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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,853 --> 00:00:04,386 NARRATOR: Normandy, France. 2 00:00:04,488 --> 00:00:06,922 One month after D-Day. 3 00:00:06,991 --> 00:00:12,194 A Canadian regiment confronts a notorious SS Panzer unit 4 00:00:12,997 --> 00:00:15,964 accused of horrific war crimes. 5 00:00:16,567 --> 00:00:19,601 TIM: The Canadians and the 12th SS Hitler Youth had clashed, 6 00:00:19,670 --> 00:00:22,571 uh since the 7th of June. 7 00:00:23,274 --> 00:00:27,409 So, the Canadians and the 12th SS have a very vicious personal war. 8 00:00:33,584 --> 00:00:36,785 NARRATOR: For the Germans, this leaves no room for compromise. 9 00:00:37,088 --> 00:00:39,388 PETER: It's only victory or death. 10 00:00:44,662 --> 00:00:50,332 NARRATOR: On June 6th, 1944 allied forces finally land troops in Normandy 11 00:00:50,367 --> 00:00:52,301 to open the western front. 12 00:00:57,041 --> 00:00:58,941 (speaking in German). 13 00:00:58,976 --> 00:01:02,911 But Nazi fanatics and diehards continue to fight ruthlessly for survival. 14 00:01:06,584 --> 00:01:08,650 D-Day was a battle. 15 00:01:10,054 --> 00:01:12,855 The allies still need to win the war. 16 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:25,200 ♪ ♪ 17 00:01:25,269 --> 00:01:27,736 July 8th, 1944. 18 00:01:27,838 --> 00:01:31,340 Outskirts of Caen, France. 19 00:01:33,944 --> 00:01:37,846 The Canadian Regina Rifles prepare to do their part to liberate the French city. 20 00:01:39,283 --> 00:01:42,718 They scout the approach to their objective in the northwest sector. 21 00:01:43,220 --> 00:01:44,653 -And what they saw they didn't like. 22 00:01:44,722 --> 00:01:46,054 It was extremely flat. 23 00:01:46,123 --> 00:01:48,657 There was very little cover. 24 00:01:49,894 --> 00:01:54,463 NARRATOR: Lieutenant Colonel Foster Matheson has brought along his company commanders: 25 00:01:54,532 --> 00:01:58,767 Acting Major Gordon Brown, Major Eric Syme, and Major Stuart Tubb, 26 00:01:59,236 --> 00:02:01,270 to find the best way forward. 27 00:02:01,338 --> 00:02:05,541 -And they're driving around in universal carriers and at one point they get lost. 28 00:02:06,710 --> 00:02:09,978 NARRATOR: The driver takes a wrong turn 29 00:02:12,550 --> 00:02:15,117 and they find themselves in the midst of fighting. 30 00:02:17,988 --> 00:02:20,889 The Regina Rifles quickly come under attack. 31 00:02:22,092 --> 00:02:24,827 (gunfire) 32 00:02:31,535 --> 00:02:37,706 One of the drivers is shot and killed, the passengers dive for cover. 33 00:02:45,950 --> 00:02:49,551 (gunfire) 34 00:02:53,324 --> 00:02:56,992 As the battle rages around them, the vehicles try to reverse course. 35 00:03:06,437 --> 00:03:09,504 (gunfire) 36 00:03:11,976 --> 00:03:16,511 In the confusion, the carriers start to pull away leaving the officers behind. 37 00:03:20,718 --> 00:03:24,486 It proves to be yet another setback in the quest to take Caen. 38 00:03:27,992 --> 00:03:32,361 Only 12 miles from the coast allied forces had planned to take the city on D-Day. 39 00:03:35,499 --> 00:03:39,234 But more than a month later, the goal has proved stubbornly elusive. 40 00:03:41,138 --> 00:03:44,306 DAVID: Both sides understood that the capture of Caen was crucial to going through 41 00:03:44,408 --> 00:03:47,109 the rest of the country, that if you could capture Caen, 42 00:03:47,211 --> 00:03:49,111 you could enter the rest of France. 43 00:03:49,179 --> 00:03:53,548 NARRATOR: 860,000 allied troops are bottled up at the Normandy beachhead. 44 00:03:55,286 --> 00:03:58,253 The allies need their forces to break out into France, 45 00:03:58,489 --> 00:04:00,455 then east for Paris. 46 00:04:02,793 --> 00:04:05,294 Caen is a critical road and rail hub. 47 00:04:06,196 --> 00:04:09,364 -The Germans understood, if you can defend Caen, you can block the Allies' advance. 48 00:04:10,901 --> 00:04:13,769 -These are armored divisions that had hundreds of tanks. 49 00:04:13,837 --> 00:04:17,940 They needed good roads and so they were going to be passing through Caen to strike 50 00:04:18,008 --> 00:04:22,377 at the Allies who were on the beaches and who of course were very vulnerable. 51 00:04:25,316 --> 00:04:27,783 NARRATOR: The Regina Rifles have landed in a battle between the 52 00:04:27,851 --> 00:04:31,420 German 12th SS Panzer division and other Canadian forces. 53 00:04:32,856 --> 00:04:37,059 This is not the first time the rifles have encountered the 12th SS. 54 00:04:39,029 --> 00:04:41,763 A month earlier, on D-Day plus one, 55 00:04:41,832 --> 00:04:45,767 the Reginas had seized the town of Bretteville, not far away. 56 00:04:46,503 --> 00:04:50,973 The Reginas withstood four counterattacks from the 12th SS Panzer division, 57 00:04:51,041 --> 00:04:55,811 inflicting 152 German casualties and destroying six tanks to hold the town, 58 00:04:56,947 --> 00:04:59,581 and earned battle honors for their unit. 59 00:05:02,186 --> 00:05:05,654 At a distinct disadvantage here, the trucks make a desperate escape. 60 00:05:07,458 --> 00:05:10,859 The officers of the Regina Rifles are in danger of being left behind. 61 00:05:11,495 --> 00:05:13,028 -Go, Go! Go! 62 00:05:14,798 --> 00:05:18,533 (gunfire) 63 00:05:21,138 --> 00:05:25,640 NARRATOR: They haul themselves onto the back of a vehicle loaded to their surprise, 64 00:05:25,743 --> 00:05:27,876 with crates of explosives. 65 00:05:30,547 --> 00:05:34,816 They duck for cover as enemy fire riddles the vehicle, and can only hope, 66 00:05:35,619 --> 00:05:39,354 that a bullet doesn't ignite a fatal explosion. 