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Mental abilities
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faster than those
of any computer.
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Senses that can extend
far beyond the human body.
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And a person who can play
the piano like a Mozart
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without ever taking a lesson.
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There are those who believe the
human brain has more potential
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than even the brain itself
can imagine,
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and that its true capabilities
might be limitless.
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In some ways, we know more about
the far reaches of the galaxy
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than we do about the human mind.
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How does the brain work,
for example?
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Where does genius come from?
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And can a person
actually see something
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halfway around the world
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using only the power
of their thoughts, for instance?
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Well...
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that is what we'll try
and find out.
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Seattle, Washington.
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November 2004.
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Researchers working at
the University of Washington's
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Institute for Learning
and Brain Science
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publish the results of a study
about the remarkable ability
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that babies have
to learn any language.
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Their conclusion:
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The smartest
you'll ever be in your life...
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-...is the day you are born.
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The research shows that
newborn babies are amazing.
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They come into this world
really able to adjust
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to the stimuli
that they receive.
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All of the world's languages
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compose of about 800 different
types of language sounds.
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And as adults, we pretty much
only utilize about 40 sounds.
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However, when you're a baby,
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you can actually hear
and distinguish the difference
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between all 800 sounds.
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It turns out that babies
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are hardwired from birth
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to have certain forms
of awareness.
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When children babble,
it's just not ordinary babble.
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You put a tape recorder
in the crib
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and you listen to the babbling
and you realize that the baby
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is saying the same word
over and over and over again,
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that it hears random sounds
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that it repeats
until it perfects it,
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-until it gets it right.
Mama.
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Looking at the infant brain,
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it's like you're looking at the
world's most complicated sponge,
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and then you're seeing
how much information
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can it actually soak up
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and how much of it
gets drained out over time
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as the brain begins to develop
into the brains of adults.
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Newborn babies have over
100 thousand billion neurons,
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which is twice as much
as an adult brain,
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even though their brain
is so teeny tiny.
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Later on,
the neurons do prune away,
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but in the beginning, basically,
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the entire world
is possible for babies.
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But we don't know why
certain parts of the brain
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are just not accessible
to you as an adult.
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nature's computer.
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After millions of years
of evolution,
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thousands of years
of recorded history,
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and hundreds of years
of scientific research,
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you might think we already know
everything there is to know
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about one of the body's most
critically important organs.
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But, the truth is,
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we don't.
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I'm a scientist, and therefore
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I'm attracted to things
that are mysterious,
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and what are the two greatest,
most mysterious questions
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in all of science?
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One is the creation
of the universe.
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Why are we here?
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The second great mystery is
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when you look in the mirror,
you say to yourself,
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"What lurks behind those eyes?
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Why am I conscious?"
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And then you begin to realize
that the brain
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is the most complex object
in the known universe.
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I think one of
the most unexplained
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phenomenon that exists
in the brain is how
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it stores, processes
and retrieves information.
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Every breath, every experience,
every interaction,
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every night of sleep,
every cup of coffee,
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all of that changes your brain,
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and yet your sense of self
remains pretty intact.
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So how the brain holds on
to that information,
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how it uses that information
to actually engage in the world,
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is a wonderfully
complicated problem.
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We know a lot about the anatomy
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of different parts of the brain
in great detail.
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What the functions are
is another thing.
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For example, there's an area
called "area 25,"
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and this area is turned on
in people all the time
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who are chronically depressed.
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And it's just a small area,
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but that small area's connected
to a lot of other areas.
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It's like Grand Central Station.
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So it's not just the area
but everything passing through
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and by there in this
whole circuit, and so,
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it's more than just
complicated or complex,
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it's-it's still kind of
mysterious that way.
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Consciousness, in particular,
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is tremendously mysterious.
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Neuroscientists
still don't understand
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the neural basis
of consciousness.
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And philosophers
have pointed out
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that, even given the fact
that the brain
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is an information
processing unit
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of great sophistication,
it doesn't make sense why
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it needs to feel
like anything to be us.
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And, ironically,
when we're studying it,
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we're studying it
from within the confines
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of the brain itself.
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Perhaps the best illustration
of how little we know
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about the human brain's
inner workings
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involves an incident that
happened almost 200 years ago.
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It was a case in which a man
lost a large portion
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of his brain
in a horrific accident
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and, inexplicably, survived.
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In 1848,
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there was a railroad crew
led by a man name Phineas Gage.
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One day, an explosive
went off accidentally,
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and a metal rod three feet long
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hurled right into his face,
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coming out of his skull,
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landing 80 feet
into the distance.
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Everybody thought that
he was an immediate goner,
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but he remained incredibly calm.
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He was even talking normally,
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even though, apparently,
parts of his brain
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were even coming out
the top of his head.
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Phineas Gage was just
sitting up talking,
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right after this thing blew
through the top of his skull,
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which seems impossible.
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He had a pole basically shoot
in one side up through his jaw
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and out of his brain.
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Made a significantly large hole
in his brain,
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caused a lot of damage,
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particularly to the frontal part
of his brain.
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And yet, he both survived
and remained functioning.
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So I would argue it's evidence
for how complex the brain is.
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After his accident,
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Phineas Gage lived
for another 12 years.
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By all accounts, he was able to
lead a relatively normal life,
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despite his devastating
brain injury.
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But how?
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How was his brain able
to compensate and function
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when parts of it
had been severely damaged
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and even destroyed?
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It's a question that,
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despite everything we continue
to learn about the brain
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and its capabilities,
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we currently
don't have the answer.
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The brain is a learning machine
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that rewires itself
after learning every task.
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So you were slightly different
than you were a few seconds ago
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before you learned something
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'cause the brain
has incorporated that learning
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into its network.
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And that's why I think that
we'll never really learn
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everything about the brain,
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because the brain
changes with time.
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If we look back
100 years from now,
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I'm sure there's
still more to find out,
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and we might feel like some of
the things that we're doing now
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are prehistoric and perhaps
somewhat misinformed.
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The brain is so complicated
and its functions
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are so intricate that, at this
stage of the study of the brain,
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we wonder if we even know
the right questions to ask.
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Is the human brain
simply too complicated
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for us to fully understand?
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Or can we learn more about
the brain's amazing capabilities
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by examining people
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not with abnormal brains
but with exceptional ones,
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individuals with almost
superhuman mental abilities
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who are also known as geniuses?
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The University
of California, Davis.
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June 2018.
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Tanishq Abraham receives
his bachelor's degree
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with highest honors.
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But unlike the other graduates
picking up their diplomas,
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Tanishq is only 15 years old.
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And then from there on,
we kind of figured, yeah,
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he-he's getting
the hang of this,
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and so we start introducing
new concepts to him.
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When Tanishq was four years old,
we took his IQ test.
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He had such a high IQ score,
I-I don't think I knew anybody
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who-who had that-that high
of an IQ score personally,
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so that's when I realized
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there's something unusual
about this kid.
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I actually want
to go to medical school
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and become a doctor,
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and I want to become
a physician scientist.
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I know that I have a talent, and
I want to put it to good use.
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What makes Tanishq Abraham's
mind different
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from everyone else's?
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Although scientists have been
studying child prodigies
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like Tanishq for years,
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they still don't really
have an explanation.
