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Animals can sometimes reach such
numbers they defy our understanding.
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00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:13,760
They seem to rise up
and invade our lives.
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00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:18,960
They become Superswarms -
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00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:22,520
So immense,
they are impossible to ignore.
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00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:29,240
From the outside, they can be
the stuff of nightmares.
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00:00:29,240 --> 00:00:33,360
From the inside, they are a
thing of extraordinary beauty.
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00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:37,720
Among the apparent chaos,
something remarkable is going on.
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00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:42,080
A weird kind of intelligence
controls the swarm.
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00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:53,560
Right now, 8:30 sharp.
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00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:55,320
It's like swarms right now,
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00:00:55,320 --> 00:00:58,440
you see, they look like black
clouds going across the sky.
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00:00:58,440 --> 00:01:00,920
At Congress Bridge in Austin, Texas,
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00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:03,640
100,000 tourists visit each year
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to watch an incredible
natural spectacle -
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00:01:06,440 --> 00:01:12,080
1.5 million free-tailed bats
leaving their roost for the night.
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00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:17,760
It's an awe-inspiring sight,
that to our eyes looks chaotic.
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00:01:20,480 --> 00:01:24,400
Inside the swarm,
it's a very different picture.
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00:01:25,480 --> 00:01:29,640
The bats fly in perfect unison,
always aware of their nearest
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00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:33,120
neighbour, chatting together
as they stream from the roost.
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00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:37,640
The tourists sometimes spot
a bird diving among the bats,
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trying to grab a meal -
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00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:42,320
this gives even more of
a clue as to what is going on.
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00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:47,760
Slow down the action and
what's happening becomes clearer.
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00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:54,400
For the peregrine to succeed,
she must single out a bat from
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00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:58,280
the masses - an almost impossible
task amongst all the confusion.
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00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:08,560
A red-tailed hawk tries his luck,
but faces the same problem.
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00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:10,520
BATS SQUEAK
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00:02:12,400 --> 00:02:16,640
The bats' alarm calls warn
of danger - they work together.
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00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:23,000
They drop like stones from the sky
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00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:27,440
- the sudden change of direction
wrong-footing their attackers.
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00:02:37,040 --> 00:02:39,600
Bats on their own
are easier to pick out.
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00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:42,520
And there is no-one
to watch their backs.
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00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:57,880
By sharing information,
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00:02:57,880 --> 00:03:00,880
the bats effectively
increase their intelligence.
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00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:05,120
LOUD SQUEAKING
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00:03:09,280 --> 00:03:15,200
Just 60 miles away, at Bracken Cave,
a mothers' meeting is taking place.
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00:03:18,440 --> 00:03:20,560
Here, female bats
gather to give birth.
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00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:26,560
40 million bats in all - the
largest swarm of mammals on earth.
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00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:29,000
The bats migrate to these
maternity caves
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00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:31,360
from South and Central America.
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00:03:34,840 --> 00:03:38,920
It's like a giant creche and
the mothers don't stop talking.
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00:03:38,920 --> 00:03:42,640
But this isn't idle gossip -
they are exchanging information.
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00:03:46,680 --> 00:03:51,640
At dusk, the females and young
take to the air with a purpose.
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00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:03,520
It may seem disorganised, but
this is flight school for bats.
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00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:12,720
The young learn from their
mother how to catch insects.
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00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:16,280
Among the millions, she can
recognise her own young's call
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00:04:16,280 --> 00:04:18,480
and they stay together as they fly.
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00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:37,680
At normal speed, you get a sense
of how difficult this must be.
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00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,840
But this Superswarm doesn't exist
in any time world we know.
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00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:44,280
They react many times
faster than we can.
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00:04:44,280 --> 00:04:48,280
The older, more experienced
females act like scouts,
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leaving the cave first
to check that all is clear.
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The novices follow, swirling
together to form a bat tornado.
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00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:10,760
This vortex grows rapidly, always
spinning in the same direction.
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00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:14,600
It acts as a beacon, signalling
to others that it's time to leave.
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00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:30,800
The bats also use the vortex
to exchange information.
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00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:34,400
They collectively make informed
decisions on where they should go,
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00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:37,360
based on their experiences
from the previous night.
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00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:48,200
In this gathering, a kind of swarm
intelligence is being created
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00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:50,720
and spread among the individuals.
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00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:05,200
Other swarms use this behaviour too.
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00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:15,440
The vortexes created by fish
can be so spectacular
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00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:19,040
they appear almost
like an alien organism.
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00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:24,520
They move like one too -
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00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:27,680
a creature that
shape-shifts before our eyes.
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00:06:43,160 --> 00:06:46,640
Fish have a lateral line system,
sensitive to pressure waves,
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00:06:46,640 --> 00:06:50,280
that runs like a series
of hidden ears along the body.
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00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:53,880
This picks up the tiny movements
of neighbouring fish so they can
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00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:56,800
mirror each other's actions
in perfect synchrony.