67 00:05:43,027 --> 00:05:45,727 (gunfire) 68 00:05:55,172 --> 00:05:57,672 ♪ ♪ 69 00:05:57,741 --> 00:06:01,043 After finally clearing the battle scene the officers take up their reconnaissance 70 00:06:01,111 --> 00:06:03,345 position in the nearby village of Authie. 71 00:06:07,618 --> 00:06:11,653 Earlier that day, General Bernard Montgomery launched Operation Charnwood, 72 00:06:12,589 --> 00:06:15,891 the British Second Army's latest attempt to seize Caen. 73 00:06:21,865 --> 00:06:26,101 To support the operation, the Regina Rifles must take the Abbaye D'ardenne, 74 00:06:26,370 --> 00:06:29,104 which guards the northwest approach. 75 00:06:31,508 --> 00:06:34,843 A high stone wall surrounds the 12th century church and its adjoining buildings. 76 00:06:36,613 --> 00:06:40,582 TIM: It was a stone fortress. It had a large tower. 77 00:06:40,651 --> 00:06:44,486 And from the heights of that tower they could see the entire countryside. 78 00:06:44,988 --> 00:06:47,489 And so, it's a really critical position. 79 00:06:47,558 --> 00:06:51,460 A strong point that the Germans will use both to observe the Allies coming 80 00:06:51,528 --> 00:06:55,263 off the beaches and from where they will launch their counterattacks. 81 00:06:58,735 --> 00:07:01,636 NARRATOR: Flat grain fields surround the Abbaye on all sides, 82 00:07:01,939 --> 00:07:04,806 providing clear lines of sight for German snipers. 83 00:07:08,679 --> 00:07:11,079 The Germans occupy the only cover: 84 00:07:11,148 --> 00:07:15,283 a dirt mound, that once held anti-aircraft guns, partway across the field. 85 00:07:18,222 --> 00:07:20,355 (inaudible). 86 00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:23,859 Matheson plans for Major Syme's B Company to advance 400 yards from the village of 87 00:07:24,228 --> 00:07:26,928 Authie and take the mounds. 88 00:07:27,264 --> 00:07:30,932 Brown's D Company on the left along with Tubb's C Company on the right 89 00:07:31,001 --> 00:07:34,736 are to pass the mounds and advance the remaining 700 yards to the Abbaye. 90 00:07:38,008 --> 00:07:42,911 At 1700 hours allied artillery begins to shell the Abbaye D'ardenne, 91 00:07:43,013 --> 00:07:45,113 in preparation for the assault. 92 00:07:46,316 --> 00:07:50,152 The barrage is meant to soften up German defenses and keep German heads down 93 00:07:50,821 --> 00:07:53,321 as the Canadians approach. 94 00:07:53,957 --> 00:07:56,158 The artillery will last for 30 minutes, 95 00:07:56,226 --> 00:07:59,427 after which the Regina Rifles will launch their attack. 96 00:07:59,763 --> 00:08:03,165 The Abbaye D'ardenne is the headquarters of the 12th Panzer division 97 00:08:03,233 --> 00:08:05,167 they had encountered earlier. 98 00:08:05,235 --> 00:08:08,403 Their commanding officer is Standartenfuhrer Kurt Meyer. 99 00:08:09,606 --> 00:08:12,807 The 33-year old colonel is one of Germany's youngest divisional commanders. 100 00:08:14,244 --> 00:08:18,013 -Kurt Meyer is an extremely courageous and brave officer. 101 00:08:18,949 --> 00:08:22,217 But at the same times, he's also extremely ruthless. 102 00:08:22,853 --> 00:08:28,223 He's very much determined to the cause of Nazism and is also determined 103 00:08:28,292 --> 00:08:31,726 to instill this ideology into his men. 104 00:08:34,765 --> 00:08:38,200 NARRATOR: Meyer's Panzer division is made up of former Hitlerjugend. 105 00:08:39,336 --> 00:08:43,238 The infamous "Hitler Youth" movement Raised a generation of German children 106 00:08:43,340 --> 00:08:45,941 to believe in their Aryan superiority. 107 00:08:47,377 --> 00:08:51,546 -For the SS leadership, 12th SS Panzer Division Hitler Youth 108 00:08:51,615 --> 00:08:55,850 is a kind of symbol for the next generation of Nazism. 109 00:08:59,356 --> 00:09:02,857 NARRATOR: Meyer withstands the barrage inside the Abbaye complex. 110 00:09:04,995 --> 00:09:10,131 -The main building, as such, would be too much exposed to allied artillery fire or 111 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:12,367 allied air bombardment. 112 00:09:12,436 --> 00:09:16,304 So, he situates his headquarters in a secondary building, in the cellar, 113 00:09:16,373 --> 00:09:18,840 so that he's protected. 114 00:09:23,513 --> 00:09:27,816 NARRATOR: As the allied shelling of the Abbaye continues, Brown, 115 00:09:28,485 --> 00:09:31,353 and the rest of the Regina Rifles try to move into the 116 00:09:31,421 --> 00:09:34,322 field from which they are to attack. 117 00:09:34,791 --> 00:09:37,259 But it proves difficult. 118 00:09:37,561 --> 00:09:40,128 -Well the Regina Rifles are pinned down because the village 119 00:09:40,230 --> 00:09:42,297 of Authie is not cleared. 120 00:09:42,366 --> 00:09:45,267 This means that the Germans are also able to bring fire to bear down on the Rifles. 121 00:09:47,371 --> 00:09:50,839 NARRATOR: German counter battery fire also opens up. 122 00:09:56,179 --> 00:09:59,281 Several allied tanks position themselves nearby. 123 00:10:01,752 --> 00:10:05,787 But as their jump-off time approaches a hidden German 88 begins to launch shells. 124 00:10:09,693 --> 00:10:13,461 The 88 millimeter gun is the most effective artillery piece in the Nazi arsenal, 125 00:10:14,498 --> 00:10:17,399 and feared by allied tankers everywhere. 126 00:10:17,834 --> 00:10:21,736 In ground combat, it has a maximum range of over 16,000 yards. 127 00:10:22,739 --> 00:10:26,141 And a well-trained crew can fire a round every three seconds. 128 00:10:35,952 --> 00:10:40,188 ♪ ♪ 129 00:10:40,257 --> 00:10:43,425 The 88 quickly destroys three Sherman tanks. 