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And in his case,
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an explanation is
further complicated
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by the fact that Tanishq isn't
the only genius in his family.
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Tiara started singing
at a really young age.
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She started out singing,
like, simple songs,
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like "Happy Birthday"
and-and things like that,
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but she sang in an opera style,
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and so we'd go and ask
musicians, "Is that normal?"
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And they were like,
"That's not normal." So...
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That's when we felt, okay,
we have a different type
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of prodigy on our hands,
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not the highly scientific
intellect type,
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but Tiara has her prodigy
more in the arts,
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and she has a really
amazing memory.
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I've learned six languages,
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including Spanish, French,
Italian and German.
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And just for fun, I memorized
around 550 digits of pi.
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It's amazing that,
in a short amount of time,
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she was able to memorize
those numbers.
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She kind of described it
like dance programs,
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where the notes start
scrolling down.
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And that's how she feels,
she said.
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The numbers, they're just
scrolling by,
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and she just starts
reciting them.
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3.141592653589
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00:12:06,218 --> 00:12:08,785
793238462643383
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00:12:08,812 --> 00:12:11,621
2795028841971
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00:12:11,649 --> 00:12:13,807
6939927510582
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00:12:13,901 --> 00:12:15,442
097494459.
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People don't even agree on the
definition of what a genius is.
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We know that
it's not hereditary,
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00:12:29,408 --> 00:12:31,065
like the way your eye color is.
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And so, really, many times,
people who are defined
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or talked about as geniuses,
they do come from families
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with parents with normal I.Q.
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And so, I don't think
we know very much
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about exactly why genius occurs.
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What's so special
about these kids?
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00:12:45,182 --> 00:12:48,750
Why is it that their brain
developed in such a way
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that they can solve problems
or understand things
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that adults take years to do?
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We need to understand
why and how this is happening,
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00:12:58,103 --> 00:13:00,862
and then maybe we can all
tap into that type of power.
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Is it possible that
the potential for genius
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00:13:06,287 --> 00:13:09,437
lies within each
and every one of us,
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00:13:09,498 --> 00:13:13,458
somewhere deep within
each of our brains?
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00:13:13,618 --> 00:13:16,536
Perhaps the answer
can be found by examining
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the case of a man
who wasn't born a genius,
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but became one...
at the age of 39.
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Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
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October 27, 2006.
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While in town
visiting his mother,
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00:13:32,813 --> 00:13:36,315
corporate sales trainer
Derek Amato reconnects
254
00:13:36,475 --> 00:13:40,043
with some old friends
at a pool party.
255
00:13:40,070 --> 00:13:42,821
We got together at the pool
for a little barbecue,
256
00:13:42,981 --> 00:13:45,215
and we were challenging
one another
257
00:13:45,242 --> 00:13:47,400
to do all these goofy stunts.
258
00:13:47,494 --> 00:13:49,811
And I told one of the guys
to throw a football,
259
00:13:49,872 --> 00:13:52,831
and I would run and dive
over the water and catch it.
260
00:13:52,991 --> 00:13:54,407
And I hit my head
on the bottom of
261
00:13:54,501 --> 00:13:55,459
the shallow end
of the swimming pool.
262
00:13:57,496 --> 00:14:00,080
I knew I had hurt myself,
263
00:14:00,174 --> 00:14:01,506
but I didn't know
to what extent.
264
00:14:01,666 --> 00:14:03,842
After they took me
to my mom's house,
265
00:14:04,002 --> 00:14:05,827
she rushed me
right to the hospital.
266
00:14:05,888 --> 00:14:10,256
They had done a bunch of scans,
and I didn't have any bleeding.
267
00:14:10,351 --> 00:14:13,426
So they kept me to monitor
what was going on,
268
00:14:13,520 --> 00:14:15,604
and the next morning
they sent me home.
269
00:14:18,016 --> 00:14:19,599
Despite a serious head injury
270
00:14:19,693 --> 00:14:22,694
that could have
left him paralyzed, or worse,
271
00:14:22,854 --> 00:14:26,756
Derek appeared to make
a full recovery.
272
00:14:26,784 --> 00:14:29,092
Other than a bump on his head,
273
00:14:29,119 --> 00:14:32,929
there didn't seem to be
anything different about him.
274
00:14:32,956 --> 00:14:35,374
Or so everyone thought.
275
00:14:37,211 --> 00:14:39,044
I did go home with my mother
and stay with her
276
00:14:39,204 --> 00:14:41,863
for the next five days,
and I slept.
277
00:14:41,924 --> 00:14:45,366
I remember little moments
periodically looking up
278
00:14:45,427 --> 00:14:48,628
and seeing these blocks,
these black and white squares.
279
00:14:48,722 --> 00:14:50,630
And I just thought
they were little marks,
280
00:14:50,724 --> 00:14:52,449
just from my head injury
that I was seeing
281
00:14:52,476 --> 00:14:54,968
these little, uh, shapes.
282
00:14:55,062 --> 00:14:57,470
After five days,
a gentleman that was with me
283
00:14:57,564 --> 00:15:00,306
when I hit my head
came over to pick me up.
284
00:15:00,401 --> 00:15:02,884
And we went over
to his apartment,
285
00:15:02,945 --> 00:15:06,888
and there was a small keyboard
in the corner.
286
00:15:06,949 --> 00:15:09,557
And as we were talking,
I just kind of felt drawn
287
00:15:09,618 --> 00:15:11,484
to walk over to it.
288
00:15:11,578 --> 00:15:15,472
And I sat down,
and that's when my hands
289
00:15:15,499 --> 00:15:17,974
just started to absolutely go
290
00:15:18,001 --> 00:15:20,493
like I'd been playing
for years.
291
00:15:20,587 --> 00:15:23,980
And it was
a pretty profound moment
292
00:15:24,007 --> 00:15:25,165
because I had never
touched a piano.
293
00:15:29,921 --> 00:15:31,821
I did not see those
black and white squares
294
00:15:31,849 --> 00:15:33,414
prior to my head injury.
295
00:15:33,475 --> 00:15:35,434
And then after some time
working with some doctors,
296
00:15:35,594 --> 00:15:37,251
we kind of put
these pieces together
297
00:15:37,312 --> 00:15:39,420
to understand that
those little boxes are the notes
298
00:15:39,481 --> 00:15:42,682
that are telling my hands
what to do and where to go.
299
00:15:46,104 --> 00:15:49,522
In the years after his accident,
300
00:15:49,616 --> 00:15:51,524
Derek has become
a virtuoso pianist,
301
00:15:51,618 --> 00:15:55,120
and has played on stages
across the United States.
302
00:15:55,280 --> 00:15:57,030
And even though
thousands of people
303
00:15:57,124 --> 00:16:00,200
have now seen him perform,
the question still remains:
304
00:16:00,294 --> 00:16:04,779
How did Derek develop
his incredible ability,
305
00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,692
seemingly overnight,
and without ever taking
306
00:16:08,719 --> 00:16:11,211
a single piano lesson?
307
00:16:13,515 --> 00:16:15,957
My reaction at the moment
I discovered my hands
308
00:16:16,018 --> 00:16:17,717
were playing the piano was,
309
00:16:17,811 --> 00:16:20,704
"How am I going to
explain this to someone?"