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00:06:56,800 --> 00:06:59,440
The lateral line
also detects predators.
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00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:06,360
Sailfish are built to deal with
this super-organism.
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00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:09,280
They are the
fastest fish in the ocean.
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00:07:09,280 --> 00:07:12,920
But, like birds, they find that
dealing with the swarm isn't easy.
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00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:20,560
If any member of the shoal
detects danger,
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00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:23,040
they use pheromones
to warn the others.
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00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:28,000
With so many individuals on the
lockout, their senses are amplified.
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00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:31,120
It's difficult for predators
to take them by surprise.
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00:07:37,720 --> 00:07:43,640
The Sailfish's gameplan is to divide
and rule. Smaller shoals are easier.
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00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:56,920
They slice through the mass,
breaking them into smaller targets.
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00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:20,240
But chasing even these
mini-swarms is difficult.
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00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:23,320
Only the weak or diseased
usually get taken.
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00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:31,560
The fragmented shoal seeks
safety with the master swarm.
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00:08:36,280 --> 00:08:39,400
In this fish whirlpool,
they communicate by resonating
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00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:41,880
their swim bladders
or grinding their teeth.
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00:08:50,360 --> 00:08:55,040
Together, they become more
than the sum of their parts.
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00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:58,280
It's as if each fish adds its
intelligence to the other,
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00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:00,280
to create a single mind.
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00:09:04,480 --> 00:09:08,720
The root of such complex behaviour
lies with far simpler animals.
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00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:15,920
This is Mono Lake in California,
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00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:20,160
a hauntingly beautiful location
made famous by it's pumice towers.
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00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:28,640
Appearances are deceptive -
below its calm surface
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00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:32,640
is a caustic chemical brew
in which almost no life survives.
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Except, that is, for flies.
Brine Flies.
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00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:41,200
There are billions of them.
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00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:48,520
Often so deep
they blacken the ground.
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00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:51,200
Their young live in the
lake and when they emerge,
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they eat nothing but algae.
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00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:02,840
Visitors can't help but notice
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00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:05,520
the flies' extraordinary
swarming behaviour.
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00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:11,440
They ripple away
from whoever approaches.
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00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:13,560
It's a game of chasing shadows.
102
00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:28,480
Gulls chasing the flies
create the same reaction.
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00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:33,160
The flies react in a wave,
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00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:36,560
sensing their neighbour's
movements and reacting instantly.
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00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:42,200
Against such organisation,
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00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:44,880
the gull's response
is about as basic as it gets.
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00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:48,280
They open their mouths,
run, and hope for the best.
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00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:06,040
It's frustrating work -
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00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:10,320
for most of the time the flies
keep tantalisingly out of reach.
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00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:29,920
These apparently simple animals
have complex behaviour
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00:11:29,920 --> 00:11:32,000
and are capable of learning.
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00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:43,320
Working as a swarm, the flies
increase their awareness of the world,
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00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:46,280
making it difficult
for predators to catch them.
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00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:55,440
Fortunately, the flies
are so high in protein
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00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:58,120
the gulls don't actually
need to catch that many.
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00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:01,800
Just 20 flies a day gives them
all the calories they need.
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00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:17,160
The flies are so nutritious,
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00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:21,440
65,000 Californian gulls come
here to breed each year.
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00:12:38,760 --> 00:12:42,200
In Rome, yellow-legged
gulls also adapt their
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behaviour to feed on a swarm.
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00:12:56,600 --> 00:13:00,400
As 10 million starlings stream
into the city to roost,
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00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:03,000
they outnumber the
human residents four to one.
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00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:06,960
Most are young, inexperienced birds.
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00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:11,520
By flocking together, they benefit
from each other's knowledge.
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00:13:11,520 --> 00:13:16,960
For the gulls, it's like
chasing fish shoals in the sky.
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00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:20,040
They act like fish shoals too -
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00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:22,560
forever changing
shape and re-forming.
128
00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:34,200
The gull attacks, trying to split
the flock. The flock regroups.
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00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:38,720
The starlings' manoeuvres are
too quick for a single predator.
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00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:43,560
The gulls try to turn the odds in
their favour by working as a team.
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00:13:43,560 --> 00:13:47,640
Together, they corral the starlings
and try to split the flock.
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00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:51,480
But the flock grows
more powerful by the minute.
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00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:55,480
As more birds join,
they gain strength in numbers.
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00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:04,560
A peregrine falcon is a
greater challenge -
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it reaches 220mph in a dive.
136
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:22,840
The starlings snap
together in close formation.
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00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:24,520
They become a blockade of birds.
138
00:14:24,520 --> 00:14:27,480
The peregrine risks serious
injury if it attacks now.
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00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:40,680
The flock is like quicksilver,
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00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:44,200
forever splitting and reforming
to confuse their attackers.
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00:14:47,760 --> 00:14:50,120
It's impossible to
target a single bird.
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00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:03,160
Like other swarms, birds create
this distracting display
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00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:05,120
by watching their companions.
