14,559 --> 00:15:17,199
environment at the time and the
179
00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:20,920
previously unknown rituals dictated by the new religion.
180
00:15:32,639 --> 00:15:37,080
In the 1920s, archaeologists working to the east of Karnak were lucky to
181
00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:40,400
find a few rare vestiges of the temples dedicated by Akhenaten
182
00:15:44,440 --> 00:15:50,360
What did they find? The bases of pillars with lower sections of walls.
183
00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:56,080
And, above all, stunning idols in the image of Akhenaten. They showed his
184
00:15:56,080 --> 00:16:01,080
emaciated face, prominent stomach and large thighs and legs -- something
185
00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:07,759
that shocked everybody. And they knew it was Akhenaten. That gave us
186
00:16:07,759 --> 00:16:09,200
the first indications that the king had
187
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:11,560
indeed built to the east and that this
188
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:14,440
sector had the first temples dedicated to Aten.
189
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:31,159
Bit by bit, we began to better understand the temples built to the
190
00:16:31,159 --> 00:16:35,559
east, because we started discovering the walls. Often even in the
191
00:16:35,559 --> 00:16:39,079
unearthed decoration, we have Egyptian images of the temples as
192
00:16:39,080 --> 00:16:41,800
they were at the time. So it's precious.
193
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:51,800
The new religion introduced by Akhenaten and Nefertiti produced
194
00:16:51,799 --> 00:16:57,079
unprecedented Egyptian art. For the first time, these works presented
195
00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:01,080
realistic images of the pharaohs, now considered to be
196
00:17:01,080 --> 00:17:03,080
part of the sun god’s family.
197
00:17:05,799 --> 00:17:09,839
When you look at representations of the Nefertiti-Akhenaten couple, you
198
00:17:09,839 --> 00:17:13,519
are surprised to see the degree of intimacy throughout, these natural
199
00:17:13,519 --> 00:17:17,400
gestures that you don't find anywhere else in Egyptian art.
200
00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:23,000
It's true that this is one of the rare
201
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:25,400
periods where you can see a couple touching
202
00:17:25,400 --> 00:17:30,160
or hugging one another. We even have Nefertiti stealing a kiss from
203
00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:35,759
Akhenaten as she puts a necklace on him. And it's astonishing. What we're
204
00:17:35,759 --> 00:17:40,640
seeing is the appearance of what I would call a new liturgy. The cult was
205
00:17:40,640 --> 00:17:44,840
no longer about gods, but the king. The life of the king became a
206
00:17:44,839 --> 00:17:51,199
permanent ritual: his movements when he got up or when he ate. It
207
00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,720
was similar in Versailles with the Sun King, where -- as was etiquette —
208
00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:58,799
every moment of the king's life was ritualised.
209
00:18:05,279 --> 00:18:08,000
This cult of personality is doubtless at
210
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,839
the heart of the Nefertiti legend. The
211
00:18:10,920 --> 00:18:13,400
queen embodied the word of the king,
212
00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:17,160
who gave her a powerful position in the kingdom.
213
00:18:27,039 --> 00:18:29,200
But while she had great influence in
214
00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:32,200
this new society, our experts can't find
215
00:18:32,279 --> 00:18:38,440
a trace of what could be her tomb at Karnak. So which event in Nefertiti's
216
00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:41,799
life could provide them with a promising clue?
217
00:18:44,440 --> 00:18:49,640
Surely the one that turned her fate upside down? Her husband,
218
00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:55,200
Akhenaten, decided to create a new capital for Egypt, fully dedicated
219
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:59,080
to the religion of the sun god. They had to
220
00:18:59,079 --> 00:19:02,839
erect a palace which would be the seat of his residence.
221
00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:14,720
The king decided to build a city totally dedicated to Aten. A city
222
00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:19,360
where he would be at the centre. The untouched site of Amarna was chosen
223
00:19:19,359 --> 00:19:23,559
for the job. It's one of the first times in Ancient Egypt that sacred
224
00:19:23,559 --> 00:19:26,559
constructions were built on virgin territory.