310
00:16:20,731 --> 00:16:23,798
I became so curious that I
started looking on the Internet
311
00:16:23,859 --> 00:16:25,725
for any information
I could find on it.
312
00:16:25,819 --> 00:16:27,711
And they even had
a title for it
313
00:16:27,738 --> 00:16:29,729
as "acquired savant syndrome."
314
00:16:29,823 --> 00:16:31,564
And that was all new words
for me because
315
00:16:31,658 --> 00:16:33,909
I thought a savant
was a French pastry.
316
00:16:35,370 --> 00:16:37,237
Acquired savant syndrome
means that after
317
00:16:37,331 --> 00:16:38,830
some kind of brain injury
or damage,
318
00:16:38,990 --> 00:16:40,999
all of a sudden
this person becomes
319
00:16:41,159 --> 00:16:43,243
really specialized in some area
320
00:16:43,337 --> 00:16:46,153
that they previously
had no skill in.
321
00:16:46,215 --> 00:16:48,732
Scientists have identified
damage to
322
00:16:48,759 --> 00:16:50,324
a particular area of the brain,
323
00:16:50,385 --> 00:16:54,328
the left anterior temporal lobe,
as being essential
324
00:16:54,389 --> 00:16:57,999
to the creation
of acquired savant syndrome.
325
00:16:58,060 --> 00:17:00,593
The theory is that perhaps,
326
00:17:00,687 --> 00:17:03,096
because the left hemisphere
started to go dark
327
00:17:03,190 --> 00:17:05,749
after this injury, now
the right side could feel free
328
00:17:05,776 --> 00:17:08,193
to express themselves fully,
329
00:17:08,353 --> 00:17:09,986
and they develop
these artistic abilities.
330
00:17:12,115 --> 00:17:14,682
The remarkable abilities
of people like Derek Amato
331
00:17:14,743 --> 00:17:19,204
suggest that even if we aren't
born a genius,
332
00:17:19,364 --> 00:17:22,115
there is something
in our brains
333
00:17:22,209 --> 00:17:26,102
that could be rewired
to make us one.
334
00:17:26,129 --> 00:17:28,121
It's an exciting notion,
335
00:17:28,215 --> 00:17:30,290
especially if we could
find some way to unlock
336
00:17:30,384 --> 00:17:33,218
our brain's potential
not by accident...
337
00:17:35,430 --> 00:17:38,723
...but whenever and however
we want to.
338
00:17:40,552 --> 00:17:44,062
Suppose we walk into
a mind design center,
339
00:17:44,222 --> 00:17:47,065
and we see a menu before us,
340
00:17:47,225 --> 00:17:50,310
and one item is called
"Human Calculator,"
341
00:17:50,404 --> 00:17:53,963
and another item is called
"Immediate Mozart,"
342
00:17:53,991 --> 00:17:57,742
another "Immediate Picasso."
343
00:17:57,902 --> 00:17:59,393
How many would you choose?
344
00:17:59,454 --> 00:18:02,581
Will there be trade-offs
if we try to induce
345
00:18:02,741 --> 00:18:05,733
savant behavior
in ordinary people?
346
00:18:05,794 --> 00:18:07,043
We just don't know.
347
00:18:11,842 --> 00:18:13,833
I believe we all have these.
348
00:18:13,927 --> 00:18:17,003
And it may not be musical gifts
in all of us,
349
00:18:17,097 --> 00:18:18,930
but I think we're
designed gifted.
350
00:18:19,090 --> 00:18:21,157
And I think it's just
a matter of discovery
351
00:18:21,184 --> 00:18:22,267
from there on out.
352
00:18:26,440 --> 00:18:30,591
What began as a horrible
swimming pool accident
353
00:18:30,652 --> 00:18:33,169
somehow transformed
Derek Amato's brain
354
00:18:33,196 --> 00:18:35,262
into that of a musical genius,
355
00:18:35,324 --> 00:18:40,844
and his life into one
of great opportunity.
356
00:18:40,871 --> 00:18:43,938
But what if someone finds out
that the brain they have
357
00:18:43,999 --> 00:18:48,184
is not that of a genius
but of a criminal?
358
00:18:48,211 --> 00:18:51,371
And not only a criminal...
359
00:18:51,465 --> 00:18:55,967
but a brain that matches
that of a serial killer.
360
00:18:59,464 --> 00:19:01,214
Florida State Prison.
361
00:19:01,308 --> 00:19:03,350
January 21, 1989.
362
00:19:12,477 --> 00:19:14,653
Days before his execution,
363
00:19:14,813 --> 00:19:17,380
convicted serial killer
Ted Bundy
364
00:19:17,407 --> 00:19:20,158
confesses to the murder
of at least 30 people,
365
00:19:20,318 --> 00:19:25,163
ending a crime spree that lasted
for more than a decade.
366
00:19:25,323 --> 00:19:28,482
We often use Ted Bundy as the
perfect example of a psychopath
367
00:19:28,543 --> 00:19:30,502
because he had
all the attributes.
368
00:19:30,662 --> 00:19:33,320
He was charming.
He was likable.
369
00:19:33,382 --> 00:19:36,490
He was k-kind of handsome guy.
He was very articulate.
370
00:19:36,551 --> 00:19:40,570
He knew how to ingratiate
himself into people's lives,
371
00:19:40,597 --> 00:19:42,588
and he did all the things
372
00:19:42,683 --> 00:19:44,908
that you expect
a normal person to do,
373
00:19:44,935 --> 00:19:48,745
and yet, every step of the way,
everything he did was about him.
374
00:19:48,772 --> 00:19:52,265
He was a predator. He never
stopped being a predator.
375
00:19:52,359 --> 00:19:54,508
But how could an otherwise
376
00:19:54,569 --> 00:19:58,512
clean-cut and successful
young man like Ted Bundy
377
00:19:58,573 --> 00:20:02,108
become a cold-blooded,
psychopathic killer?
378
00:20:02,202 --> 00:20:05,686
Did the circumstances
of his life turn him into one,
379
00:20:05,747 --> 00:20:10,191
or was he literally
born to kill?
380
00:20:10,252 --> 00:20:12,268
There's been a lot
of studies lately
381
00:20:12,295 --> 00:20:14,212
on the brains of psychopaths.
382
00:20:14,372 --> 00:20:16,789
And some of the most important
findings is that we see that
383
00:20:16,883 --> 00:20:18,216
they have a connectivity problem
384
00:20:18,376 --> 00:20:19,700
with different parts
of their brain.
385
00:20:19,761 --> 00:20:22,387
From the scans that I had seen,
386
00:20:22,547 --> 00:20:24,222
scans of all these
different murderers,
387
00:20:24,382 --> 00:20:26,207
including
psychopathic murderers,
388
00:20:26,268 --> 00:20:28,209
there was the same pattern,
and that same pattern
389
00:20:28,270 --> 00:20:31,396
was a loss of activity
in this area of the brain,
390
00:20:31,556 --> 00:20:33,398
above the eyes,
above the orbits,
391
00:20:33,558 --> 00:20:35,291
so it's called orbital cortex.
392
00:20:35,318 --> 00:20:38,403
This is the limbic system,
the cortical limbic system,
393
00:20:38,563 --> 00:20:40,646
and this is what's turned off.