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00:15:05,120 --> 00:15:07,680
Amazingly, each starling
tracks the movements
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00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:10,080
of seven of its
neighbours at a time.
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00:15:14,440 --> 00:15:19,200
By monitoring these seven birds and
keeping in formation with them, each
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individual helps keep
the swarm as a cohesive force.
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00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:28,440
All this happens ten times
faster than a human can think.
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00:15:34,880 --> 00:15:38,320
We are only just discovering how
much information is exchanged
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00:15:38,320 --> 00:15:40,440
when birds gather in huge numbers.
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00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:52,720
It's May in Delaware Bay
on the east coast of America.
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These waders have flown
all the way from South America
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to coincide with a
very special swarming event.
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00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:06,560
As the birds roost, the invasion
begins, cued by the cycle of the moon.
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Human visitors
usually see them first.
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00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:12,640
Well, I tell you, this is creepy...
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00:16:12,640 --> 00:16:15,000
not creepy, but just freaky!
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00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:18,040
I don't know what they're doing -
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00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:21,640
are they battling or something
over a female? Holy mackerel!
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00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:24,000
Here's a guy swimming along.
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00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:27,440
And I just... I love them,
they're just so, so, s0...
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00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:29,560
oh, my God, it's cold! ...So cool.
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00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:33,440
You know, you're cool and all, but I
really don't want you that close to me.
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00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:37,640
I think I could stay out here longer
now my feet have gone numb - Ahhhh!
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00:16:37,640 --> 00:16:41,320
Dawn reveals the true
scale of the spectacle.
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00:16:42,720 --> 00:16:46,560
It's an event that has been
happening for the last 250 million years.
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The horseshoe crab
is truly prehistoric.
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00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:57,440
They are more closely
related to spiders than crabs.
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00:16:57,440 --> 00:17:00,120
They chew with their legs
and their digestive tract
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00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:02,040
passes through their brain.
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00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:06,440
Sometimes known as King crabs, they,
appropriately, have blue blood.
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Their timing is precise.
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00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:17,200
They always appear in early May,
on the highest tides of the month.
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00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,800
They use an internal body clock.
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00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:23,640
This is set by watching
the cycles of the moon.
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00:17:28,600 --> 00:17:31,680
Their eyes are a thousand times
more sensitive than ours.
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00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:35,320
They have ten in all and a couple
on their tail for good measure.
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00:17:38,080 --> 00:17:42,440
Good time-keeping ensures that a
half a million crabs synchronise
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00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:44,960
their egg-laying
with the high spring tides.
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00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:50,440
The smaller males cluster around the
larger females, fertilising the eggs
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00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:52,360
that she buries deep in the sand.
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00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:59,040
Laid high up the beach, the eggs
are out of the reach of fish
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00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:00,800
predators for most of the month.
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00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:08,920
But these prehistoric creatures
hadn't reckoned on the birds.
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00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:18,600
Horseshoe crabs once walked
alongside dinosaurs, long
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00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:20,560
before birds appeared on Earth.
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00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:25,280
Evolution never
prepared them for this.
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00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:30,120
The birds snatch any eggs they can.
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00:18:31,160 --> 00:18:35,120
Fortunately, as each crab
lays 100,000 eggs,
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00:18:35,120 --> 00:18:37,320
there are plenty to spare.
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00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:41,080
The crabs prefer to sneak ashore
under the cover of darkness, but
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00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:45,160
if the weather is bad, they have
to take their chance in the day.
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00:18:45,160 --> 00:18:48,360
One million shore birds
use the eggs as fuel to
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00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:52,760
power their journey onwards to their
Arctic breeding ground. Some travel
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00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:54,800
ten thousand miles to get here.
196
00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:02,640
Sand-pipers rely on the surf to
reveal the nutritious crab caviar.
197
00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:13,280
Although the horseshoe
crabs' emergence is remarkable,
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00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:17,160
the birds' appearance here is
even more extraordinary.
199
00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:20,600
Their journeys are governed by
a knowledge held by all the birds
200
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:24,680
- a swarm intelligence based on
the collective experience of all.
201
00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:42,560
It is this kind of
shared intelligence that drives
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00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:45,920
one of the most famous
migrations on the planet.
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00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:52,880
Wildebeest may seem familiar,
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00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:55,360
but look at them from
a different perspective
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00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:58,560
and it's clear
that they act as a swarm.
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00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:05,240
As they cross the plains
of East Africa,
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00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:08,680
following the seasonal rains,
they do everything together.
208
00:20:11,120 --> 00:20:13,480
Like starlings,
they are hyper-sensitive
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00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:19,280
to their immediate neighbours and their
interactions connect the herd together like a web.
210
00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:24,520
From the air, it's possible to gain a
sense of how far the network spreads.
211
00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:31,920
Dotted among the wildebeest are
smaller groups of zebra.
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00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:37,040
They exist as small family groups,
even within bigger herds.