225
00:19:31,640 --> 00:19:36,640
Going up the Nile, to the heart of the country, Akhenaten chose a vast plain
226
00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:42,200
next to the desert. The Pharaoh was in the fifth year of his reign and wanted
227
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:48,559
to make his mark by building a new Egypt. It's here, in Amarna, that the
228
00:19:48,559 --> 00:19:53,519
vestiges of his new capital would be rediscovered thousands of years later,
229
00:19:53,519 --> 00:19:56,200
buried in the desert sand.
230
00:20:05,359 --> 00:20:10,559
Amarna is exciting and original because it was a new city. All the
231
00:20:10,559 --> 00:20:13,399
restoration work we can do on the city helps us to understand the
232
00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:18,920
architecture. The vestiges of the floor plans that remain,
233
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:22,440
give us accurate ideas about the measurements. So we
234
00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:26,440
know more or less the dimensions to work with on the ground.
235
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:33,279
Thanks to their precision, modern technologies are very important as
236
00:20:33,319 --> 00:20:35,839
they allow us to recreate the past in
237
00:20:35,839 --> 00:20:39,799
ever greater detail. This could give our
238
00:20:39,839 --> 00:20:45,000
experts new leads in the search for Nefertiti's tomb and her mummy.
239
00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:58,279
Akhenaten and Nefertiti moved into a vast residence in Amarna. It was here
240
00:20:58,279 --> 00:21:02,359
that Akhenaten’s son, the future king Tutankhamun, was born.
241
00:21:04,359 --> 00:21:09,159
The scenes on these remains portray the reverence for the royals. But the
242
00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:13,840
reality is more complex. Clay tablets from the time reveal that Egypt’s
243
00:21:13,839 --> 00:21:16,639
international relations were complicated.
244
00:21:16,759 --> 00:21:18,839
Perhaps Nefertiti and Akhenaten
245
00:21:18,839 --> 00:21:22,079
didn't reign as easily as they'd hoped in Amarna.
246
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:28,560
To better understand their downfall, Antonio is in Paris to meet François
247
00:21:28,559 --> 00:21:32,039
Tonic, a journalist specialising in Egyptology.
248
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:38,200
The royal couple of Akhenaten and Nefertiti lived in their own world.
249
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:43,279
They didn't tread on unsacred ground. When they travelled, it was certainly
250
00:21:43,279 --> 00:21:48,839
in chariots. They only set foot on the floors of palaces or temples. To say
251
00:21:48,839 --> 00:21:51,799
they were loved by the people isn’t certain.
252
00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,720
Why and how was Amarna destroyed?
253
00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,840
And who erased all the references to the god Aten?
254
00:22:06,839 --> 00:22:11,039
It’s believed that the successors of Tutankhamun — in particular, Seti I
255
00:22:11,039 --> 00:22:16,039
and Ramses II — systematically destroyed all the temples. They, more
256
00:22:16,039 --> 00:22:18,079
or less, systematically chiselled away
257
00:22:18,079 --> 00:22:21,799
the images of Aten Akhenaten his queen and his children.
258
00:22:29,079 --> 00:22:32,399
Why didn't Akhenaten’s successors stay in Amarna?
259
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:38,640
It’s thought the failure of the Akhenaten project led to the city’s
260
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:45,280
downfall and the move from Amarna back to Luxor. This happened very soon
261
00:22:45,319 --> 00:22:49,200
after the death of the king and his successor, and the city wasted
262
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:53,640
away which is how almost all the temples were destroyed so quickly.
263
00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:06,600
The city was made of bricks, and crude bricks at that. With the wind
264
00:23:06,599 --> 00:23:10,000
and rain, all traces of life and the city vanished.
265
00:23:10,559 --> 00:23:14,759
But dignitaries of the Akhenaten regime still believed in the future of
266
00:23:14,759 --> 00:23:19,519
Amarna, as can be seen in the tombs they made. These marked a change in
267
00:23:19,519 --> 00:23:21,599
Egyptian funerary architecture.
268
00:23:24,319 --> 00:23:28,679
Egyptians had for a long time made tombs in the pyramids, and now they
269
00:23:28,680 --> 00:23:32,400
built them into the rock. How were these new tombs dug?