394
00:20:40,741 --> 00:20:44,484
When we look at someone
who is a true psychopath,
395
00:20:44,578 --> 00:20:47,561
it's most likely you'll not find
much brain activity
396
00:20:47,622 --> 00:20:49,639
in the limbic system.
397
00:20:49,666 --> 00:20:53,585
And those parts contain areas
of empathy and understanding,
398
00:20:53,745 --> 00:20:56,237
care and concern, conscience.
399
00:20:56,298 --> 00:20:58,923
This seems to line up
with the reports of psychopaths,
400
00:20:59,083 --> 00:21:00,666
you know, doing some
horrific things,
401
00:21:00,761 --> 00:21:02,335
you know,
killing multiple people
402
00:21:02,429 --> 00:21:04,821
and then just getting back up,
going to a movie,
403
00:21:04,848 --> 00:21:06,580
eating McDonald's
within the hour.
404
00:21:06,641 --> 00:21:08,825
They just don't seem
to have their emotions
405
00:21:08,852 --> 00:21:11,895
stimulated the way that
a normal person's brain would.
406
00:21:13,690 --> 00:21:16,849
There have already been studies
about trying to rewire the brain
407
00:21:16,943 --> 00:21:19,110
of psychopaths, in that
we're trying to improve
408
00:21:19,270 --> 00:21:21,112
some of their
connectivity problems.
409
00:21:21,272 --> 00:21:23,264
Because if we see
that there's an issue
410
00:21:23,325 --> 00:21:25,266
with two parts of the brain
not communicating well
411
00:21:25,327 --> 00:21:28,027
with each other, maybe we can
send some electrical impulses
412
00:21:28,121 --> 00:21:29,862
through it and see
if we can stimulate them
413
00:21:29,956 --> 00:21:32,181
into more action.
414
00:21:32,209 --> 00:21:35,943
If we do a brain scan
on every baby that's born,
415
00:21:36,004 --> 00:21:38,797
and we decide that this one
has the type of brain
416
00:21:38,957 --> 00:21:41,448
that's going to be
a criminal mind,
417
00:21:41,510 --> 00:21:43,450
what do we do with that?
418
00:21:43,512 --> 00:21:48,531
Is that, uh, something that
we have to retrain this child?
419
00:21:48,558 --> 00:21:52,626
Do we keep this child under
protection as they grow up?
420
00:21:52,687 --> 00:21:55,396
How do we respond
to that type of information?
421
00:21:57,859 --> 00:22:00,560
Are we more determined by
genetics or environment?
422
00:22:00,654 --> 00:22:03,154
We had an ongoing
Alzheimer's study
423
00:22:03,314 --> 00:22:05,490
that we were doing
a clinical trial on,
424
00:22:05,650 --> 00:22:07,641
but we didn't have
enough controls.
425
00:22:07,702 --> 00:22:10,644
And so I said,
"Look-it, I'll ask my family."
426
00:22:10,705 --> 00:22:12,889
We'll get them all in,
do PET scans,
427
00:22:12,916 --> 00:22:14,666
and they'll be controls
because in our family,
428
00:22:14,826 --> 00:22:16,559
there is no Alzheimer's.
429
00:22:16,586 --> 00:22:21,564
And so I went through this pile
of these Alzheimer's scans,
430
00:22:21,591 --> 00:22:24,417
and we cover up the names,
'cause I don't like to know
431
00:22:24,511 --> 00:22:25,677
who I'm looking at,
what I'm looking at.
432
00:22:25,837 --> 00:22:27,345
You got to stay
double blind, right?
433
00:22:27,505 --> 00:22:30,089
And each one was normal,
normal, normal.
434
00:22:30,183 --> 00:22:32,499
But I got to the last scan,
435
00:22:32,561 --> 00:22:36,170
and I saw this very obviously
completely psychopathic pattern.
436
00:22:36,231 --> 00:22:37,838
It looked like all these
psychopathic murderers
437
00:22:37,899 --> 00:22:39,582
I'd looked at.
438
00:22:39,609 --> 00:22:41,693
I said to the technician,
"This is very funny.
439
00:22:41,853 --> 00:22:44,028
"You-You've slipped in one
of these psychopathic murderers.
440
00:22:44,188 --> 00:22:46,089
"This is like the worst one
I've seen,
441
00:22:46,116 --> 00:22:48,682
and whoever this is,
we got to notify the police."
442
00:22:48,743 --> 00:22:50,760
And he goes, "This is somebody
who's very dangerous."
443
00:22:50,787 --> 00:22:54,614
So when I pulled off
the name tag on the PET scan,
444
00:22:54,708 --> 00:22:56,857
I looked at it and laughed.
I said, "Guys, look-it,
445
00:22:56,918 --> 00:22:59,377
this can't be right."
It was my name on there.
446
00:22:59,537 --> 00:23:02,046
So it was me that had
the full-blown
447
00:23:02,206 --> 00:23:03,965
psychopathic pattern
in my scans.
448
00:23:05,552 --> 00:23:07,868
Jim Fallon found that
he actually has
449
00:23:07,929 --> 00:23:10,388
sort of this classic
psychopathic brain
450
00:23:10,548 --> 00:23:12,281
from an imaging perspective,
451
00:23:12,309 --> 00:23:15,376
but he's in a long-term
relationship, he has a wife,
452
00:23:15,437 --> 00:23:17,544
and sometimes she has
to remind him to be
453
00:23:17,606 --> 00:23:19,731
more empathetic,
but he's a good citizen.
454
00:23:19,891 --> 00:23:24,051
I would say that 30% is about
biology and genetics,
455
00:23:24,112 --> 00:23:27,739
and 70% is about nurturing
or the lack of nurturing.
456
00:23:27,899 --> 00:23:33,653
It's like nature loads the gun
and nurturing pulls the trigger.
457
00:23:33,747 --> 00:23:36,397
Charisma is really
a psychopathic trait.
458
00:23:36,458 --> 00:23:38,416
And so growing up,
all through my teens,
459
00:23:38,576 --> 00:23:40,251
high school, I was very popular.
460
00:23:40,411 --> 00:23:42,069
You know, popular
and class clown,
461
00:23:42,130 --> 00:23:45,072
and a ton of friends,
and a ton of female friends,
462
00:23:45,133 --> 00:23:46,907
and really got along
with everybody.
463
00:23:46,968 --> 00:23:49,093
I never thought
anything was wrong,
464
00:23:49,253 --> 00:23:53,506
even though from the time
I was 11, 12 years old onward,
465
00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:56,008
all the time,
some adults would say to me,
466
00:23:56,102 --> 00:23:57,751
"There's something
quite evil about you,"
467
00:23:57,812 --> 00:23:59,646
even though they couldn't
put their finger on it.
468
00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:04,350
Although, according
to his own research,
469
00:24:04,444 --> 00:24:07,019
James Fallon's brain
is similar to those
470
00:24:07,113 --> 00:24:10,114
possessed by people
with psychopathic tendencies,
471
00:24:10,274 --> 00:24:12,766
he hasn't gone on
to commit murder.
472
00:24:12,827 --> 00:24:15,011
But why not?