213
00:20:37,040 --> 00:20:41,840
Each member reacts intelligently to
events. As they join the wildebeest
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00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:46,480
migration, it's possible to see
their different strategies in action.
215
00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:52,600
In common with other swarms, migrating
wildebeest are gripped by a collective urge -
216
00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:54,360
nothing stands in their way.
217
00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:59,320
Driven by the will of the herd,
they make decisions
218
00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:01,520
that, on the face of it,
seem quite stupid.
219
00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:06,640
The river stops them in their tracks
220
00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:09,040
- it's as if the whole herd
has to decide together
221
00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:11,200
when it's safe to take the plunge.
222
00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:18,960
Gradually, pressure builds from the
ones behind until the front-runners
223
00:21:18,960 --> 00:21:20,520
are left with no option.
224
00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:22,680
Someone has to go first -
225
00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:25,200
but it's the herd
that makes the decision.
226
00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:49,200
This is the moment the
crocodiles have been waiting for -
227
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,800
with thousands of floundering prey,
they should have a field day.
228
00:21:57,520 --> 00:22:02,000
But the crocs soon
discover it's not that easy.
229
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:04,520
Among the mass of bodies
and flailing hooves,
230
00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:06,840
the crocs
can't single out a target.
231
00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:12,680
Faced by overwhelming numbers,
they beat a retreat.
232
00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:16,040
Jumping in feet first has
actually worked for the swarm.
233
00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:20,040
The zebras arrive.
234
00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:23,400
Unlike the wildebeest,
they prefer to make a plan.
235
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:35,960
They carefully consider all
options before they join the throng.
236
00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:42,920
They deliberately avoid the
apparently mindless masses.
237
00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:55,280
Meanwhile, the wildebeest have
led themselves up a blind alley.
238
00:22:55,280 --> 00:22:58,240
They are pinned against a wall
that is impossible to climb.
239
00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:05,480
The zebra appear to
have chosen more wisely,
240
00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:08,240
but independence
has its own dangers.
241
00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:14,160
Their well-considered plan
didn't account for the crocodiles.
242
00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:31,080
On their own, the zebra
are an easy target.
243
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:43,840
The wildebeest may be floundering,
but the mass of bodies pushing
244
00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:47,040
from behind has helped some
to start scaling the wall -
245
00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:48,720
probing it for escape routes.
246
00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:08,520
The remaining zebra make it
to the other side,
247
00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:10,320
but their problems continue.
248
00:24:11,440 --> 00:24:13,680
The bank is too high to get out.
249
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:27,520
The wildebeest spread along the bank,
testing each section for a possible way out.
250
00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:30,200
Their vast numbers increase
the chance of one of them
251
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:31,760
finding an escape route.
252
00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:39,040
Eventually, some
of them are successful.
253
00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:40,800
The masses follow their lead.
254
00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:47,280
Swarm intelligence finally pays off.
255
00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:57,640
The zebra are still paying the price
for their independence of mind.
256
00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:16,040
The whole wildebeest herd
funnels up the escape route.
257
00:25:16,040 --> 00:25:20,960
As they break down the bank, they
make it easier for those that follow.
258
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:24,320
This fact hasn't been
lost on the zebra -
259
00:25:24,320 --> 00:25:26,480
they now have
to join the wildebeest.
260
00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:32,280
Despite their apparently
mindless approach,
261
00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:34,320
all the wildebeest survived.
262
00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:37,360
The zebra weren't so lucky.
263
00:25:39,360 --> 00:25:43,320
Here it's not brain versus brawn -
264
00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:47,680
it is individual brains versus
the intelligence of the swarm.
265
00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:52,440
Although each zebra has a higher
intellect, by working together,
266
00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:54,760
the wildebeest herd
gains greater wisdom.
267
00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:58,000
It's surely no coincidence that
wildebeest outnumber zebra
268
00:25:58,000 --> 00:25:59,640
by nearly ten to one.
269
00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:09,880
This swarm is joined by another
- red-billed quelea -
270
00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:12,920
the most numerous
bird on the planet.
271
00:26:12,920 --> 00:26:16,600
When they flock together,
they also act with one mind.
272
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:21,640
Although they feed in small flocks,
they join up to become a mega-flock
273
00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:24,640
as they make their way
to roost sites or waterholes.
274
00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:30,240
The flocks are mixed ages.
Most are this year's young -
275
00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:32,840
fledgling birds,
just a few weeks old.
276
00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:35,440
LOUD CHIRPING
277
00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:45,000
They are still very inexperienced -
their naivety makes them vulnerable.
278
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:52,000
Their biggest enemy is
the lanner falcon.
279
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:55,160
It soon learns where
their watering holes are.
280
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,480
The lanner reaches 150 miles
per hour in a stoop.
281
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:14,560
Taken by surprise, the youngster
didn't stand a chance.
282
00:27:20,120 --> 00:27:22,840
The survivors may have had
their feathers ruffled,
283
00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:25,600
but they've learned an
important lesson.
284
00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:31,080
They are in a quandary.