270
00:23:35,839 --> 00:23:39,439
We have a change of religion that was reflected in funerary customs and
271
00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:41,360
the way kings were entombed.
272
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:54,840
We've gone from the pyramid, which is a sun-based concept to a more
273
00:23:54,839 --> 00:23:59,639
underground one. With notions of the afterlife and subterranean worlds.
274
00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:06,000
And the royal tombs of the New Kingdom, which are in the Valley of
275
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:11,759
the Kings, mirror these new rites and writings. The walls were engraved
276
00:24:11,720 --> 00:24:15,440
with these new sacred books in which we have the deceased passing into
277
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:18,840
the underworld and all the dangers they must overcome to live again
278
00:24:18,839 --> 00:24:20,359
when the sun is reborn.
279
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:26,920
To find Nefertiti's grave, the experts now know they need to look for a
280
00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:32,279
tomb dug into the rock. And, in fact, at the end of the 19th century,
281
00:24:32,279 --> 00:24:34,920
archaeologists found in the cliffs of a
282
00:24:34,920 --> 00:24:37,600
plunging valley east of Amarna, several
283
00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:42,280
openings leading to tombs. One of these was identified as having
284
00:24:42,319 --> 00:24:44,839
temporarily housed Akhenaten's corpse.
285
00:24:49,839 --> 00:24:54,799
At Amarna, Egyptologist Marc Gabolde spent several years mapping the royal
286
00:24:54,799 --> 00:24:59,159
necropolis. He suspects that certain tombs could have housed other
287
00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:03,200
members of Akhenaten's family. So could Nefertiti's mummy
288
00:25:03,279 --> 00:25:04,799
be hidden here?
289
00:25:07,759 --> 00:25:11,400
I wanted to try to shed light on the mystery of where the Egyptians had
290
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:16,920
planned to bury Nefertiti in this Necropolis. And my current
291
00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:21,200
conclusion is that when Nefertiti died, her place in the royal tomb
292
00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:24,080
had not been finished and they had probably
293
00:25:24,079 --> 00:25:26,159
had to bury her a bit quicker.
294
00:25:27,319 --> 00:25:31,159
Nefertiti died a few months before her husband and was
295
00:25:31,160 --> 00:25:36,400
probably buried in the royal tomb. But where exactly in
296
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:38,400
the royal tomb is hard to say.
297
00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:43,600
Marc Gabolde's theory is that Akhenaten and Nefertiti were buried
298
00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:46,560
together in the cliffs of Amarna. But after
299
00:25:46,559 --> 00:25:48,679
the fall of the city, his son -- the
300
00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:52,080
new pharaoh Tutankhamun — had their mummies moved and
301
00:25:52,079 --> 00:25:54,519
interred in the Valley of the Kings.
302
00:25:57,759 --> 00:26:01,759
So are Nefertiti’s remains to be found in the Valley of the Kings,
303
00:26:01,759 --> 00:26:03,839
along with those of her husband?
304
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:19,320
Claudine and Giles decide to pursue this hypothesis and return to Luxor.
305
00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:27,799
At the famous Winter Palace, they enter the hotel which has welcomed
306
00:26:27,799 --> 00:26:29,440
generations of explorers.
307
00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:36,160
They all flocked to the former Egyptian
308
00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:39,400
capital in the hopes of making great discoveries.
309
00:26:43,839 --> 00:26:48,919
From the start of the 19th century, eminent Egyptologists rushed to Luxor
310
00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:54,560
to excavate the famous Valley of the Kings. Old film footage shows the
311
00:26:54,559 --> 00:27:00,000
frenetic hunt for buried treasure. Expeditions to the Valley of the Kings
312
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:04,079
multiplied, and there was a real rush to unearth the mummies.
313
00:27:08,680 --> 00:27:13,519
Egypt became a major destination for researchers, and many nations
314
00:27:13,519 --> 00:27:16,639
financed extremely costly excavation campaigns.
315
00:27:28,799 --> 00:27:34,039
Egyptologists from all over the world worked in a race against time, to
316
00:27:34,039 --> 00:27:38,519
exhume the tombs and objects that would bring new light to history.