473
00:24:15,038 --> 00:24:19,440
Could it be that the urge
to kill requires something more,
474
00:24:19,501 --> 00:24:23,461
something harder to identify
within the human brain?
475
00:24:23,621 --> 00:24:26,464
Perhaps the answer lies
not in studying
476
00:24:26,624 --> 00:24:29,208
the brain's physical attributes
477
00:24:29,302 --> 00:24:33,029
but those
of a less tangible nature.
478
00:24:33,056 --> 00:24:35,622
Maybe it has something
to do with not the biology
479
00:24:35,684 --> 00:24:38,643
of the brain
but with the brain's ability
480
00:24:38,803 --> 00:24:44,399
to send and receive signals
from far outside the human body.
481
00:24:51,324 --> 00:24:53,899
May 2006.
482
00:24:53,994 --> 00:24:56,977
Steven B. Williams,
a successful radio host
483
00:24:57,038 --> 00:25:00,723
and deejay from Colorado,
has gone missing.
484
00:25:00,750 --> 00:25:04,560
For the next two weeks, police
engage in a massive search.
485
00:25:04,587 --> 00:25:08,489
But despite their efforts,
there's still no trace of him.
486
00:25:08,550 --> 00:25:12,659
Desperate for answers,
a close friend of Williams
487
00:25:12,721 --> 00:25:16,072
decides to enlist the help
of Angela Smith,
488
00:25:16,099 --> 00:25:19,166
a woman with a unique talent:
489
00:25:19,227 --> 00:25:22,061
remote viewing.
490
00:25:23,940 --> 00:25:26,691
He didn't want to give me
any up-front information,
491
00:25:26,851 --> 00:25:30,177
because in remote viewing,
often that can contaminate
492
00:25:30,238 --> 00:25:33,347
the viewing and lead
to imagination, et cetera.
493
00:25:33,408 --> 00:25:37,368
The process I use
consists of sitting with
494
00:25:37,528 --> 00:25:39,612
a pack of white paper and a pen,
495
00:25:39,706 --> 00:25:42,206
uh, a couple of letters
and numbers,
496
00:25:42,366 --> 00:25:44,042
and often nothing more.
497
00:25:44,202 --> 00:25:47,620
You go through accessing colors
and shapes
498
00:25:47,714 --> 00:25:50,381
and smells and tastes,
and going in your mind
499
00:25:50,541 --> 00:25:53,718
to the location and perceiving
500
00:25:53,878 --> 00:25:55,970
and bringing back
the information.
501
00:25:58,058 --> 00:26:02,802
I did a session and found water,
brackish water,
502
00:26:02,896 --> 00:26:05,146
a land mass,
an event that happened.
503
00:26:07,567 --> 00:26:10,234
And it seemed that
the individual in question
504
00:26:10,394 --> 00:26:12,570
had been killed,
was in the water,
505
00:26:12,730 --> 00:26:15,907
and a lot of other
surrounding information.
506
00:26:18,745 --> 00:26:20,803
In 2006, I was a commander
507
00:26:20,830 --> 00:26:22,305
for the Los Angeles
Sheriff's Department,
508
00:26:22,332 --> 00:26:25,232
and I'd been in law enforcement
about 31 years.
509
00:26:25,293 --> 00:26:28,902
It was quite unusual,
to say the least,
510
00:26:28,963 --> 00:26:32,815
that Angela Smith would pick up
a particular homicide
511
00:26:32,842 --> 00:26:37,336
and provide detailed information
and then try to help solve it.
512
00:26:37,430 --> 00:26:41,991
I called the homicide
investigator and just said,
513
00:26:42,018 --> 00:26:45,161
is he working on a case
with an anonymous body
514
00:26:45,188 --> 00:26:47,105
found floating in the ocean?
515
00:26:47,265 --> 00:26:50,015
By the fact that I had
that much information,
516
00:26:50,110 --> 00:26:51,834
I immediately had his interest.
517
00:26:51,861 --> 00:26:55,688
So I says, "I've got
some information on this."
518
00:26:55,782 --> 00:26:57,949
And I said,
"I've got to tell you
519
00:26:58,109 --> 00:27:00,509
that it's gonna sound bizarre."
520
00:27:00,537 --> 00:27:05,272
Using the information
provided by Angela Smith,
521
00:27:05,333 --> 00:27:08,275
the police were able to identify
a nameless body
522
00:27:08,336 --> 00:27:11,963
that had been found off
the coast of Catalina Island.
523
00:27:12,123 --> 00:27:15,299
It was that
of Steven B. Williams.
524
00:27:15,459 --> 00:27:17,193
But it didn't end there.
525
00:27:17,220 --> 00:27:20,045
Angela provided information
526
00:27:20,140 --> 00:27:25,393
not only about the victim
but also about his killer.
527
00:27:28,565 --> 00:27:31,724
After the body
had been identified,
528
00:27:31,818 --> 00:27:36,154
I did a profile,
like an FBI profiler would do.
529
00:27:36,314 --> 00:27:40,474
And that matched a profile
of an individual
530
00:27:40,535 --> 00:27:43,161
that Williams had been
in contact with
531
00:27:43,321 --> 00:27:48,315
and who had actually swindled
Williams out of some money.
532
00:27:48,376 --> 00:27:50,501
The homicide investigator
called me back
533
00:27:50,661 --> 00:27:52,578
three or four days later
and said,
534
00:27:52,672 --> 00:27:54,897
"Hey, just so you know,
this stuff's legit."
535
00:27:54,924 --> 00:27:58,584
They had a possible suspect,
and they even had a motive,
536
00:27:58,678 --> 00:28:00,661
none of which they were getting
537
00:28:00,722 --> 00:28:02,513
through
the conventional methods.
538
00:28:02,673 --> 00:28:05,016
I thought, "Wow, maybe there
really is something to this."
539
00:28:05,176 --> 00:28:09,353
Steven B. Williams' killer
was eventually apprehended,
540
00:28:09,513 --> 00:28:12,748
thanks, it seems,
to the incredible abilities
541
00:28:12,775 --> 00:28:14,750
of Angela Smith.
542
00:28:14,777 --> 00:28:17,695
The idea of remote viewing
has been around for a long time.
543
00:28:17,855 --> 00:28:19,772
It-It's been around for
actually thousands of years.
544
00:28:19,866 --> 00:28:23,943
And it's the idea
that you can transmit yourself
545
00:28:24,037 --> 00:28:27,371
out of your body
and go view other places
546
00:28:27,531 --> 00:28:30,190
and-and get information,
and then figure out
547
00:28:30,251 --> 00:28:33,436
what was going on
without ever having to go there.
548
00:28:33,463 --> 00:28:38,198
What science has found so far,
they attach electrodes
549
00:28:38,259 --> 00:28:40,459
to the brain while somebody's
doing remote viewing.
550
00:28:40,553 --> 00:28:42,887
Sometimes you're
accessing information
551
00:28:43,047 --> 00:28:46,115
with the right brain,
reporting it and writing it down
552
00:28:46,142 --> 00:28:48,801
with the left brain,
so there's a dance going on.
553
00:28:48,895 --> 00:28:51,303
It's very much
a whole-brain activity.