285
00:27:31,080 --> 00:27:32,960
It's dangerous to drink,
286
00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:35,760
but they won't survive
the night without water.
287
00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:42,640
This is where their collective
intelligence starts to work.
288
00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:46,120
The flock start to share roles.
289
00:27:46,120 --> 00:27:49,840
The more adventurous resume
drinking, but this time,
290
00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:52,600
the more nervous birds
act as lookouts.
291
00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:56,160
They watch the braver
ones' backs as they drink.
292
00:28:01,400 --> 00:28:03,600
The falcon tries again.
293
00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:09,120
FRANTIC CHIRPING
294
00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:12,480
Quickly spotted, a wave
of panic alerts the flock.
295
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:29,480
Such group tactics work well because every
bird has a slightly different personality.
296
00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:31,160
Some are wary and hold back,
297
00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:35,320
others throw caution to the wind,
risking all for a drink.
298
00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:39,800
Once the daredevils have finished,
they take over lookout duties.
299
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:48,080
By rotating roles, the flock
increases its overall awareness.
300
00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:52,080
Together, they outsmart
the lanner falcon.
301
00:29:17,880 --> 00:29:21,480
Safely refreshed,
the flock returns to its roost.
302
00:29:28,680 --> 00:29:31,240
But this is not simply a dormitory,
303
00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:36,720
it's a meeting room where almost a
million birds exchange information.
304
00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:43,200
In a way not yet understood,
the quelea learn from each other.
305
00:29:45,840 --> 00:29:47,800
Prime feeding spots that yesterday
306
00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:51,760
were only known by a select few,
become today's star attractions.
307
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,720
They leave the roost with a clear
mission on their collective mind.
308
00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:02,000
A deluge of birds now descends
on the ripe grass seeds.
309
00:30:08,560 --> 00:30:11,920
The leading edge of the flock
lands and begins to feed.
310
00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:15,160
Birds at the back leapfrog
to the front of the queue.
311
00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:17,440
This creates a wave
of continuous motion -
312
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:21,720
a rolling flock that devours
every seed in its path.
313
00:30:37,160 --> 00:30:40,840
Both wildebeest and quelea show
the wisdom of the crowd in action.
314
00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:46,680
But swarm intelligence actually
reaches perfection in insects.
315
00:30:49,040 --> 00:30:52,200
A fact some of us may
have suspected all along.
316
00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:55,600
Ew...This is gross.
317
00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:57,920
OK, go and move the pillow.
318
00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:01,840
Ah, this is disgusting!
Mum, look at...
319
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,880
how many do you think there are?
320
00:31:05,920 --> 00:31:08,200
What do you think
these guys are thinking?
321
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:12,160
We have reason to be in awe of ants.
322
00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:20,600
Slowed down forty times,
323
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:23,600
these African driver ants
are moving house.
324
00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:28,920
The 20 million individuals
that make up the colony
325
00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:32,200
have collectively
made the decision to move.
326
00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:38,480
They carry their eggs, larvae
and pupae with them,
327
00:31:38,480 --> 00:31:41,440
dividing up their tasks
according to size.
328
00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:46,760
The workers carry the larvae,
while the soldiers hold
329
00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:50,720
the much larger pupae that will
ultimately become new soldiers.
330
00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:07,280
It's a huge undertaking,
but many claws make light work,
331
00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:11,520
and the entire colony of
20 million individuals relocates
332
00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:13,680
over the course of 48 hours.
333
00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:28,120
The heavily fortified trail can
stretch a hundred metres from the
334
00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:31,760
old nest - the equivalent of
11 miles in the human world.
335
00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:39,800
As we all know,
moving house is never easy
336
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,920
and the ants' journey
is fraught with problems.
337
00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:53,840
A twig blocking their path is
like a tree blocking a main road.
338
00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:57,520
Their first job is to
identify the problem.
339
00:32:59,520 --> 00:33:03,920
Those first at the scene call for
back-up, releasing a pheromone.
340
00:33:04,560 --> 00:33:07,720
The heavy mob arrive
and immediately set to work -
341
00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:10,320
they can lift
50 times their own weight.
342
00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:21,000
As well as brute strength,
this needs supreme organisation.
343
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:24,960
They somehow have to all lift and
push at the same time -
344
00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:28,840
a challenge that
even we find difficult.
345
00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:35,960
Obstruction removed, the traffic
soon starts flowing again.
346
00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:42,400
In defence of the trail,
the ants take no prisoners,
347
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:47,040
but even an innocuous-looking insect
can be surprisingly dangerous.
348
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:55,480
The soil millipede is killed
quickly, but the soldier's highly-
349
00:33:55,480 --> 00:34:00,160
sensitive antennae immediately
reveal that it's poisonous.
350
00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:05,440
The message soon reaches nearby
ants. They know exactly what to do.
351
00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:09,160
They gather lumps of mud
and bury the problem.
352
00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:35,560
With the millipede out of harm's
way, the trail can safely
353
00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:37,040
continue its journey.