130 00:10:48,732 --> 00:10:52,267 As their crews escape, they draw German machine gun fire from the nearby mound. 131 00:10:55,172 --> 00:10:59,140 Unwilling to stay exposed to the German artillery, the remaining tanks retreat. 132 00:11:01,144 --> 00:11:04,879 -The fighting in Normandy is often envisioned as a slashing tank assaults, 133 00:11:05,849 --> 00:11:08,950 um and almost blitzkrieg like attacks on the enemy. 134 00:11:09,019 --> 00:11:13,888 But, this was combined arms warfare and if the tanks got too far in front of the infantry, 135 00:11:14,458 --> 00:11:17,425 they were easily knocked out by anti-tank guns that are very effective 136 00:11:17,527 --> 00:11:20,028 at this point in the war. 137 00:11:24,735 --> 00:11:26,835 NARRATOR: With their tank support gone, 138 00:11:26,903 --> 00:11:30,739 all three Regina Rifle companies are trapped in the open. 139 00:11:30,841 --> 00:11:33,942 The German barrage continues. 140 00:11:39,015 --> 00:11:43,251 The Canadians risk being wiped out before they can even leave their lines. 141 00:11:47,099 --> 00:11:49,300 NARRATOR: July 8th, 1944. 142 00:11:50,803 --> 00:11:55,172 German artillery targets the Regina Rifles' position as they prepare to attack the 143 00:11:55,241 --> 00:11:58,776 Abbaye D'ardenne, which blocks access to the French city of Caen. 144 00:12:09,188 --> 00:12:12,289 (explosions) 145 00:12:12,358 --> 00:12:16,327 The Regina Rifles are dubbed "farmer johns" by other Canadian units 146 00:12:16,429 --> 00:12:19,363 because they come from a rural part of Canada. 147 00:12:19,465 --> 00:12:22,733 TIM: Obviously the Farmer John's is meant as, a, a bit of a put down. 148 00:12:23,436 --> 00:12:27,071 But ah, the John's they seem to have shortened it, they got rid of the farmer part 149 00:12:27,139 --> 00:12:29,340 and they proudly, they embraced it. 150 00:12:33,412 --> 00:12:36,347 NARRATOR: Pinned down due to enemy fire, the Johns miss the jump-off 151 00:12:36,415 --> 00:12:39,517 time for their attack against the Abbaye. 152 00:12:39,719 --> 00:12:43,821 -In the chaos and the confusion, units are late arriving to the front and 153 00:12:43,890 --> 00:12:48,492 in fact most of the, the uh three attacking, um Regina companies get there, 154 00:12:49,128 --> 00:12:51,228 um after the barrage has gone off. 155 00:12:51,297 --> 00:12:55,633 And so, with communications broken down there's really a dire situation here. 156 00:12:57,470 --> 00:13:01,672 The Reginas are looking at attacking this fortress with almost no artillery support. 157 00:13:03,976 --> 00:13:07,611 NARRATOR: The Reginas can only take cover and wait for the German barrage to ease. 158 00:13:17,123 --> 00:13:19,423 (explosions) 159 00:13:19,492 --> 00:13:23,294 When it finally does acting Major Gordon Brown and his fellow officers 160 00:13:23,362 --> 00:13:26,263 hurry to organize their men. 161 00:13:29,135 --> 00:13:32,836 At 1800 hours, 30 minutes after their jump off time, 162 00:13:32,905 --> 00:13:35,773 the Reginas commence their assault, 163 00:13:36,909 --> 00:13:40,311 with Major Eric Syme's B Company in the lead. 164 00:13:44,517 --> 00:13:46,884 The Germans have put the time to good use. 165 00:13:47,453 --> 00:13:51,155 PETER: During this pause, the German defenders are able to regroup and 166 00:13:51,424 --> 00:13:55,059 sight their machine guns, sight their anti-tank guns. 167 00:13:55,161 --> 00:13:58,729 And this is the worst-case scenario for any army. 168 00:13:59,198 --> 00:14:02,700 NARRATOR: As the three Regina companies start out Baker Company is to advance 169 00:14:02,768 --> 00:14:07,404 400 yards from the village and take the mound the only cover, in the field. 170 00:14:15,648 --> 00:14:18,983 German forces open fire on them from all directions. 171 00:14:22,054 --> 00:14:25,089 (gunfire) 172 00:14:28,527 --> 00:14:31,929 Caen is considered so critical, General Field Marshall Erwin Rommel 173 00:14:31,998 --> 00:14:35,032 has assigned elite units to defend it. 174 00:14:35,234 --> 00:14:39,269 Overseeing the defense of Normandy, Rommel had invested heavily in the Atlantic wall. 175 00:14:40,573 --> 00:14:45,643 PETER: It is a series of bunkers, block houses, casements, fortified positions 176 00:14:45,711 --> 00:14:49,246 along the French, Belgian, Dutch, Danish and Norwegian coast. 177 00:14:50,850 --> 00:14:53,984 It is supposed to ward off an Allied invasion. 178 00:14:55,755 --> 00:15:00,057 NARRATOR: Based on Rommel's experience with the allies in North Africa he knew German 179 00:15:00,126 --> 00:15:03,093 tanks were vulnerable to allied air superiority. 180 00:15:04,930 --> 00:15:08,198 Rommel believed the allies had to be defeated on the beaches 181 00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:10,968 in the earliest hours of the invasion. 182 00:15:12,672 --> 00:15:16,507 The German failure to do so on D-Day, makes the fighting more desperate. 183 00:15:17,410 --> 00:15:21,812 -Germans are still determined to fight, because they think if the Allies win the war, 184 00:15:22,381 --> 00:15:24,915 this would mean the annihilation of the German people. 185 00:15:27,019 --> 00:15:31,088 NARRATOR: This was especially true of German military leadership, like Kurt Meyer, 186 00:15:31,157 --> 00:15:35,225 who commands the 12th SS Panzer division, which holds the Abbaye. 187 00:15:37,029 --> 00:15:42,032 -How they understand war is that it must be fought in the most ruthless way 188 00:15:42,535 --> 00:15:45,703 because it is a struggle for survival. 189 00:15:46,072 --> 00:15:49,506 NARRATOR: Meyer has encountered Canadian units before. 