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[narrator] On this episode
of How Tech Works...
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00:00:10,339 --> 00:00:12,074
We're going to check out
the latest
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00:00:12,174 --> 00:00:14,443
in facial
recognition technology.
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00:00:15,277 --> 00:00:18,914
And... we'll meet a couple
of grown-up rocket boys
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who take their hobby
very seriously.
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[show intro]
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[futuristic music]
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Hi there! I'm Basil Singer,
and you are in for
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one incredibly "out there"
episode of How Tech Works .
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We're going to meet
a former secret operative
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00:00:46,175 --> 00:00:49,444
from the British government
with the keys to the X-files.
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Plus, we'll see how CT scans
are saving soldiers' lives,
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00:00:53,582 --> 00:00:55,851
in real time
on the battlefield.
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But first,
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Imagine, if you will,
a typical day in London.
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You wake up, grab a coffee,
dash to the tube, go to work,
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pick up dinner,
and grab a cab home.
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In that time, guess how often
you've been captured on CCTVs?
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Around 300!
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Facial recognition technology
is getting
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more and more sophisticated.
But things like time of day,
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and the direction you're facing
can make it difficult
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for security officers
to know that it's you.
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So we're going to catch up
with a team in Bristol
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working to change that.
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[upbeat music]
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[narrator] If you think
it's hard to pick out
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a particular face in a crowd?
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Try getting a computer
to do it, and do it well.
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What we're trying to do
is develop technology
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that's able to be more robust
at recognizing a person's face.
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[narrator] Say hello
to the new face
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of recognition software,
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set to change the way
a computer sees you.
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If you think about
the technology that's used now,
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what tends to happen
is that a 2D image is captured
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and then various features
are measured.
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So for example,
length of a nose,
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the distance between the eyes.
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And ratios are taken
of those features
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00:02:02,050 --> 00:02:05,454
and used to form a signature
that can recognize a person.
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[narrator] Melvyn Smith's team
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is trying to overcome
one big problem.
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[Melvyn] If that person
changes their expression,
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or changes the pose,
looks to one side,
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or even
if the lighting changes,
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then those sorts of systems
can fail.
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[narrator] So together
with colleagues
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at Imperial College London,
they created PhotoFace.
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A system that gives computers
a lot more to go on.
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[Melvyn] We illuminate the face
in different ways,
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using different
lighting set ups.
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[narrator] A camera shoots
500 frames per second.
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Its four lights
are synchronized to go off
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in such quick succession
it looks like a single flash.
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An ultrasound sensor
triggers it.
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So I'm gonna pass through now.
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Just like that.
So just a simple stroll through.
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Nothing complicated.
And what it's doing now
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is just a little bit
of processing
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to estimate my shape.
And there you can see,
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it's estimated my shape.
And hopefully, there you go,
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it's recognized who I am,
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so it knows
that I can pass through.
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[narrator] PhotoFace
takes four images,
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lit at different angles,
and compiles them into one.
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So this is four raw images
of me that we captured before.
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and we have to convert that
into shape information.
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What it's showing is that
the blue areas
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are at a grazing angle
to the camera, like that,
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and then the green areas
are more parallel,
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and then red areas
are that way.
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It's just a way of
visualizing it.
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But essentially what we have
is the orientation
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of the skin
at each point on the image.
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What that means is
we can capture very fine,
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textural features on the face,
the wrinkles, the pores,
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all the blemishes
that we naturally have,
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we can capture all that detail.
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So in addition to capturing
the shape of the face,
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we can also use
those blemishes
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as a kind of signature
to recognize someone.
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[narrator] The system
recognizes faces,
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even under changing light.
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If we change
the lighting conditions,
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doesn't make any difference.
If the sun's out,
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we can take that
into consideration.
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That doesn't change
the 3D shape.
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As long as we know where
these raw images are from,
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the 3D shape of my face
is constant.
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Could you just
move slowly your lips?
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[narrator] Across the hall,
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colleagues are working
on a 4D system.
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It's a variation on PhotoFace,
using strobe lights instead.
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We are going to capture
the face of somebody,
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and then use
that information to create 3D,
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but we'll do it in real time.
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[narrator] They can look
at the changing face
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any way they want.
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it allows us to have
high resolution information
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so we could zoom
on parts of the face.
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and have a closer look at it.
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That also opens up
possibilities in biometrics,
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because we might be able
to use the way in which
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a person smiles as a biometric.