317
00:27:48,559 --> 00:27:52,399
We all talk about the Valley of the Kings. What is it exactly?
318
00:27:55,920 --> 00:27:58,440
The Valley of the Kings is a wadi at least
319
00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:01,840
that's what we call it, a wadi.
320
00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:03,800
It's a dry valley that can flood in heavy
321
00:28:03,799 --> 00:28:07,319
rain. This wadi, the Valley of the Kings,
322
00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:11,840
is a very isolated valley in the mountains of Luxor. And it's where
323
00:28:11,839 --> 00:28:14,759
the kings would order their tombs to be dug.
324
00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:20,840
Between the Nile Valley and the desert,
325
00:28:20,799 --> 00:28:23,279
hidden in a small mountain range, lies
326
00:28:23,279 --> 00:28:29,200
a labyrinth of rocks and tunnels. Here more than 60 tombs have been found.
327
00:28:29,279 --> 00:28:33,680
They once held the bodies of the pharaohs and some of their wives.
328
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:42,000
All these tombs have two letters, K and V, followed by a number.
329
00:28:42,039 --> 00:28:43,359
What does that mean?
330
00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:50,200
KV means ‘King Valley’ and the number gives us the order of
331
00:28:50,279 --> 00:28:57,000
discovery of these tombs. When we talk about ‘KV 62’, it's the 62nd tomb
332
00:28:57,039 --> 00:28:59,000
discovered in the Valley of the Kings.
333
00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:09,640
In 1907, Egyptologist Edward Russell Ayrton found tomb KV 55. There, he
334
00:29:09,680 --> 00:29:13,680
found human remains and objects proven to come from Amarna.
335
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:16,680
Undoubtedly pillaged several times,
336
00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:22,039
this tomb held a sarcophagus with the name of a king: Akhenaten.
337
00:29:24,359 --> 00:29:28,919
This discovery was extraordinary. The theory that the Pharaoh Akhenaten
338
00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:34,080
had been moved from Amarna to the Valley of the Kings was correct. But
339
00:29:34,079 --> 00:29:37,319
there was still no trace of his wife, Nefertiti.
340
00:29:37,759 --> 00:29:42,680
Another tomb also caught the experts’ attention. It’s famous as it belongs
341
00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:45,840
Akhenaten's son, Tutankhamun, who
342
00:29:45,839 --> 00:29:49,039
died very young — between the ages of 17 and 19.
343
00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:54,080
We’re here at the heart of the Valley of the Kings,
344
00:29:54,079 --> 00:29:56,039
entering Tutankhamun's tomb.
345
00:29:57,519 --> 00:30:01,359
Thanks to the dogged persistence of Howard Carter, this tomb was
346
00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:06,680
discovered in 1922. The British archaeologist had a hunch that the
347
00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,799
young Tutankhamun had his own tomb in the Valley of the Kings.
348
00:30:16,839 --> 00:30:22,079
The search for this tomb was an adventure in itself. Carter had always
349
00:30:22,079 --> 00:30:27,279
wanted to dig in the Valley of the Kings. He didn't have a contract, but
350
00:30:27,279 --> 00:30:33,399
he got one. He found a sponsor. He had many excavations over many
351
00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:40,200
years that weren't too fruitful, but he had an intuition. His intuition was
352
00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:43,400
that the now famous King Tutankhamun -- who nobody knew
353
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:46,800
anything about before the discovery of his tomb -- had a tomb at the
354
00:30:46,839 --> 00:30:50,559
centre of the valley, because some clues and some tombs that linked to
355
00:30:50,519 --> 00:30:56,400
this king were discovered. Thanks to persistence, persuasion, and of course
356
00:30:56,400 --> 00:31:02,080
excavation, in November 1922, they stumbled on a first step in the sand.
357
00:31:02,680 --> 00:31:06,560
And that step led to Tutankhamun's tomb, the famous KV 62.
358
00:31:11,559 --> 00:31:15,720
After years of fruitless searching, Carter was about to give up when he
359
00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:18,759
made a sensational discovery. Under a
360
00:31:18,759 --> 00:31:23,839
heap of rocks, he found a door which opened onto a long corridor.