190 00:15:49,709 --> 00:15:52,876 -The Canadians and the 12th SS Hitler Youth had clashed, 191 00:15:52,978 --> 00:15:54,812 uh, since the 7th of June. 192 00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:57,247 So, really the second day of the fighting. 193 00:15:57,316 --> 00:16:00,184 Um, and there had been fierce battles all over the front. 194 00:16:08,294 --> 00:16:13,030 NARRATOR: On June 7th and 8th Meyer's unit executed 18 Canadian prisoners of war 195 00:16:13,699 --> 00:16:17,034 at the Abbaye D'ardenne, in flagrant violation of the Geneva Convention. 196 00:16:19,171 --> 00:16:23,607 -For people like Meyer or for SS officers, it's all or nothing. 197 00:16:25,177 --> 00:16:29,813 And there is no way of compromising with the enemy so it's only victory or death. 198 00:16:35,354 --> 00:16:37,654 (gunshot) 199 00:16:39,391 --> 00:16:42,292 NARRATOR: Now, the 12th SS Hitlerjugend believed that if 200 00:16:42,361 --> 00:16:44,895 they are captured or surrender to the Canadians, 201 00:16:44,964 --> 00:16:47,698 they will be executed in retaliation. 202 00:16:50,136 --> 00:16:54,404 -And so, the Canadians and the 12th SS have a very vicious, personal war. 203 00:17:02,214 --> 00:17:05,015 NARRATOR: Regina rifles B Company, still leads the advance towards the 204 00:17:05,117 --> 00:17:07,985 German occupied mound partway across the field. 205 00:17:10,756 --> 00:17:14,258 Faced with heavy gunfire, B Company must run, or crawl, 206 00:17:14,326 --> 00:17:16,894 in short bursts to avoid being hit. 207 00:17:18,531 --> 00:17:21,832 -The Germans open up with mortar fire, machine gun fire, sniper fire. 208 00:17:22,368 --> 00:17:24,902 And the Regina Rifles are being picked off one by one. 209 00:17:32,812 --> 00:17:34,144 (speaking in German) 210 00:17:38,184 --> 00:17:41,618 (gunfire) 211 00:17:43,489 --> 00:17:47,391 NARRATOR: As they inch their way forward, the company suffers heavy casualties. 212 00:17:48,093 --> 00:17:50,360 -There's no easy way to take out machine guns. 213 00:17:50,429 --> 00:17:55,365 Machine guns firing 500 bullets a minute, firing on an arc. 214 00:17:55,734 --> 00:17:59,136 You have to sacrifice soldiers to take that out. 215 00:18:02,808 --> 00:18:04,741 NARRATOR: They have no choice but to keep moving. 216 00:18:09,074 --> 00:18:11,341 NARRATOR: Three companies of the Regina Rifles commence 217 00:18:11,410 --> 00:18:14,445 an assault against the Abbaye D'ardenne. 218 00:18:16,148 --> 00:18:19,516 Across more than 1100 yards of open field, without tank support, 219 00:18:20,886 --> 00:18:25,355 and one half hour after their artillery barrage lifts. 220 00:18:27,460 --> 00:18:30,294 B Company leads the way. 221 00:18:30,563 --> 00:18:34,465 DAVID: Baker Company advances slowly and using whatever cover is available. 222 00:18:34,567 --> 00:18:35,732 But there's not a lot of cover. 223 00:18:35,835 --> 00:18:37,367 So, this means you gotta stay low. 224 00:18:37,470 --> 00:18:38,936 You gotta stay in the grass. 225 00:18:39,038 --> 00:18:42,406 You gotta try to stay out of sight of any sort of German sniper, 226 00:18:42,475 --> 00:18:44,975 German artillery, or German machine gun. 227 00:18:45,044 --> 00:18:48,579 So, it is a very slow process and it causes significant casualties 228 00:18:48,681 --> 00:18:51,448 because every time they pop up, they get shot. 229 00:18:51,784 --> 00:18:55,686 NARRATOR: As the casualties mount weeks of strain also take their toll. 230 00:18:57,456 --> 00:19:00,390 TIM: The Regina Rifles were very weak at this point. 231 00:19:00,593 --> 00:19:03,894 They had lost a lot of soldiers in the fighting in the first month of Normandy. 232 00:19:13,439 --> 00:19:17,741 NARRATOR: As frontline troops at the sharp end, they get very little sleep 233 00:19:17,810 --> 00:19:21,245 and endure unimaginable stress. 234 00:19:21,447 --> 00:19:24,915 -There's no question that the lack of sleep and the continual engagement 235 00:19:24,984 --> 00:19:27,918 with the enemy that just combined will wear anyone down. 236 00:19:28,654 --> 00:19:32,823 NARRATOR: It has been four weeks of constant combat. 237 00:19:33,158 --> 00:19:36,360 -So as these soldiers are engaged with the German enemy, as they're approaching the 238 00:19:36,428 --> 00:19:38,562 Abbey, there are soldiers that are breaking down. 239 00:19:38,631 --> 00:19:40,063 There are soldiers that are crying. 240 00:19:40,132 --> 00:19:42,933 There are soldiers that are catatonic and can't even move. 241 00:19:43,135 --> 00:19:47,137 NARRATOR: This now includes baker company's commander, Major Syme, 242 00:19:47,206 --> 00:19:49,673 who succumbs to what is called, battle exhaustion. 243 00:19:52,878 --> 00:19:56,647 -Major! Major! I need a medic! 244 00:19:59,318 --> 00:20:02,586 NARRATOR: Though the Canadian division had undertaken psychiatric screening prior to 245 00:20:02,655 --> 00:20:08,358 deployment conditions like battle exhaustion or battle fatigue prove unpredictable 246 00:20:09,595 --> 00:20:12,863 and claim many soldiers. 247 00:20:14,833 --> 00:20:19,503 By late July 1944, battle fatigue makes up 25% of 248 00:20:19,605 --> 00:20:22,539 all non-fatal casualties to the allies. 249 00:20:26,712 --> 00:20:29,546 After D-Day the British and Canadian army group 250 00:20:29,648 --> 00:20:33,617 established front-line centers to treat battle exhaustion. 251 00:20:34,720 --> 00:20:37,854 Therapy is simple: sedation and sleep. 252 00:20:38,657 --> 00:20:40,624 -You want to treat them quickly. 