354
00:34:39,920 --> 00:34:42,600
But more dangers
await the trailblazers.
355
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:52,120
A praying mantis plucks
unsuspecting ants from the column.
356
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:00,080
He seems to have the upper hand,
357
00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:04,720
but the ants he kills
send out a dying message.
358
00:35:04,720 --> 00:35:09,320
Reacting to this pheromone,
reinforcements arrive.
359
00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:12,000
The mantis is a deadly predator,
360
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,920
but the ants know exactly what
they're dealing with.
361
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:22,480
One soldier grabs the mantis' jaws,
362
00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:24,840
stopping it from
doing any more damage.
363
00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:32,560
Other ants swarm over the mantis,
364
00:35:32,560 --> 00:35:35,200
butchering it
with surgical precision.
365
00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:52,920
The mantis' fate is sealed by
a clinical decapitation.
366
00:36:03,120 --> 00:36:06,600
The eggs and pupae are
taken into the new nest.
367
00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:11,960
Here, they are safe.
368
00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:14,920
The millions of interlocking
ants that make up the nest's
369
00:36:14,920 --> 00:36:18,040
superstructure create
an impenetrable barrier.
370
00:36:37,160 --> 00:36:40,280
Only from the outside is
it possible to get an idea
371
00:36:40,280 --> 00:36:42,440
of the nest's huge scale.
372
00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:51,200
Literally millions of individuals
373
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:55,800
form a nervous network that
communicates using pheromones.
374
00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:03,120
As ants pass messages to each other,
they effectively act like brain cells.
375
00:37:09,400 --> 00:37:12,120
Through the millions
of inter-connections
376
00:37:12,120 --> 00:37:15,720
they arrive at a decision that
works for the benefit of the colony.
377
00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:24,120
Like human brain cells, individual
ants are not "intelligent”,
378
00:37:24,120 --> 00:37:28,720
but the links between them create
a mind - an ant superbrain.
379
00:37:40,240 --> 00:37:43,360
Deep inside is the queen.
380
00:37:43,360 --> 00:37:48,360
Her role is to replenish the colony
by laying 2 million eggs a month.
381
00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:56,960
She is merely an egg-laying machine,
under the collective command of all
382
00:37:56,960 --> 00:37:59,560
the ants that make up
the mind of the hive.
383
00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:04,960
The ants create a different
kind of intelligence -
384
00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:08,520
a brain that exists
outside any single body.
385
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:13,560
Other social insects work
in a similar way.
386
00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:16,680
One of the most well-studied
is the honey bee.
387
00:38:20,480 --> 00:38:23,480
Like ants, individual bees
communicate with others in
388
00:38:23,480 --> 00:38:26,960
the hive and their experiences
add together to make decisions
389
00:38:26,960 --> 00:38:28,560
for the benefit of the colony.
390
00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:35,520
This is most apparent when bees create swarms,
as they do when looking for a new home.
391
00:38:43,320 --> 00:38:47,200
In their searches, they can
turn up just about anywhere
392
00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:50,920
- a disconcerting fact for
anyone caught in their path.
393
00:38:52,960 --> 00:38:55,240
They're all right here, man.
394
00:38:55,240 --> 00:38:58,560
Every single one of them.
395
00:38:58,560 --> 00:39:03,480
We'll end up with a whole
hive on the thing. Oh yeah.
396
00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:22,120
What seems to us an odd choice is
just part of an efficient process
397
00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:26,240
that ultimately results in the swarm finding
the right place to settle permanently.
398
00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:31,120
So, choosing a car or a bike
isn't necessarily a mistake.
399
00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:36,680
It has plenty of nooks and crannies
where they can build their combs.
400
00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:49,200
The first bees to land release a
pheromone that guides the others in.
401
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:52,120
They cluster together
in a protective mass.
402
00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:58,440
But as the sun beats down and
temperatures soar, they begin
403
00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:00,560
to question their choice.
404
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,240
There is only so much
shade to go around.
405
00:40:05,240 --> 00:40:07,040
They fan their wings to keep cool.
406
00:40:07,040 --> 00:40:10,120
But the over-heating bees
release a chemical signal
407
00:40:10,120 --> 00:40:12,960
that tells the scout bees
that they aren't happy.
408
00:40:15,600 --> 00:40:20,000
The scouts quickly get the message,
and set off to find an alternative.
409
00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:25,040
With the sun beating down,
it's a race against time.
410
00:40:25,040 --> 00:40:29,000
The scouts look for a cavity
large enough to contain the hive.
411
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:33,840
This shows distinct possibilities.
412
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:39,440
She inspects the property -
413
00:40:39,440 --> 00:40:42,960
pacing the floor and measuring up,
just like a human surveyor.
414
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:50,840
Once the scout is happy,
she leaves to let the swarm know.
415
00:40:57,160 --> 00:41:02,080
Back at the temporary bivouac, she
announces the good news by dancing.