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For example,
the way you and I smile
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is probably subtly different,
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the way the smile develops
across the face.
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So, that in itself
could be a useful biometric.
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[narrator] Systems like this
make it easier
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for security teams to
identify a suspect in a crowd.
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Because they can alter
the image-on-file
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for comparison.
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[Melvyn] So, the person
you see in the crowd
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may be standing to one side
so their face isn't clear,
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00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:53,488
and the lighting
may not be ideal.
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So what you could do is
take the model that you have
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of that person's face,
and then synthetically alter
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that model to match
the face in the crowd.
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So you would alter
the direction in which
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it is looking,
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alter the lighting
that's applied to it,
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to make it as similar
as possible
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to what you're actually seeing,
and then look for a match.
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[narrator] It could also
be used in the movie business.
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[Melvyn] If you think of what
you see at the cinema nowadays,
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it's very impressive.
You go to see a 3D movie,
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it looks very realistic,
but it's not interactive.
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So if you move your head
to one side,
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things don't change
as they do in the real world.
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And also different people
in different locations
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in the cinema would be able
to see different things.
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So what we want to be able
to do is capture something
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that's much more immersive
and much more realistic.
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[narrator] In the more
immediate future,
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4D imaging could change lives.
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So the idea is that
we could have some technology
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like this,
that a general practitioner
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could use,
to capture a very accurate
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and very realistic description
of a skin condition,
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00:05:46,408 --> 00:05:48,677
and then send that over
the internet to a specialist
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in a remote location,
who could interact with that
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as though they were
with the patient.
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[narrator] All of which
adds up to imaging
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that's almost... almost...
better than the real thing.
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And speaking of real things,
when it comes to rockets,
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it's hard to top
the Saturn rockets
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used by NASA
in the '60s and '70s.
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But while those behemoths
are now a thing of the past,
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I want you to meet
a group of rocketeers
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who are scaling things down,
and having a real blast!
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See what I did there?
Have a look.
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[voice on radio] Ignition.
[rocket blasting]
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[narrator] The last time
the Apollo launched,
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it was more than 40 years ago.
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But at this farm
in Bethesda, Maryland,
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two men have
their sights set on
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re-living
and re-igniting history
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[man] It goes all the way
back to fourth grade.
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One of the kids' older brother
came in and launched
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a bunch of Estes,
A, B and C rockets
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out in the field
behind the school,
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and something
just clicked in my head.
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-Okay, hold on a minute.
-Okay.
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I know I used to watch
all of the space launches on TV
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back in
the '70s, so...
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I've been interested in it
for years.
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[narrator] Steve Eves
and Vern Hoag
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are gadget wielding,
blast testing rocketeers.
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[rocket roars]
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The kind that spend
thousands of hours tinkering
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with every detail of building
a scale model rocket.
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[energetic rock music]
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[Vern] The ultimate payoff is
to put a smile on your face.
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This is all
for bragging rights,
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just to say you did it.
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These guys have
thousands of dollars
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tied up in these rockets,
and they're doing it
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just because it's cool.
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[narrator] Today's launch
features a pair
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of Saturn 1B replicas.
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[voice on radio] Ignition.
[rocket blasting]
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They're one ninth the size
of the original Apollo.
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Both Steve and Vern
started working
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on their identical rockets
nearly two years ago.
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We actually did not know
that the other was building
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these rockets
until we were about
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six months into the project.
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Alright, powering up
arch number three,
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check the continuity
on the pre-tensioner.
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[narrator] The weight of
this rocket is 400 kilograms.
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When assembled
and prepped for launch,
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they each stand
eight meters tall.
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It's going to be fun, yeah.
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It's something
you'll never forget!
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We drove all the way
from Connecticut.
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00:08:17,392 --> 00:08:18,393
Did you really?
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[narrator] It's not
a cheap hobby.
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[Vern] If you woke up and just
wanted to do this one day,
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00:08:23,332 --> 00:08:26,969
it's about $15,000 to fly
something like this one time.
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[narrator] The electrical
components that trigger
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the launch and collect
the data are key.
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00:08:31,940 --> 00:08:35,043
The amount of electronics
is absolutely phenomenal.
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00:08:35,110 --> 00:08:38,180
We have approximately
ten onboard computers
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00:08:38,981 --> 00:08:41,984
that are extremely expensive.
Recovery is paramount.