361
00:31:28,759 --> 00:31:32,799
We're here in the heart of Tutankhamun's tomb. We're in the
362
00:31:32,799 --> 00:31:37,200
antechamber, and here is the room with the sarcophagus. It's the first
363
00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:42,039
undamaged tomb found in the Valley of the Kings, with many other items.
364
00:31:42,799 --> 00:31:47,599
This tomb was originally not intended for a king as it's much smaller, so we
365
00:31:47,559 --> 00:31:53,159
imagine Tutankhamun died quite young, around 17. He was buried
366
00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:57,160
quite quickly, so they used a tomb that wasn't at all royal.
367
00:31:59,279 --> 00:32:04,039
Our experts continue their search for Nefertiti's tomb and mummy. If she
368
00:32:04,079 --> 00:32:08,519
isn't in her husband Akhenaten's tomb, nor in a still hidden room in
369
00:32:08,519 --> 00:32:13,839
Tutankhamun's tomb, might she be in her own tomb, somewhere else in the
370
00:32:13,839 --> 00:32:15,159
Valley of the Kings?
371
00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:21,800
In the late 19th century, a French Egyptologist discovered a tomb — now
372
00:32:21,799 --> 00:32:27,759
designated as KV 35 -- that reignited debate about Nefertiti’s fate.
373
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,759
Frenchman Victor Loret, who was excavating in the Valley of the Kings
374
00:32:32,759 --> 00:32:38,920
in 1898/1899, discovered successively the tombs of Thutmose III, and then
375
00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:46,600
Amenhotep II in KV 35. In Amenhotep II's burial chamber, four annexes
376
00:32:46,599 --> 00:32:51,839
were found, two of which were bricked up. By removing this wall, he
377
00:32:51,839 --> 00:32:56,359
discovered a number of mummies. He noticed very quickly that they were
378
00:32:56,319 --> 00:33:00,519
royal mummies. Some of these mummies have been identified.
379
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:06,840
Notably, there was Thutmose IV -- Akhenaten's grandfather — and
380
00:33:06,839 --> 00:33:13,199
Amenhotep III. Some mummies haven’t been identified. For example:
381
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:20,080
an ‘Elder Lady’ with long hair; the ‘Younger Lady’, in KV 35, who had
382
00:33:20,079 --> 00:33:27,319
quite a disfigured face; and a young prince. And recently, it’s been
383
00:33:27,319 --> 00:33:30,319
suggested that the Younger Lady is Nefertiti.
384
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:37,720
British Egyptologist Fletcher was responsible for this spectacular, yet
385
00:33:37,720 --> 00:33:41,400
unexpected development in the Nefertiti mystery. According to her
386
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:45,360
research, the Younger Lady is Nefertiti. A
387
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:47,759
series of tests was carried out on this
388
00:33:47,799 --> 00:33:52,680
over 3000-year-old corpse. Has the queen finally been found?
389
00:33:54,559 --> 00:33:59,839
The Younger Lady's mummy is in bad condition, with visible damage dating
390
00:33:59,839 --> 00:34:07,399
from antiquity, damage from pillaging. Her chest was likely smashed to steal
391
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:13,000
amulets found within the body. Some have suggested that the mummy was
392
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:15,360
mutilated on purpose because it was
393
00:34:15,360 --> 00:34:19,720
Nefertiti's. However, we have no proof of that.
394
00:34:21,559 --> 00:34:26,920
The Younger Lady mummy continues to fuel Egyptologists' imaginations. It’s
395
00:34:26,920 --> 00:34:30,360
now carefully preserved in Cairo's Egyptian Museum.
396
00:34:47,559 --> 00:34:52,199
After gathering so much information in Egypt and Europe, Claudine and Giles
397
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:56,799
travel to Cairo to continue their search at the Egyptian Museum.
398
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,920
There they have an appointment with Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev.
399
00:35:03,559 --> 00:35:06,840
Nefertiti had surely been mummified following a ritual
400
00:35:06,840 --> 00:35:11,400
reserved for royals. They want to find out more about this tradition
401
00:35:14,679 --> 00:35:18,519
We're in the Mummies Room at Cairo’s Egyptian Museum. I don't
402
00:35:18,519 --> 00:35:22,199
know if it's fascinating or frightening. It makes an impression.