416
00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,160
But this is a dance
with a precise meaning.
417
00:41:06,160 --> 00:41:08,640
The straight part of the
dance shows the angle
418
00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:10,720
they must fly to find the cavity.
419
00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:19,200
The duration of her waggle dance
shows how far they have to go.
420
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:23,240
A second's worth of waggles
equals half a mile of flying.
421
00:41:35,120 --> 00:41:38,120
Other scouts watch the dance,
422
00:41:38,120 --> 00:41:42,040
following her every move,
taking in her directions.
423
00:41:42,240 --> 00:41:45,240
When she leaves, the scouts follow.
424
00:41:45,560 --> 00:41:49,960
With her guidance, this advance
party makes a beeline to the exact spot.
425
00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:53,840
Now it's their turn to check it out.
426
00:41:57,840 --> 00:42:02,560
They too pace out the cavity,
checking whether they agree or not.
427
00:42:06,040 --> 00:42:08,040
Having all made their assessment,
428
00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:11,600
they hold a committee meeting
to consider their findings.
429
00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:15,960
How they arrive at a
consensus is uncertain,
430
00:42:15,960 --> 00:42:17,400
but eventually they do.
431
00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:26,400
They let the swarm know
the good news.
432
00:42:35,840 --> 00:42:39,200
The scouts rush through the swarm,
vibrating their wings
433
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:41,040
in what is called a buzz run.
434
00:42:45,920 --> 00:42:48,440
This tells the swarm one thing...
435
00:42:50,480 --> 00:42:52,280
It's time to leave.
436
00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:58,960
100,000 bees take to the
air in less than two minutes.
437
00:42:59,720 --> 00:43:03,200
The swarm follows the scouts,
leading them to their new home.
438
00:43:09,440 --> 00:43:11,600
As more and more bees settle in,
439
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:14,440
they release a scent that
attracts in any stragglers.
440
00:43:17,200 --> 00:43:20,240
Communal thinking is the secret
to the swarm's success.
441
00:43:20,240 --> 00:43:23,120
But this kind of
intelligence has its problems.
442
00:43:23,120 --> 00:43:26,440
It works best when things stay
as nature intended.
443
00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:28,960
But it can't think out of the box.
444
00:43:30,120 --> 00:43:32,600
Even this might not be
the disaster it seems.
445
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:35,600
Many swarms have become
successful by being transported
446
00:43:35,600 --> 00:43:37,160
as stowaways around the world.
447
00:43:38,760 --> 00:43:44,640
...Traffic heavy, one mile
south of the airport...
448
00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:51,240
These are Fireants. They originated
in the jungles of Brazil and arrived
449
00:43:51,240 --> 00:43:53,800
in North America on cargo vessels.
450
00:43:53,800 --> 00:43:59,400
They now infest many airports, homes and public
buildings across the southern states of America.
451
00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:04,760
Despite their tiny size,
they have the power to close down
452
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:08,080
airports, traffic control systems
and server networks.
453
00:44:08,080 --> 00:44:11,160
Their destructive influence
continues to grow.
454
00:44:16,040 --> 00:44:18,760
Computers are especially vulnerable.
455
00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:21,680
Remarkably, it's the
electricity that they like.
456
00:44:25,360 --> 00:44:28,800
Their antennae are electro-sensitive
and the ants react
457
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:33,200
to electrical charges by
attacking them with their jaws.
458
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:36,320
The soldier ants also like
the sweet taste of the terminals
459
00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:38,760
and they can't
resist having a nibble.
460
00:44:43,920 --> 00:44:46,960
All this activity creates
problems and leads to dangerous
461
00:44:46,960 --> 00:44:50,920
short circuits as their jaws
and legs touch exposed circuitry.
462
00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:58,040
They are now creating havoc
463
00:44:58,040 --> 00:45:01,280
over vast areas of the
southern states of America.
464
00:45:11,120 --> 00:45:15,240
Having come from the rainforest, the
ants are used to this kind of weather.
465
00:45:20,320 --> 00:45:25,360
But unknowingly, the ants have built
their nest in a drainage ditch.
466
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:31,400
Flooding is a challenge for
even the most intelligent swarm.
467
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:40,120
The ants start an evacuation,
moving the nest to higher ground.
468
00:45:45,520 --> 00:45:47,800
It's women and children first,
469
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:51,480
as the ants carry the queen
and her pupae to safety.
470
00:45:53,120 --> 00:45:55,040
But still the water rises.
471
00:46:02,040 --> 00:46:07,040
The ants react by linking arms together,
forming a mesh of inter-connected bodies.
472
00:46:07,040 --> 00:46:10,320
Between them, they
are making a life-raft.
473
00:46:15,040 --> 00:46:16,840
The ants' most precious cargo,
474
00:46:16,840 --> 00:46:20,440
the eggs and remaining pupae,
are safely stowed on top.