253 00:20:40,693 --> 00:20:43,360 You want to treat them effectively and then you want them back in the front line. 254 00:20:49,101 --> 00:20:51,635 (gunfire) 255 00:20:51,704 --> 00:20:55,305 NARRATOR: As Major Syme is carried from the field the remainder of B Company 256 00:20:55,374 --> 00:20:57,541 continues to press to the mound. 257 00:21:00,145 --> 00:21:03,914 -As they are making those hard yards, Riflemen would lay down fire, 258 00:21:04,550 --> 00:21:07,584 Bren machine gunners would lay down heavier fire. 259 00:21:14,660 --> 00:21:18,128 The way they knocked out those machine guns was to use grenades for the most part. 260 00:21:18,697 --> 00:21:21,999 And those grenades explode and they send shrapnel of course and that's how, 261 00:21:22,635 --> 00:21:25,035 ultimately, they knock out the mound. 262 00:21:34,813 --> 00:21:39,016 ♪ ♪ 263 00:21:40,452 --> 00:21:44,454 NARRATOR: The Germans are forced to retreat back towards the Abbaye. 264 00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:57,234 ♪ ♪ 265 00:21:57,302 --> 00:22:00,771 To achieve the objective, Baker Company is gutted. 266 00:22:01,073 --> 00:22:04,775 61 out of 100 men become casualties. 267 00:22:13,852 --> 00:22:19,756 With the mound finally in Canadian hands, C Company and D Company now continue the 268 00:22:20,159 --> 00:22:23,493 advance and pass through the remains of B Company. 269 00:22:23,562 --> 00:22:25,696 DAVID: From that position, Baker Company can then provide 270 00:22:25,798 --> 00:22:27,431 covering fire for the other two companies. 271 00:22:27,499 --> 00:22:29,366 You have Dog Company on the left, Charlie Company on the right. 272 00:22:31,503 --> 00:22:33,603 And Baker Company will provide very important covering fire, which will allow the other 273 00:22:33,706 --> 00:22:35,505 troops to move up slowly. 274 00:22:35,574 --> 00:22:38,675 So, the idea simply here is what we call fire and movement. 275 00:22:39,144 --> 00:22:42,179 Someone's shooting. Someone's moving. 276 00:22:46,518 --> 00:22:50,754 NARRATOR: To prevent his men from meeting B Company's fate, Major Stu Tubb, 277 00:22:50,789 --> 00:22:55,192 the commander of C Company, orders high explosive mortars against the Abbaye complex. 278 00:22:59,198 --> 00:23:02,866 He hopes the distraction will provide his men much needed coverage. 279 00:23:04,570 --> 00:23:09,306 But Tubb receives word that the Reginas have no high explosive mortars available, 280 00:23:09,374 --> 00:23:11,942 and he is offered smoke instead. 281 00:23:16,548 --> 00:23:19,750 This works for a while, until the wind comes up. 282 00:23:20,919 --> 00:23:24,121 -They're now wide open and exposed completely to German fire. 283 00:23:24,690 --> 00:23:26,223 All Hell breaks loose. 284 00:23:33,565 --> 00:23:35,532 (gunfire) 285 00:23:37,028 --> 00:23:40,896 ♪ ♪ 286 00:23:41,499 --> 00:23:46,468 NARRATOR: Facing heavy enemy fire C and D Companies of the Canadian Regina Rifles 287 00:23:46,537 --> 00:23:51,373 must attack the Abbaye D'ardenne across 700 yards of open field. 288 00:23:51,742 --> 00:23:55,444 They have just learned that they've run out of high explosive mortars to subdue 289 00:23:55,513 --> 00:23:56,979 the German counter fire. 290 00:23:58,683 --> 00:24:01,383 Such shortages have proved a problem across the allied front. 291 00:24:06,891 --> 00:24:10,993 Just three weeks before a Major storm struck the Normandy coast. 292 00:24:11,762 --> 00:24:16,632 800 ships and vessels were stranded, damaged or destroyed on June 19th. 293 00:24:16,701 --> 00:24:19,368 To further cripple allied supply lines, already hindered, 294 00:24:19,470 --> 00:24:21,737 by a lack of a deep-water port. 295 00:24:22,006 --> 00:24:24,073 All units were having to make do. 296 00:24:28,913 --> 00:24:31,213 Advancing in the open would be suicidal. 297 00:24:31,282 --> 00:24:34,383 So, the Reginas fire smoke to cover their advance. 298 00:24:35,686 --> 00:24:39,521 Once more, acting Major Gordon Brown and D Company press forward 299 00:24:39,624 --> 00:24:40,889 on the left flank. 300 00:24:44,996 --> 00:24:49,798 But with the men still 500 yards short of the Abbaye, wind clears the smoke. 301 00:24:52,470 --> 00:24:55,104 With the companies now exposed. 302 00:24:55,206 --> 00:24:56,338 (speaking in German) 303 00:24:56,407 --> 00:24:58,507 NARRATOR: The Germans have clear shots. 304 00:25:06,183 --> 00:25:09,518 (gunfire) 305 00:25:11,689 --> 00:25:16,425 In the chaos C company's 13th platoon stumbles into a minefield. 306 00:25:21,766 --> 00:25:24,733 (explosions) 307 00:25:26,470 --> 00:25:29,571 TIM: You don't know where to step, and they are set up for a number of reasons. 308 00:25:29,674 --> 00:25:31,807 One is to cause casualties of course. 309 00:25:31,909 --> 00:25:34,743 But secondly to slow an advance. 310 00:25:35,613 --> 00:25:37,546 NARRATOR: The minefield creates a shooting gallery. 311 00:25:39,650 --> 00:25:44,186 -Riflemen and snipers and machine gunners will turn upon those isolated soldiers who 312 00:25:44,255 --> 00:25:47,322 are stuck in the middle, unsure of where is safe. 313 00:25:50,628 --> 00:25:52,294 NARRATOR: As their losses mount, 314 00:25:52,363 --> 00:25:55,764 Major Stu Tubb enters the minefield to help extract his men. 315 00:25:59,036 --> 00:26:01,804 Tubb falls to German machine gun fire. 316 00:26:04,208 --> 00:26:09,011 His second-in-command moves forward to help, and is killed. 317 00:26:11,449 --> 00:26:15,017 C company's third in command is wounded moments later. 318 00:26:15,686 --> 00:26:19,922 Wiping out the enemy's leadership is a time honored military strategy. 