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00:08:42,784 --> 00:08:44,253
[narrator] Time
for Vern's launch.
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-Ready under feet, Mike?
-Ready.
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[voice on PA] Go in three,
two, one, ignition!
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00:08:50,425 --> 00:08:52,694
[rocket engine roars]
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00:08:54,730 --> 00:08:57,032
[rock music]
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[man and woman]
Oh, no! No!
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00:09:01,136 --> 00:09:04,406
[several voices]
Heads up! Heads up!
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00:09:06,141 --> 00:09:08,911
[voice on PA] Stand clear!
Do not try and touch the rocket!
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00:09:08,977 --> 00:09:11,313
[man] That big booster's
coming down right by us.
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00:09:16,385 --> 00:09:19,021
[Vern] I guess I wish
I knew what happened more.
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[narrator] That's pretty tough.
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00:09:20,989 --> 00:09:23,458
Vern's rocket drag
separated, literally
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00:09:23,659 --> 00:09:25,561
pulling the two
rocket sections apart
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00:09:25,861 --> 00:09:27,329
a lot earlier
than it should have.
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00:09:27,729 --> 00:09:31,600
Then, the parachutes slid out
early, and it became unbalanced.
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00:09:32,467 --> 00:09:33,602
In mere seconds,
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00:09:33,936 --> 00:09:36,471
thousands of hours and
dollars are blown apart.
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00:09:37,339 --> 00:09:39,174
It hasn't soaked in yet.
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00:09:40,042 --> 00:09:42,444
I don't know,
I might just build another one.
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00:09:42,511 --> 00:09:44,479
We'll pick it up and see
what we can come up with.
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00:09:46,415 --> 00:09:48,750
[narrator] Now Steve
has even more pressure
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00:09:48,817 --> 00:09:50,085
weighing on his rocket.
228
00:09:50,385 --> 00:09:54,523
The blood pressure is going up,
butterflies are in the stomach,
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00:09:54,590 --> 00:09:55,891
there's a whole herd of them
in there.
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00:09:56,992 --> 00:09:58,594
[narrator] All
pre-systems checked,
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00:09:58,660 --> 00:10:01,363
and another Saturn 1B rocket
ready for launch.
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00:10:02,331 --> 00:10:05,601
[voice on PA] Okay folks,
it's time.
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00:10:05,834 --> 00:10:12,841
Three, two, one, ignition!
[rocket engine roars]
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00:10:13,909 --> 00:10:16,578
[rock music]
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00:10:19,615 --> 00:10:22,951
[Steve] We got two chutes!
Yes! Yes!
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00:10:24,186 --> 00:10:25,287
We got two chutes!
237
00:10:25,921 --> 00:10:27,556
[narrator] This time, success.
238
00:10:28,490 --> 00:10:30,926
I feel great,
rocket's basically intact.
239
00:10:30,993 --> 00:10:33,295
We may have a little bit
of damage, but it flew good.
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00:10:33,362 --> 00:10:34,663
Nobody was hurt,
we had a great flight.
241
00:10:35,097 --> 00:10:36,098
Everything's good.
242
00:10:36,899 --> 00:10:38,934
[narrator] Two endings.
Not all happy,
243
00:10:39,201 --> 00:10:42,738
but these rocketeers are in it
for the thrill, no matter what.
244
00:10:43,272 --> 00:10:45,941
I will rebuild this
and it will fly again.
245
00:10:47,276 --> 00:10:48,544
[Steve] One thing about
this hobby is,
246
00:10:48,610 --> 00:10:50,946
if you can't handle
crashing them, don't fly them.
247
00:10:51,280 --> 00:10:53,148
That is, in fact,
part of the hobby.
248
00:10:53,215 --> 00:10:55,350
It's a rocket. Nobody knows
what's going to happen
249
00:10:55,417 --> 00:10:56,518
until you hit the button.
250
00:11:00,722 --> 00:11:04,293
Don't you move! We've got
lots more How Tech Works
251
00:11:04,359 --> 00:11:05,827
coming up after the break.
252
00:11:08,931 --> 00:11:11,900
[futuristic music]
253
00:11:13,368 --> 00:11:16,638
Welcome back to How Tech Works .
I'm Basil Singer.
254
00:11:16,872 --> 00:11:20,876
Now, our next story takes us
deep into the paranormal.
255
00:11:21,143 --> 00:11:23,712
You're about to meet a man
who spent his career
256
00:11:23,779 --> 00:11:27,149
investigating UFO sightings
for the British government.