554
00:28:51,397 --> 00:28:55,048
Can remote viewing
really provide visions
555
00:28:55,109 --> 00:28:58,294
of people, places, things,
556
00:28:58,321 --> 00:29:00,813
no matter where they are
on Earth?
557
00:29:00,907 --> 00:29:03,241
The very notion seems absurd.
558
00:29:03,401 --> 00:29:07,470
And yet, there was a time
when some thought
559
00:29:07,497 --> 00:29:11,332
this practice could be used
to win the Cold War.
560
00:29:13,628 --> 00:29:15,569
The Russians,
during the Cold War,
561
00:29:15,630 --> 00:29:18,314
were investing millions
of dollars in parapsychology,
562
00:29:18,341 --> 00:29:20,833
psychic phenomena,
remote viewing.
563
00:29:20,927 --> 00:29:22,743
And the Americans felt
that they had to keep up
564
00:29:22,804 --> 00:29:24,745
with the Russians,
and so they developed
565
00:29:24,806 --> 00:29:28,081
their own classified program,
and were basically trying
566
00:29:28,142 --> 00:29:30,935
to train psychic spies.
567
00:29:31,095 --> 00:29:34,105
I was one of the first people
that was recruited
568
00:29:34,265 --> 00:29:35,998
for the remote viewing program,
569
00:29:36,025 --> 00:29:38,442
what's now being referred to
as the Stargate program.
570
00:29:38,602 --> 00:29:41,504
I was recruited
in October of 1978.
571
00:29:43,199 --> 00:29:45,174
In the late '70s,
there had just been
572
00:29:45,201 --> 00:29:47,026
a revolution in Iran,
573
00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:50,937
and in November of 1979,
a group of students
574
00:29:50,999 --> 00:29:54,366
who were revolutionaries
took over the U.S. embassy
575
00:29:54,460 --> 00:29:56,669
and took dozens
of American hostages.
576
00:29:59,957 --> 00:30:03,042
So, when this
hostage situation unfolded,
577
00:30:03,136 --> 00:30:05,878
U.S. intelligence
had very little information
578
00:30:05,972 --> 00:30:07,546
about how many hostages
they were,
579
00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:10,474
where they were being held,
et cetera.
580
00:30:10,634 --> 00:30:13,552
It was reported later
that there was a team
581
00:30:13,646 --> 00:30:15,871
of remote viewers
that were actually working
582
00:30:15,898 --> 00:30:18,965
out of a secret location in
Maryland just outside of D.C.,
583
00:30:19,027 --> 00:30:21,727
and that they were trying
to find out
584
00:30:21,821 --> 00:30:24,322
what was going on
inside the embassy.
585
00:30:26,984 --> 00:30:30,995
They said we need to know
who's a hostage in this place
586
00:30:31,155 --> 00:30:33,739
where an embassy was taken over.
587
00:30:33,833 --> 00:30:36,483
Some of the other things
we were asked to do
588
00:30:36,544 --> 00:30:38,985
was describe how
they were being treated,
589
00:30:39,047 --> 00:30:41,505
what they were being fed,
how they were being guarded,
590
00:30:41,665 --> 00:30:43,174
other things like that.
591
00:30:43,334 --> 00:30:47,069
In this case,
we were able to identify
592
00:30:47,096 --> 00:30:49,329
pretty much
most of the hostages.
593
00:30:49,390 --> 00:30:53,166
They actually based legitimate
intelligence efforts
594
00:30:53,227 --> 00:30:55,411
on the information
that they got
595
00:30:55,438 --> 00:30:57,355
from many of these
psychic remote viewers,
596
00:30:57,515 --> 00:30:59,673
and so we know it works,
597
00:30:59,734 --> 00:31:03,419
but we're still trying to figure
out exactly how it works.
598
00:31:03,446 --> 00:31:07,272
Espionage typically relies on
high-tech equipment
599
00:31:07,367 --> 00:31:11,927
like satellites,
radio receivers and computers.
600
00:31:11,954 --> 00:31:16,115
But according to those
who practice remote viewing,
601
00:31:16,209 --> 00:31:20,102
this technology is no match
for the greatest computer
602
00:31:20,129 --> 00:31:24,382
in the world: the human brain.
603
00:31:24,542 --> 00:31:30,036
I've been remote viewing now
for 42, 43 years, constantly.
604
00:31:30,098 --> 00:31:35,208
People ask me, "Well, how do you
get information to come down?"
605
00:31:35,269 --> 00:31:39,805
I go to a place in my mind
where it's very quiet,
606
00:31:39,899 --> 00:31:43,067
and I just open to whatever
information's gonna come.
607
00:31:45,988 --> 00:31:49,965
I believe that everybody has
a natural intuitive ability.
608
00:31:49,992 --> 00:31:52,484
So, remote viewing training
609
00:31:52,578 --> 00:31:55,971
focuses on that natural ability
and enhances it.
610
00:31:55,998 --> 00:31:59,825
What it says about the brain
is that our brains are plastic.
611
00:31:59,919 --> 00:32:02,837
They're able to adapt
and able to learn.
612
00:32:06,801 --> 00:32:09,743
Did Angela Smith's
remarkable mental abilities
613
00:32:09,804 --> 00:32:13,338
really help the police
solve a baffling crime?
614
00:32:13,433 --> 00:32:16,100
There are many associated
with the case
615
00:32:16,260 --> 00:32:19,419
who believe the answer
is a firm yes,
616
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,347
just as there are those
who believe that the contents
617
00:32:22,442 --> 00:32:26,760
of an entire human brain
can actually be uploaded
618
00:32:26,821 --> 00:32:30,096
like data into a computer,
619
00:32:30,158 --> 00:32:35,194
and that, once transferred,
it can not only be stored
620
00:32:35,288 --> 00:32:39,031
but used over and over again...
621
00:32:39,125 --> 00:32:44,353
forever.
622
00:32:44,380 --> 00:32:46,205
Boston, Massachusetts.
623
00:32:46,299 --> 00:32:48,132
March 2018.
624
00:32:48,292 --> 00:32:52,377
Nectome, a biotechnology
startup company,
625
00:32:52,472 --> 00:32:57,475
announces an audacious
and controversial plan.
626
00:32:57,635 --> 00:32:58,809
-Their vision?
627
00:32:58,969 --> 00:33:00,703
A groundbreaking technique
628
00:33:00,730 --> 00:33:04,707
that can take the data stored
inside a human brain
629
00:33:04,734 --> 00:33:08,152
and transfer it into a computer.
630
00:33:10,072 --> 00:33:13,491
There are companies like Nectome
that are attempting
631
00:33:13,651 --> 00:33:16,911
to preserve the brain
and the mind.
632
00:33:18,706 --> 00:33:21,481
Our methods
of analyzing the connections
633
00:33:21,542 --> 00:33:24,484
between neurons in the brain
are getting really good.
634
00:33:24,545 --> 00:33:26,820
And so, eventually we'll be able
to model the connections
635
00:33:26,881 --> 00:33:29,732
between all the neurons,
and at that point,
636
00:33:29,759 --> 00:33:32,009
we'll have a better idea as
to whether or not its possible
637
00:33:32,169 --> 00:33:34,345
to upload a brain
into the cloud,
638
00:33:34,505 --> 00:33:37,515
but we'll have to wait
and see what happens.