319 00:26:20,257 --> 00:26:23,025 -And that is a technique that the Allies and the Germans use, 320 00:26:23,094 --> 00:26:28,130 that snipers would aim for those NCOs or those lieutenants or those captains 321 00:26:28,199 --> 00:26:32,067 to try to in, in effect decapitate the unit. 322 00:26:40,945 --> 00:26:42,511 (gunfire) 323 00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:46,048 NARRATOR: Without leadership C Company retreats to the mound. 324 00:26:46,917 --> 00:26:50,119 They have lost 85 out of 106 men. 325 00:26:52,189 --> 00:26:57,059 General Bernard Montgomery's stated goal at Caen was to draw in German troops to kill, 326 00:26:57,161 --> 00:26:59,428 wound or capture as many as possible. 327 00:26:59,764 --> 00:27:01,430 A war of attrition. 328 00:27:03,334 --> 00:27:05,667 But the campaign to capture Caen proves costly to everyone involved. 329 00:27:08,272 --> 00:27:12,841 Allied aerial bombing to support Operation Charnwood began the night before, 330 00:27:12,943 --> 00:27:14,276 on July 7th. 331 00:27:16,981 --> 00:27:22,451 More than 460 aircraft dropped 6000 bombs on the city. 332 00:27:24,555 --> 00:27:28,223 While the bombing improved the morale of allied soldiers, 333 00:27:28,492 --> 00:27:32,628 the strategic impact on German troops was minimal. 334 00:27:32,963 --> 00:27:38,233 The rubble created hinders the allied advance and retreat by German forces. 335 00:27:39,703 --> 00:27:43,305 PETER: It also has got an impact on French civilian population. 336 00:27:43,374 --> 00:27:48,210 Because, French civilians perished and this had a negative influence on the 337 00:27:48,279 --> 00:27:51,346 attitude of the French population towards the Allies. 338 00:27:55,886 --> 00:27:59,855 NARRATOR: Now, to the northwest of the city the remaining 15 able-bodied 339 00:27:59,890 --> 00:28:05,360 members of C Company retreat to Authie to bring back stretchers for their wounded. 340 00:28:13,871 --> 00:28:17,406 Almost three hours after commencing their attack on the Abbaye D'ardenne, 341 00:28:18,108 --> 00:28:22,578 Gordon Brown's D Company remain the only Regina Rifles left in the fight. 342 00:28:28,152 --> 00:28:30,786 Still hundreds of yards from their objective, 343 00:28:31,989 --> 00:28:34,890 the covering smoke has also just cleared on their position. 344 00:28:35,159 --> 00:28:37,826 And leaves them dangerously exposed to enemy fire. 345 00:28:41,198 --> 00:28:44,466 The 12th SS quickly pin down Brown and his men again. 346 00:28:49,874 --> 00:28:54,276 Several of the Reginas are hit. 347 00:28:58,415 --> 00:29:01,216 (gunfire) 348 00:29:01,552 --> 00:29:05,587 To limit the company's casualties, Brown and his men push forward in short bursts, 349 00:29:05,689 --> 00:29:08,457 often gaining just a few feet at a time. 350 00:29:14,431 --> 00:29:17,432 German troops at the Abbaye have the ideal weapon 351 00:29:17,501 --> 00:29:19,434 to prevent Brown from achieving his objective. 352 00:29:21,805 --> 00:29:26,375 The MG-42 is arguably the best machine gun of World War II. 353 00:29:27,811 --> 00:29:30,379 At 1200 rounds per minute, 354 00:29:30,848 --> 00:29:33,649 its rate of fire outpaces comparable allied machine guns. 355 00:29:35,419 --> 00:29:42,090 Light, reliable and easy to deploy, the MG-42 has a range of nearly 1,100 yards 356 00:29:50,434 --> 00:29:54,536 to avoid the German machine guns D company's number 16 platoon makes a 357 00:29:54,605 --> 00:29:57,039 flanking move to the left of the Abbaye. 358 00:30:01,912 --> 00:30:05,347 The remaining Regina Rifles continue their frontal assault. 359 00:30:09,586 --> 00:30:14,690 But at 2100 hours his runner reports to acting Major Gordon Brown, 360 00:30:14,758 --> 00:30:17,559 that number 16 platoon has vanished. 361 00:30:22,674 --> 00:30:25,708 NARRATOR: July 8th, 1944. 362 00:30:25,777 --> 00:30:30,179 As darkness falls, the Regina Rifles continue their assault on the Abbaye D'ardenne. 363 00:30:31,149 --> 00:30:34,918 A fortified position that controls access to the French city of Caen. 364 00:30:36,421 --> 00:30:37,921 With reports that some of his men are 365 00:30:38,023 --> 00:30:42,725 missing and knowing he needs them all to seize the Abbaye, 366 00:30:44,362 --> 00:30:48,197 acting Major Gordon Brown goes in search of his 16th platoon. 367 00:30:50,268 --> 00:30:52,068 Searching the battlefield, 368 00:30:52,137 --> 00:30:54,203 he makes a disturbing discovery. 369 00:30:55,373 --> 00:31:00,243 TIM: And he Stumbles into a small ditch area, which is a scene of a, a nightmare. 370 00:31:00,578 --> 00:31:03,379 There are wounded soldiers bleeding, 371 00:31:03,448 --> 00:31:07,183 um dying, crying out and he thinks that's his lost platoon. 372 00:31:07,285 --> 00:31:09,085 It's not. 373 00:31:09,154 --> 00:31:10,787 It's a group of the Can Scots, who have stumbled into the battle somehow, 374 00:31:10,889 --> 00:31:16,326 and there are many wounded there. 375 00:31:16,428 --> 00:31:17,427 NARRATOR: Brown tries to help. 376 00:31:18,730 --> 00:31:20,697 He bandages some of the more seriously wounded. 377 00:31:21,566 --> 00:31:25,268 -And he's not sure what to do, of course human instinct is to care for them, 378 00:31:25,337 --> 00:31:28,271 but that's not the role of a company commander. 379 00:31:28,340 --> 00:31:32,508 And so, he rightly gives them his water. 380 00:31:33,178 --> 00:31:36,546 He must have been parched. 381 00:31:37,082 --> 00:31:40,216 NARRATOR: Unable to do any more for them, 382 00:31:40,485 --> 00:31:43,453 Brown turns back to rejoin the rest of his company. 383 00:31:45,090 --> 00:31:47,490 -He did the right thing. He did what he had to do. 384 00:31:47,559 --> 00:31:51,661 He did what a soldier had to do, was to keep pushing on to the final objective. 