403
00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:27,640
Why did Egyptians mummify their kings, their royal families?
404
00:35:30,360 --> 00:35:34,840
In Ancient Egypt, they didn't say people died. They said their breath
405
00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:40,280
left them. So to allow the breath to come back later, so the pharaoh, in
406
00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:44,840
this case Ramses could live again, their bodies had to be mummified.
407
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:47,440
Therefore, the breath could return to
408
00:35:47,440 --> 00:35:50,400
the body. He will revive, but of course
409
00:35:50,440 --> 00:35:54,519
there are formulas, there are many things to do beforehand. Magic oils
410
00:35:54,559 --> 00:35:57,360
and all of that. He'll come back to life,
411
00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:00,360
so he needs a body. In our religion,
412
00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:05,079
we say your soul leaves your body. They don't. They ascend into heaven
413
00:36:05,079 --> 00:36:09,920
with their bodies to join their father, Ra, the creator.
414
00:36:10,079 --> 00:36:12,400
So here we have Ramses the Great, according
415
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:14,440
to what is written, as these mummies were
416
00:36:14,559 --> 00:36:19,199
not found in tombs, but in a hiding place. These mummies, and a whole
417
00:36:19,199 --> 00:36:22,199
series of others were in hiding places. They were hidden.
418
00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:25,519
Taken out of their tombs. Then the priests of the time
419
00:36:25,519 --> 00:36:28,400
established it was Ramses: Ramses the Great.
420
00:36:35,039 --> 00:36:40,400
To discover a mummy’s history, we need to uncover its secrets. One of the
421
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,920
most useful tools for this is genetic analysis.
422
00:36:48,079 --> 00:36:50,440
In Bolzano, at the foot of the Italian
423
00:36:50,440 --> 00:36:53,200
Alps, is a laboratory that’s transformed
424
00:36:53,199 --> 00:36:54,839
the world of Egyptology.
425
00:36:55,840 --> 00:37:00,720
Geneticist Albert Zink, Director of the Institute for Mummy Studies, has
426
00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:07,080
analysed numerous mummies in Egypt, including the famous Younger Lady. So,
427
00:37:07,079 --> 00:37:10,719
is she Nefertiti? What did the DNA reveal?
428
00:37:11,039 --> 00:37:15,360
Here, for the mummy of the Younger Lady, we were able to obtain samples.
429
00:37:15,360 --> 00:37:20,200
We could use a very small biopsy needle to obtain samples from the long
430
00:37:20,199 --> 00:37:23,919
bones -- especially here, from this area of the upper arm,
431
00:37:23,920 --> 00:37:26,760
but also the same from the leg bones. We were
432
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:29,280
able to obtain different, small bone samples,
433
00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:34,039
because we intended not to damage the mummy too much. But we could
434
00:37:34,039 --> 00:37:38,559
get good quality bone samples from inside of the bones. And late in the
435
00:37:38,559 --> 00:37:40,679
analysis, in the lab, it turned out that
436
00:37:40,719 --> 00:37:42,799
there was still DNA still preserved in the samples.
437
00:37:50,039 --> 00:37:53,639
The moment we found out that this mummy was actually the mother of
438
00:37:53,679 --> 00:37:57,440
King Tutankhamun was a big moment in our research. Because it took us
439
00:37:57,440 --> 00:38:01,679
many months to set up everything, to do this analysis, to overcome the
440
00:38:01,679 --> 00:38:06,079
inhibition problem. And then, finally, we got these very important results.
441
00:38:06,079 --> 00:38:11,079
The identity of the Younger Lady is in no doubt for Albert Zink. He’s
442
00:38:11,159 --> 00:38:15,079
convinced: she’s the mother of Tutankhamun. Nefertiti.
443
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:21,320
If Professor Zink's analysis is correct, the mission is complete.
444
00:38:21,599 --> 00:38:25,920
However, Antonio wants another scientific opinion. So he’s heading to
445
00:38:25,920 --> 00:38:30,039
the paleogenetic laboratory at the Musée de l'Homme, in Paris.