639
00:33:39,843 --> 00:33:43,521
Uploading is the process of
basically copying and encoding
640
00:33:43,681 --> 00:33:48,025
someone's mental life
onto a computer.
641
00:33:48,185 --> 00:33:52,012
Advocates of uploading believe
that that would really be a way
642
00:33:52,073 --> 00:33:54,740
for you to survive
the death of your brain.
643
00:33:56,869 --> 00:33:59,778
And now people say,
"Well, if I'm immortal,
644
00:33:59,872 --> 00:34:02,114
"and I'm living my life
inside a computer,
645
00:34:02,208 --> 00:34:04,783
isn't that rather boring?"
646
00:34:04,877 --> 00:34:08,620
No. Because this mainframe
computer will connect
647
00:34:08,714 --> 00:34:12,716
to a mechanical avatar
that is superhuman in every way.
648
00:34:12,876 --> 00:34:14,718
And you will see
through its eyes.
649
00:34:14,878 --> 00:34:17,112
You'll feel
through its sense organs.
650
00:34:17,139 --> 00:34:20,808
So, in other words, we will have
a form of digital immortality.
651
00:34:22,979 --> 00:34:25,062
Digital immortality.
652
00:34:25,222 --> 00:34:28,123
The incredible notion
that we might someday
653
00:34:28,150 --> 00:34:30,526
be able to live forever.
654
00:34:32,405 --> 00:34:35,130
But if the information
inside our brains
655
00:34:35,157 --> 00:34:37,316
can be copied and transferred,
656
00:34:37,410 --> 00:34:40,819
like information
onto a computer hard drive,
657
00:34:40,913 --> 00:34:44,139
-does that mean it can keep
and store everything?
658
00:34:44,166 --> 00:34:47,734
Like our personalities, perhaps?
659
00:34:47,795 --> 00:34:51,255
Or would something
be lost in translation?
660
00:34:51,415 --> 00:34:54,149
There are two issues
to consider here.
661
00:34:54,176 --> 00:34:58,487
First of all, why believe
that a digital copy of you
662
00:34:58,514 --> 00:35:00,672
is capable of being conscious?
663
00:35:00,766 --> 00:35:05,436
The second issue
is that it doesn't at all follow
664
00:35:05,596 --> 00:35:07,438
that that being
would really be you,
665
00:35:07,598 --> 00:35:13,352
that you are the survivor
rather than a digital copy.
666
00:35:13,446 --> 00:35:15,929
Consciousness is one of the most
hard-to-define phenomena
667
00:35:15,990 --> 00:35:17,764
about the human brain,
668
00:35:17,825 --> 00:35:19,933
and it's also what separates us
from all other species.
669
00:35:19,994 --> 00:35:23,436
It's this idea that we have
internal reflection.
670
00:35:23,497 --> 00:35:26,849
Can we actually live on forever
in a computer and still be able
671
00:35:26,876 --> 00:35:28,626
to preserve all our memories,
all our friendships,
672
00:35:28,786 --> 00:35:30,294
all of the different things
that we love?
673
00:35:30,454 --> 00:35:31,945
And I think that
that's a very romantic notion
674
00:35:32,006 --> 00:35:33,797
for a lot of people,
675
00:35:33,957 --> 00:35:36,282
that they want to feel like
there's a way to go on forever.
676
00:35:36,344 --> 00:35:39,428
But you can't separate the brain
from the rest of your body.
677
00:35:41,307 --> 00:35:43,198
Consciousness requires a thing
678
00:35:43,225 --> 00:35:45,534
called non-computability.
679
00:35:45,561 --> 00:35:48,036
Non-computability is why
this person likes chocolate
680
00:35:48,064 --> 00:35:50,296
and that person doesn't.
681
00:35:50,358 --> 00:35:53,984
There isn't a mathematical
algorithm that can create that.
682
00:35:54,144 --> 00:35:56,987
We probably aren't at the point
where we understand well enough
683
00:35:57,147 --> 00:35:59,064
what makes it human
and conscious
684
00:35:59,158 --> 00:36:02,159
to really recreate that
in the computer.
685
00:36:03,987 --> 00:36:06,571
My guess is
your consciousness in you
686
00:36:06,666 --> 00:36:11,059
is more than just
the composition of your brain.
687
00:36:11,087 --> 00:36:13,395
I think there is a special
combination that makes us human
688
00:36:13,422 --> 00:36:14,913
that at the moment is a secret.
689
00:36:15,007 --> 00:36:16,340
I'm not convinced
science won't be able
690
00:36:16,500 --> 00:36:17,966
to figure it out at some point.
691
00:36:20,221 --> 00:36:22,921
In this day and age,
we tend to believe
692
00:36:23,015 --> 00:36:24,831
that anything can be
accomplished through
693
00:36:24,892 --> 00:36:26,758
the power of technology.
694
00:36:26,852 --> 00:36:30,336
But in the case of digitizing
the human consciousness,
695
00:36:30,398 --> 00:36:33,190
there seems to be a unique
combination of factors
696
00:36:33,350 --> 00:36:35,175
that can't simply be reduced
697
00:36:35,236 --> 00:36:39,029
-to a series of ones and zeroes.
698
00:36:39,189 --> 00:36:41,514
And according to
many neuroscientists,
699
00:36:41,575 --> 00:36:44,426
the reason we can't transfer
a person's personality
700
00:36:44,453 --> 00:36:47,930
-from inside their head
to a computer
701
00:36:47,957 --> 00:36:53,101
is because our minds are already
networked to something else,
702
00:36:53,129 --> 00:36:56,130
something outside our bodies.
703
00:36:58,384 --> 00:37:01,126
There's a sense
that you even have as a child
704
00:37:01,220 --> 00:37:03,795
that there's something
beyond us, outside of us.
705
00:37:03,889 --> 00:37:06,798
There's this otherness
involved and this,
706
00:37:06,892 --> 00:37:09,042
perhaps, connection
with the universe.
707
00:37:09,103 --> 00:37:12,471
You yourself are a part
of the universe.
708
00:37:12,565 --> 00:37:14,214
I don't mean
you're in the universe.
709
00:37:14,275 --> 00:37:16,549
I mean, you are literally
a piece of this universe,
710
00:37:16,610 --> 00:37:18,460
so you are connected
to everything else,
711
00:37:18,487 --> 00:37:19,903
everywhere else.
712
00:37:20,063 --> 00:37:23,407
When you have thoughts
in your mind,
713
00:37:23,567 --> 00:37:26,726
they are reaching out
and connecting with other things
714
00:37:26,787 --> 00:37:29,972
that are similar to those
thoughts in the universe.
715
00:37:29,999 --> 00:37:33,308
So it's possible that our brains
716
00:37:33,335 --> 00:37:37,813
could be acting like
transceivers to receive that.
717
00:37:37,840 --> 00:37:39,664
If you think of the way
your smartphone connects
718
00:37:39,759 --> 00:37:42,092
to the Internet
or to a Wi-Fi network,
719
00:37:42,252 --> 00:37:44,169
the human mind
is actually connecting
720
00:37:44,263 --> 00:37:46,338
to a field of information.