385 00:31:55,433 --> 00:31:59,702 NARRATOR: When he returns Brown finds D Company in the thick of battle. 386 00:32:01,873 --> 00:32:05,141 TIM: D Company is spread out over the battlefield. 387 00:32:05,210 --> 00:32:07,610 They're facing a fortress a stone fortress, 388 00:32:07,879 --> 00:32:10,847 the Germans are firing at them non-stop. 389 00:32:11,149 --> 00:32:15,718 I'm amazed at how they could have pushed their way forward. 390 00:32:15,787 --> 00:32:18,154 NARRATOR: They make a daring charge for the Abbaye walls. 391 00:32:23,361 --> 00:32:26,829 -They do call in some smoke, and the smoke is quite effective. 392 00:32:26,898 --> 00:32:30,833 It obscures the front, ah for precious minutes. 393 00:32:35,006 --> 00:32:37,407 NARRATOR: The men shoot and throw grenades on the run. 394 00:32:44,516 --> 00:32:48,885 (gunfire and explosions) 395 00:32:53,792 --> 00:32:56,092 Their bold initiative pays off. 396 00:32:57,862 --> 00:33:01,964 At 2200 hours, D Company reaches the Abbaye walls. 397 00:33:06,104 --> 00:33:10,673 With the Regina Rifles closing in, Colonel Kurt Meyer had made plans to protect his 398 00:33:10,742 --> 00:33:14,110 fighting strength and asks for permission to retreat. 399 00:33:17,182 --> 00:33:20,349 PETER: He gets the answer, no. There is no way to retreat. 400 00:33:20,685 --> 00:33:23,753 The, reason for that is in the mindset of the 401 00:33:23,822 --> 00:33:27,590 German leadership is where does our retreat end? 402 00:33:29,928 --> 00:33:31,127 (speaking in German). 403 00:33:31,196 --> 00:33:32,695 NARRATOR: But Meyer withdraws anyway. 404 00:33:33,264 --> 00:33:35,998 He would later claim that he knew Caen could not be held. 405 00:33:36,301 --> 00:33:39,068 Hitler's order to hold the city to the last bullet, 406 00:33:39,304 --> 00:33:42,238 would mean the needless and futile sacrifice of his men. 407 00:33:42,841 --> 00:33:46,409 Thus, the desperate fighting on July 8th, was to bide time for the 408 00:33:46,478 --> 00:33:50,847 evacuation of Meyer's wounded soldiers under the cover of darkness. 409 00:33:51,116 --> 00:33:53,916 They devise a plan to delay the capture of the Abbaye, 410 00:33:53,985 --> 00:33:57,386 and make it as costly as possible for the Canadians. 411 00:34:05,697 --> 00:34:09,665 The Regina Rifles encounter the German soldiers left to cover the withdrawal. 412 00:34:11,970 --> 00:34:13,803 (gunfire) 413 00:34:15,940 --> 00:34:19,709 -They launch one final assault and they find a way through 414 00:34:19,777 --> 00:34:23,045 and around those walls and drive the Germans out. 415 00:34:28,553 --> 00:34:31,287 NARRATOR: Some of the Canadians begin to push into the Abbaye courtyard. 416 00:34:33,091 --> 00:34:35,091 DAVID: Captain Brown calls the soldiers back and 417 00:34:35,193 --> 00:34:36,792 he tells them to dig in outside of the walls. 418 00:34:39,063 --> 00:34:41,797 NARRATOR: Having fought the Germans for a month now Brown knows they are not safe yet. 419 00:34:42,767 --> 00:34:45,401 The Germans will have pre-ranged their guns. 420 00:34:46,804 --> 00:34:50,306 -One of the nice things about occupying a position when you're on the defense is you 421 00:34:50,408 --> 00:34:51,908 have it perfectly placed on your map, 422 00:34:52,010 --> 00:34:54,810 which means your artillery knows exactly where to hit it. 423 00:34:58,082 --> 00:35:00,883 NARRATOR: Learning that allied troops have reached the walls, 424 00:35:01,186 --> 00:35:04,287 Meyer orders an artillery barrage against the Abbaye. 425 00:35:08,760 --> 00:35:12,528 Brown's shrewd orders prevent further casualties amongst his men. 426 00:35:16,401 --> 00:35:21,270 But they have yet to completely achieve their objective to occupy the Abbaye itself. 427 00:35:23,163 --> 00:35:27,198 (explosions) 428 00:35:30,103 --> 00:35:33,438 NARRATOR: Heavy German shelling prevents acting Major Gordon Brown 429 00:35:33,506 --> 00:35:37,308 and the rest of the Regina Rifles' D Company from fully capturing the Abbaye D'ardenne. 430 00:35:44,751 --> 00:35:47,151 (gunfire) 431 00:35:47,220 --> 00:35:51,456 As the men endure the barrage, their lost platoon finally reappears. 432 00:35:55,762 --> 00:35:59,197 During their absence, 16th platoon has been busy. 433 00:36:01,234 --> 00:36:04,068 DAVID: 16th Platoon is able to achieve something pretty remarkable. 434 00:36:12,712 --> 00:36:16,447 NARRATOR: They've knocked out a battery of German 88 guns. 435 00:36:17,083 --> 00:36:20,518 -This means that any Sherman tanks coming up behind them are now free to move 436 00:36:20,620 --> 00:36:23,321 in the open countryside. 437 00:36:26,426 --> 00:36:29,060 NARRATOR: The platoon's reappearance brings the company's strength to 438 00:36:29,129 --> 00:36:33,064 70 soldiers but Brown knows he needs more men, 439 00:36:33,166 --> 00:36:35,767 if he's going to take and hold the Abbaye. 440 00:36:36,369 --> 00:36:38,636 TIM: They've fought for five and a half hours. 441 00:36:39,406 --> 00:36:42,640 They've lost about 200 soldiers killed and wounded. 442 00:36:42,742 --> 00:36:45,543 Many of them left strewn over the battlefield. 443 00:36:45,779 --> 00:36:48,780 And now in the dark crying out for help. 444 00:36:48,848 --> 00:36:51,382 Um, but there's no communication from front to rear. 445 00:36:51,451 --> 00:36:53,818 Um, though, there's no wireless. 446 00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:56,020 There's no telephones. 