475
00:46:20,440 --> 00:46:22,960
Flying ants also board
- like helicopters on
476
00:46:22,960 --> 00:46:26,520
an aircraft carrier, ready
to lift off to start a new colony
477
00:46:26,520 --> 00:46:28,240
if the raft gets into trouble.
478
00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:34,520
Remarkably, some of
the pupae are set aside to
479
00:46:34,520 --> 00:46:38,360
act as flotation devices,
to help keep the raft afloat.
480
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:53,360
As the water level rises
further, the raft detaches
481
00:46:53,360 --> 00:46:58,360
from its moorings - it is now at
the mercy of the wind and water.
482
00:47:05,880 --> 00:47:08,560
Some of the workers paddle
with their front legs,
483
00:47:08,560 --> 00:47:10,760
giving the elements a helping hand.
484
00:47:14,360 --> 00:47:18,200
On the top deck, the workers
tend the pupae and larvae.
485
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:21,760
Below deck, workers clean and
maintain the underside of the raft.
486
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:32,480
As the raft approaches land,
it begins to change shape.
487
00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:39,200
The ants start building
a pontoon from the raft that
488
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:40,600
reaches towards the bank.
489
00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:46,880
The individuals are working
as a unified team
490
00:47:46,880 --> 00:47:48,800
for the benefit
of the whole colony.
491
00:47:52,840 --> 00:47:54,640
As fingers of ants reach out,
492
00:47:54,640 --> 00:47:58,200
they show swarm intelligence
working to perfection.
493
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:10,880
As more ants add to
the pontoon's length,
494
00:48:10,880 --> 00:48:13,320
it becomes a bridge to the land.
495
00:48:27,360 --> 00:48:31,400
Once contact is made, the most
precious cargo is unloaded first.
496
00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:36,280
Like a team of porters,
they ferry the pupae to the shore.
497
00:48:36,280 --> 00:48:39,680
The next generation is safe.
498
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:51,280
The queen is next to disembark -
the colony's future is assured.
499
00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:57,840
Using their incredible swarm intelligence,
fireants are taking on the world.
500
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:04,280
As well as invading America, they
have started to colonize Australia.
501
00:49:04,280 --> 00:49:07,160
With global warming, they are
likely to invade Europe,
502
00:49:07,160 --> 00:49:10,000
as far north as southern England.
503
00:49:11,800 --> 00:49:15,120
They are the swarm of the future.
504
00:49:17,800 --> 00:49:20,040
As we have explored
the world of the swarm,
505
00:49:20,040 --> 00:49:24,280
we discovered how they profit
on the back of our success.
506
00:49:24,280 --> 00:49:26,800
How they feed off our agriculture
507
00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:30,800
and take advantage of the
new environments we create.
508
00:49:32,640 --> 00:49:36,960
We have seen how they can erupt at
any time - taking us by surprise.
509
00:49:38,400 --> 00:49:41,320
And how they have hitched a
ride with us around the world.
510
00:49:41,320 --> 00:49:45,000
We have seen how even simple
organisms can create spectacles
511
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:48,920
that can be
awe-inspiring and beautiful.
512
00:49:48,920 --> 00:49:53,560
And also how they can become
the stuff of nightmares.
513
00:49:53,560 --> 00:49:57,240
We have seen how swarms can learn
from their collective experience.
514
00:49:57,240 --> 00:50:00,120
And how they can act as
a single organism.
515
00:50:00,120 --> 00:50:03,760
We have even seen how looking
at swarms is like looking
516
00:50:03,760 --> 00:50:07,600
into the inner workings
of an alien brain.
517
00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:11,880
But this is one swarm that
we have yet to feature -
518
00:50:11,880 --> 00:50:15,600
one that may even
help to save the world.
519
00:50:17,680 --> 00:50:22,240
These little known creatures
are salps - a sea creature that
520
00:50:22,240 --> 00:50:26,600
in fact is more closely related to
us than the jellyfish it resembles.
521
00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:31,440
They come in many
bizarre shape and sizes.
522
00:50:31,440 --> 00:50:36,160
Many are joined together to create
daisy chains - some a mile long.
523
00:50:42,240 --> 00:50:45,640
At night, all across
the oceans of the world,
524
00:50:45,640 --> 00:50:49,120
they rise to the surface
in their billions to feed.
525
00:50:50,160 --> 00:50:52,800
Recently, their numbers have
started to increase
526
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:57,240
and swarms now cover
thousands of square miles.
527
00:50:59,440 --> 00:51:04,280
They eat the algae that absorb
our greenhouse gasses and then
528
00:51:04,280 --> 00:51:07,920
safely lock the carbon away
at the bottom of the ocean.
529
00:51:09,040 --> 00:51:14,360
An average swarm removes an
incredible 4,000 tons of carbon each night.
530
00:51:16,720 --> 00:51:20,920
They are a growing swarm with the
power to help save our planet and
531
00:51:20,920 --> 00:51:24,160
their significance has
only just been discovered.
532
00:51:24,160 --> 00:51:29,960
They are living proof that we should
never underestimate the power of the swarm.
47637
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