721
00:37:46,432 --> 00:37:49,341
There seems to be this ability
that humans have,
722
00:37:49,435 --> 00:37:52,511
somewhere deep down in
the darkest corners of our mind,
723
00:37:52,605 --> 00:37:55,421
to be able to tap into
information fields
724
00:37:55,483 --> 00:37:58,850
that are not readily known
by us.
725
00:37:58,944 --> 00:38:03,672
This means that consciousness
can extend outside the brain.
726
00:38:03,699 --> 00:38:08,452
So when people say, "Is the
brain a generating consciousness
727
00:38:08,612 --> 00:38:11,179
"or is it a receiver
for consciousness
728
00:38:11,207 --> 00:38:13,957
that's present in the universe?"
I think it's a bit of both.
729
00:38:17,505 --> 00:38:21,706
If our minds can tap into
the very fabric of the universe,
730
00:38:21,801 --> 00:38:24,192
could that help to explain
why the human brain
731
00:38:24,220 --> 00:38:27,362
is still such a mystery?
732
00:38:27,389 --> 00:38:31,199
Is it ultimately
too vast and complex
733
00:38:31,227 --> 00:38:34,886
to figure out
by means of simple biology?
734
00:38:34,980 --> 00:38:38,798
There are those who believe
the answer is yes.
735
00:38:38,859 --> 00:38:41,393
And, if that's the case,
736
00:38:41,487 --> 00:38:44,304
how can we even be sure
that everything we know,
737
00:38:44,365 --> 00:38:47,491
our thoughts, our very memories,
for example,
738
00:38:47,651 --> 00:38:51,903
are safe from being stolen
by outside forces?
739
00:38:53,916 --> 00:38:57,150
The fact is they're not.
740
00:39:02,165 --> 00:39:03,489
Boston, Massachusetts.
741
00:39:03,551 --> 00:39:05,008
July 2013.
742
00:39:05,168 --> 00:39:08,236
Scientists at Boston University
743
00:39:08,264 --> 00:39:12,332
publish the results
of an extraordinary experiment,
744
00:39:12,393 --> 00:39:16,770
results that call into question
literally everything we know.
745
00:39:18,849 --> 00:39:21,099
A few years ago,
we had a series of experiments
746
00:39:21,193 --> 00:39:22,842
where we were able
to create a false memory
747
00:39:22,903 --> 00:39:24,344
in the rodent brain.
748
00:39:24,405 --> 00:39:26,588
We put our rodents
in a safe environment
749
00:39:26,615 --> 00:39:28,607
where they were free
to roam around, and we developed
750
00:39:28,701 --> 00:39:31,109
a set of genetic tricks
where the brain cells
751
00:39:31,203 --> 00:39:33,945
that held onto the memory
of that safe environment
752
00:39:34,039 --> 00:39:36,598
now became responsive
to pulses of light.
753
00:39:38,419 --> 00:39:41,044
So the next day, what we did was
we put the animals
754
00:39:41,204 --> 00:39:42,954
in a completely different
environment
755
00:39:43,048 --> 00:39:44,864
and we gave them a couple
of mild foot shocks
756
00:39:44,925 --> 00:39:46,791
in that environment,
in an attempt to startle them.
757
00:39:46,886 --> 00:39:48,552
But they key thing is that
758
00:39:48,712 --> 00:39:50,445
we could shoot light
into the brain
759
00:39:50,472 --> 00:39:53,724
and reactivate the cells
that held onto that safe memory.
760
00:39:53,884 --> 00:39:55,875
So, one of the ways
that we've known
761
00:39:55,936 --> 00:39:58,620
that we've switched the memories
is that the animal
762
00:39:58,647 --> 00:40:00,622
no longer behaviorally looks
like its scared.
763
00:40:00,649 --> 00:40:03,400
And then that at least opened up
the floodgates to this idea
764
00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:05,885
that we can artificially
manipulate memories in general.
765
00:40:05,946 --> 00:40:09,464
We might be able to one day
perform some kind of surgery
766
00:40:09,491 --> 00:40:12,467
or some kind of intervention
in the brain to enhance memories
767
00:40:12,494 --> 00:40:14,970
that we don't want to be lost
as a result of Alzheimer's.
768
00:40:14,997 --> 00:40:17,230
Or suppress memories,
769
00:40:17,291 --> 00:40:20,083
let's say, that we don't want
to be there in cases of PTSD.
770
00:40:20,243 --> 00:40:22,310
Or suppress emotions,
for instance,
771
00:40:22,338 --> 00:40:24,646
in certain cases of anxiety.
772
00:40:24,673 --> 00:40:29,000
Memories are stored, just like
you can put memories on a card
773
00:40:29,094 --> 00:40:31,577
in a video camera
or your cell phone.
774
00:40:31,639 --> 00:40:36,825
And it's possible that you could
manipulate the chemical,
775
00:40:36,852 --> 00:40:39,161
the organic wiring, so to speak,
776
00:40:39,188 --> 00:40:41,830
just like you could
manipulate a memory card
777
00:40:41,857 --> 00:40:44,090
in an electronic device.
778
00:40:44,151 --> 00:40:47,319
You can take one file out
and put another file in.
779
00:40:49,698 --> 00:40:52,190
In the future, we'll be able
to record memories,
780
00:40:52,284 --> 00:40:57,103
play them back
and alter these memories.
781
00:40:57,164 --> 00:40:59,623
And I wouldn't be surprised
that, in the future,
782
00:40:59,783 --> 00:41:01,792
you'll be able to go
to a library
783
00:41:01,952 --> 00:41:06,538
and have that vacation
that you never had.
784
00:41:06,632 --> 00:41:08,206
But once we learn
785
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:12,544
how to add and remove
files from our brains,
786
00:41:12,638 --> 00:41:15,880
if we do not have
some kind of safeguard system,
787
00:41:15,975 --> 00:41:18,383
some kind of firewall
to prevent other people
788
00:41:18,477 --> 00:41:20,293
from doing it
without us letting them,
789
00:41:20,354 --> 00:41:22,854
then trusting our memories
might be a problem.
790
00:41:24,817 --> 00:41:28,376
Implanting new thoughts
into people's minds?
791
00:41:28,404 --> 00:41:31,062
Artificial memories?
792
00:41:31,156 --> 00:41:34,216
The implications are as profound
as they are frightening.
793
00:41:34,243 --> 00:41:37,902
For example, how do you know if
you actually watched this show?
794
00:41:37,997 --> 00:41:39,554
Perhaps someone
simply created a memory
795
00:41:39,581 --> 00:41:42,390
and put it inside your head.
796
00:41:42,418 --> 00:41:44,075
Preposterous?
797
00:41:44,169 --> 00:41:46,319
How would you be able
to tell the difference?
798
00:41:46,380 --> 00:41:48,654
Let's face it, just when
we think we've figured out
799
00:41:48,716 --> 00:41:50,823
everything there is to learn
about the human mind,
800
00:41:50,884 --> 00:41:53,735
we realize how little
we really understand
801
00:41:53,762 --> 00:41:55,828
and how much more
we need to know
802
00:41:55,889 --> 00:42:00,517
before there is nothing left
that is unexplained.
803
00:42:00,677 --> 00:42:02,936
Subtitled by Diego Moraes /Ewerton Henrique
www.oakisland.tk
65775
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