447 00:36:56,089 --> 00:36:59,857 NARRATOR: Brown, and a lieutenant return to the village of Authie on foot to 448 00:36:59,926 --> 00:37:03,394 request reinforcements and inform headquarters of their progress. 449 00:37:12,505 --> 00:37:17,108 But on their way, the two men are caught in a sustained mortar attack. 450 00:37:20,713 --> 00:37:25,416 (explosions) 451 00:37:26,019 --> 00:37:28,553 They endure the 80-round bombardment. 452 00:37:29,989 --> 00:37:32,457 The shelling is another phase of Colonel Kurt Meyer's 453 00:37:32,525 --> 00:37:36,027 plan to cover the German retreat of the 12th SS from Caen. 454 00:37:38,264 --> 00:37:41,332 Meyer's withdrawal proves sensible, to protect the unit's fighting strength. 455 00:37:45,071 --> 00:37:48,139 By the second week of July, German battle casualties in 456 00:37:48,208 --> 00:37:52,610 western Europe totaled more than 100,000 men. 457 00:37:52,812 --> 00:37:56,614 Yet German command had managed to replace only 9% of their manpower losses. 458 00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:04,322 Late into the night Brown returns to the Abbaye walls with reinforcements... 459 00:38:04,991 --> 00:38:09,193 the Regina Rifles A-Company, which had been held in reserve. 460 00:38:10,864 --> 00:38:14,398 (gunfire) 461 00:38:22,075 --> 00:38:25,576 In the early morning hours of July 9th, the German shelling stops. 462 00:38:30,917 --> 00:38:32,783 -It's an eerie calm. 463 00:38:32,852 --> 00:38:34,919 I couldn't imagine what it'd be like to look around 464 00:38:35,021 --> 00:38:37,455 and not hear bullets whizzing by your face. 465 00:38:37,524 --> 00:38:39,991 And not hear artillery rounds exploding around you. 466 00:38:40,059 --> 00:38:42,693 And suddenly realize that for a brief period there's some calm. 467 00:38:43,630 --> 00:38:46,397 You've done it. 468 00:38:53,806 --> 00:38:57,141 NARRATOR: At first light, the Regina Rifles A and D Companies 469 00:38:57,243 --> 00:39:00,077 advance cautiously into the courtyard. 470 00:39:03,449 --> 00:39:05,550 PETER: So, when Meyer retreats, he 471 00:39:05,618 --> 00:39:09,020 tries to delay the enemy's advance by leaving snipers. 472 00:39:09,088 --> 00:39:13,257 This gives his own troops time to withdraw in good order. 473 00:39:14,961 --> 00:39:19,363 With snipers and booby traps, the enemy doesn't feel secure. 474 00:39:20,567 --> 00:39:22,900 He doesn't know where the enemy is, where he's coming from, 475 00:39:22,969 --> 00:39:25,636 so he must be very cautious when he advances. 476 00:39:28,341 --> 00:39:31,609 NARRATOR: It takes them until mid-afternoon to clear the Abbaye of German snipers. 477 00:39:40,720 --> 00:39:45,990 ♪ ♪ 478 00:39:48,261 --> 00:39:52,263 Inside the Abbaye they discover the headquarters in the cellar. 479 00:40:02,141 --> 00:40:08,279 ♪ ♪ 480 00:40:13,052 --> 00:40:15,786 -Captain Brown who himself is beyond exhaustion. 481 00:40:15,855 --> 00:40:19,690 He, he later talks about almost being delirious, uh, hallucinating. 482 00:40:30,503 --> 00:40:35,673 NARRATOR: An exhausted Gordon Brown pours a drink, climbs into the bed, 483 00:40:38,845 --> 00:40:41,646 and falls asleep. 484 00:40:54,294 --> 00:40:57,461 The western half of Caen to the Orne River would fall to 485 00:40:57,530 --> 00:41:00,631 the allies by the end of July 9th. 486 00:41:03,369 --> 00:41:07,638 During Operation Charnwood, the Regina Rifles suffer 216 casualties, 487 00:41:09,108 --> 00:41:12,376 including 36 men killed. 488 00:41:12,712 --> 00:41:17,281 -In terms of the casualties on that day, something like 50% of the combat soldiers 489 00:41:18,318 --> 00:41:20,718 were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. 490 00:41:20,787 --> 00:41:24,522 The casualties were so severe for Charlie Company and Baker Company that after 491 00:41:24,590 --> 00:41:27,958 this combat on the 8th and 9th of July, they were non-operational. 492 00:41:30,730 --> 00:41:33,764 NARRATOR: French civilians are also deeply affected. 493 00:41:33,833 --> 00:41:37,868 Up to 75% of Caen lay in ruins and hundreds were killed. 494 00:41:45,278 --> 00:41:49,680 After the war, Colonel Kurt Meyer faces trial for war crimes for his part 495 00:41:49,749 --> 00:41:53,184 in the execution of Canadian prisoners of war at the Abbaye D'ardenne. 496 00:41:55,855 --> 00:41:59,323 Meyer would be sentenced to death later commuted to life imprisonment. 497 00:42:01,928 --> 00:42:05,262 He serves nine years before being released. 498 00:42:06,299 --> 00:42:08,199 The two Canadian company commanders, 499 00:42:08,267 --> 00:42:10,201 Majors Stuart Tubb and Eric Symes, 500 00:42:10,303 --> 00:42:13,437 recover and survive the war. 501 00:42:13,706 --> 00:42:17,274 Major Tubb is later awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership and 502 00:42:17,377 --> 00:42:20,010 coolness in the face of enemy fire. 503 00:42:20,947 --> 00:42:25,116 Gordon Brown continues to serve throughout the war, and would earn the 504 00:42:25,184 --> 00:42:28,786 Distinguished Service Order for personal valor and devotion to duty. 505 00:42:31,290 --> 00:42:35,793 While ultimately successful, the capture of Caen, confirms that allied gains 506 00:42:35,862 --> 00:42:39,330 could be slow and sometimes measured only in yards. 507 00:42:39,399 --> 00:42:43,934 PETER: It is clear to the Allies the road to Berlin is not a simple walkover. 508 00:42:44,370 --> 00:42:47,037 It will be a costly and bloody campaign. 509 00:42:48,908 --> 00:42:52,676 NARRATOR: And the war in Europe would continue for another 10 months. 510 00:42:55,681 --> 00:42:57,548 Captioned by Cotter Captioning Services. 52678

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