257
00:11:27,516 --> 00:11:30,118
You're about to see
how the most skeptical
258
00:11:30,185 --> 00:11:33,322
of the non-believers among us
must finally admit
259
00:11:33,522 --> 00:11:35,891
there is actually
something out there.
260
00:11:35,991 --> 00:11:38,393
Well, have a look
and decide for yourselves.
261
00:11:40,863 --> 00:11:42,497
[narrator] Before there was
Fox Mulder,
262
00:11:42,631 --> 00:11:43,832
there was Nick Pope.
263
00:11:43,932 --> 00:11:46,401
My job was to investigate
264
00:11:46,668 --> 00:11:49,137
the two or three hundred
UFO sightings
265
00:11:49,204 --> 00:11:51,139
that were reported every year,
266
00:11:51,406 --> 00:11:54,510
to see if there was evidence
of any potential threat
267
00:11:54,576 --> 00:11:55,944
to the United Kingdom,
268
00:11:56,011 --> 00:11:58,614
or anything of more
general defense interest.
269
00:11:58,680 --> 00:12:00,849
[narrator] When the Ministry
of Defense decided to open
270
00:12:00,916 --> 00:12:02,951
a UFO investigation division,
271
00:12:03,151 --> 00:12:05,087
Nick Pope got the call
to lead it.
272
00:12:05,153 --> 00:12:08,323
At first, I was a little worried
that this would look
273
00:12:08,490 --> 00:12:10,592
rather odd on my CV.
274
00:12:11,026 --> 00:12:14,563
But of course I found
the whole subject intriguing.
275
00:12:15,097 --> 00:12:17,366
[narrator] He was the
first official investigator,
276
00:12:17,466 --> 00:12:19,101
but he had lots to work with.
277
00:12:19,635 --> 00:12:23,005
The Ministry of Defense's
UFO project goes right back
278
00:12:23,071 --> 00:12:24,740
to the 1950s.
279
00:12:25,207 --> 00:12:28,577
The thought was that however
crazy some of the stories
280
00:12:28,644 --> 00:12:31,713
about flying saucers sounded,
if there was something
281
00:12:31,780 --> 00:12:35,217
operating in our airspace,
we ought to know what it was.
282
00:12:35,284 --> 00:12:37,186
[narrator] Most of
the documents are now housed
283
00:12:37,252 --> 00:12:38,420
at the national archives.
284
00:12:38,887 --> 00:12:41,723
There are
tens of thousands of pages
285
00:12:41,790 --> 00:12:43,825
of documentation on UFOs.
286
00:12:44,193 --> 00:12:46,495
This includes over 12,000
287
00:12:46,562 --> 00:12:49,631
sighting reports that the MOD
received over the years.
288
00:12:49,998 --> 00:12:51,900
[narrator] Including a memo
from Britain's
289
00:12:51,967 --> 00:12:54,903
most famous civil servant,
Winston Churchill.
290
00:12:55,704 --> 00:12:57,005
[Winston Churchill's voice]
What does all this stuff
291
00:12:57,072 --> 00:12:58,941
about flying saucers amount to?
292
00:12:59,374 --> 00:13:01,810
What can it mean?
What is the truth?
293
00:13:02,511 --> 00:13:05,013
Let me have a report
at your convenience.
294
00:13:05,781 --> 00:13:08,116
[narrator] Investigating
the paranormal is like
295
00:13:08,183 --> 00:13:11,119
working a cold case.
Going through old files
296
00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:13,021
and re-interviewing witnesses.
297
00:13:13,388 --> 00:13:15,791
From there, it's a process
of elimination.
298
00:13:16,158 --> 00:13:19,962
[Nick] Let's check the flight
paths, weather balloon launches,
299
00:13:20,362 --> 00:13:24,399
satellites, meteors,
all the sorts of things
300
00:13:24,466 --> 00:13:28,103
that you know give rise
to misidentifications.
301
00:13:28,370 --> 00:13:30,606
[narrator] Nick found
that 80% of the reports
302
00:13:30,672 --> 00:13:34,476
have rational explanations.
Others remain a mystery.
303
00:13:34,676 --> 00:13:37,479
In around 15% of cases,
304
00:13:37,646 --> 00:13:40,015
there was insufficient
information to come to
305
00:13:40,082 --> 00:13:44,353
a definite opinion,
leaving 5% genuinely unknown.