446
00:38:36,840 --> 00:38:40,519
How can genetics help archaeologists and Egyptologists?
447
00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:47,320
Genetics is the study of DNA. We’re very lucky as DNA is a molecule that
448
00:38:47,320 --> 00:38:51,640
endures over the centuries. The problem is it does degrade. No
449
00:38:51,639 --> 00:38:55,519
molecule is eternal and it degrades over time. The older a person or
450
00:38:55,519 --> 00:38:57,719
sample, the harder it is to find DNA.
451
00:38:57,719 --> 00:39:00,399
And there are environmental factors, too.
452
00:39:11,079 --> 00:39:14,840
In the case of Egyptian mummies, like the Younger Lady, which date from
453
00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:18,320
several thousand years ago, is the DNA still useable
454
00:39:20,599 --> 00:39:25,400
It's an extremely hot climate. Not the ideal conditions for DNA preservation.
455
00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:28,079
So if DNA is there, it’s surely cut into
456
00:39:28,079 --> 00:39:30,599
minute fragments and hard to analyse.
457
00:39:31,519 --> 00:39:34,159
But Albert Zink says the Younger Lady
458
00:39:34,159 --> 00:39:37,399
was analysed under the best possible conditions.
459
00:39:39,320 --> 00:39:42,920
The mummy of the Younger Lady was displaced from her original tomb and
460
00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:46,440
the mummy was manipulated since antiquity by many different people.
461
00:39:46,440 --> 00:39:49,559
On one hand, the embalmers who prepared the mummy; on the other
462
00:39:49,559 --> 00:39:53,159
hand, grave robbers who get in contact with the mummy. And finally,
463
00:39:53,159 --> 00:39:57,399
also the scientists and archaeologists who have studied the mummy since it
464
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:02,079
was found. So there was a lot of contact from people that left
465
00:40:02,079 --> 00:40:04,920
their DNA traces on the mummy. And we had
466
00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:06,400
to make sure that we don’t analyze the
467
00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,599
contamination, the surface part of the mummy, but we went inside the
468
00:40:10,599 --> 00:40:14,360
mummy. We took biopsy needles, small needles, to get a sample from
469
00:40:14,360 --> 00:40:19,079
inside of the bones, to avoid having to analyze the surface of the mummy.
470
00:40:19,079 --> 00:40:22,440
And in addition, we took several samples of the mummy, from different
471
00:40:22,440 --> 00:40:26,920
parts of the mummy body, in order to compare the results and make sure
472
00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:29,760
that, in the end, we have the authentic, ancient
473
00:40:29,760 --> 00:40:33,640
DNA of the Younger Lady and not any modern contamination.
474
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:39,559
What we could show is, based on the genetic fingerprinting, that the
475
00:40:39,599 --> 00:40:43,360
Younger Lady is the mother of King Tutankhamun. And we could also
476
00:40:43,360 --> 00:40:45,920
identify, with the same method, that Akhenaten is the
477
00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:47,400
father of Tutankhamun.
478
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:52,160
After weeks of research and thousands of kilometres of travel through Egypt
479
00:40:52,159 --> 00:40:57,199
and Europe, Claudine, Giles and Antonio have followed all the known
480
00:40:57,199 --> 00:41:05,079
traces and clues about Nefertiti. And they might even have found her: The
481
00:41:05,079 --> 00:41:07,639
Younger Lady mummy could be Nefertiti.
482
00:41:08,920 --> 00:41:11,680
Still, some Egyptologists propose other
483
00:41:11,679 --> 00:41:13,919
theories and continue to look for the
484
00:41:13,920 --> 00:41:20,000
remains of the legendary Queen. Over 3000 years after her death, the
485
00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:24,599
beautiful Egyptian still fascinates specialists and the public alike.
486
00:41:25,440 --> 00:41:32,760
Nefertiti is one of the most emblematic figures of ancient Egypt. A
487
00:41:32,760 --> 00:41:37,920
great and powerful Egypt replete with architectural wonders, the cult of
488
00:41:37,920 --> 00:41:42,400
pharaohs, a new religion and amazing artworks.
47834
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.