306
00:13:44,686 --> 00:13:47,289
[narrator] UFOs are seen
by all kinds of people.
307
00:13:47,556 --> 00:13:49,157
But some witnesses
are considered
308
00:13:49,224 --> 00:13:50,826
more reliable than others.
309
00:13:51,126 --> 00:13:54,329
Inevitably, the ones that were
of particular interest
310
00:13:54,396 --> 00:13:56,999
were when the witnesses
were police officers,
311
00:13:57,232 --> 00:14:00,502
military personnel and pilots.
And this is because
312
00:14:00,569 --> 00:14:03,672
those people we regarded
as trained observers.
313
00:14:04,139 --> 00:14:07,576
A police officer is well able
to estimate the distance
314
00:14:07,676 --> 00:14:11,246
that an object is from
his perspective, or the speed.
315
00:14:11,313 --> 00:14:12,948
The same with a pilot,
of course.
316
00:14:13,649 --> 00:14:15,384
[narrator] Britain's
most famous case,
317
00:14:15,450 --> 00:14:16,985
on par with Roswell,
318
00:14:17,052 --> 00:14:20,689
happened at Rendlesham Forest,
December 1980.
319
00:14:21,023 --> 00:14:24,326
This is the East Gate
at Woodbridge Base.
320
00:14:24,626 --> 00:14:28,830
And it's from this point
that the security personnel
321
00:14:28,997 --> 00:14:33,435
in 1980, saw strange lights
in the forest out there.
322
00:14:33,735 --> 00:14:36,171
And they thought that
an aircraft had crashed.
323
00:14:36,438 --> 00:14:39,942
This is the exact spot
where in 1980 it's claimed
324
00:14:40,008 --> 00:14:41,376
that the UFO landed.
325
00:14:41,810 --> 00:14:45,547
The two United States
Air Force airmen actually got
326
00:14:45,614 --> 00:14:47,649
close enough for one of them
to touch the side
327
00:14:47,716 --> 00:14:50,552
of this thing.
Strange indentations
328
00:14:50,619 --> 00:14:52,588
were found in the ground
where this thing
329
00:14:52,654 --> 00:14:55,090
was supposed to have
come down on three legs.
330
00:14:55,390 --> 00:14:57,459
[man's voice on radio] Let's
identify that as point one.
331
00:14:57,659 --> 00:15:00,229
That stake there,
so y'all know where it is
332
00:15:00,295 --> 00:15:01,897
if we have to sketch it.
Got that, Sergeant Nevilles?
333
00:15:02,297 --> 00:15:03,298
[Sgt. Nevilles on radio]
Yes, sir.
334
00:15:03,365 --> 00:15:06,335
What they found was that
radiation levels peaked
335
00:15:06,401 --> 00:15:09,905
in the three indentations
and around the sides
336
00:15:09,972 --> 00:15:11,373
of some of the trees here.
337
00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:12,808
[man's voice on radio] You're
getting readings on the tree
338
00:15:12,875 --> 00:15:14,109
you've taken samples from,
339
00:15:14,176 --> 00:15:17,246
on the side facing the
suspected landing site.
340
00:15:17,312 --> 00:15:19,381
[narrator] When the UFO
came back the next night,
341
00:15:19,481 --> 00:15:22,217
Deputy Base Commander
Colonel Charles Halt
342
00:15:22,284 --> 00:15:23,986
went out to debunk the event.
343
00:15:24,052 --> 00:15:25,153
[Col. Halt on radio]
Hey, this is eerie.
344
00:15:25,587 --> 00:15:27,055
-Is it back again?
-[second man] Yes, sir.
345
00:15:27,256 --> 00:15:28,957
[Col. Halt] See if you can
get the StarScope on it.
346
00:15:29,191 --> 00:15:32,461
I notice that all the barnyard
animals have gotten quiet now.
347
00:15:32,761 --> 00:15:35,130
[narrator] Instead,
he became a witness.
348
00:15:35,197 --> 00:15:37,232
This is the spot where,
on the second night,
349
00:15:37,299 --> 00:15:40,135
Colonel Halt and his men
encountered the UFO.
350
00:15:40,936 --> 00:15:43,872
At one point, it fired
a narrow beam of light
351
00:15:43,939 --> 00:15:47,276
down at the ground, that came
very close to his position.
352
00:15:47,910 --> 00:15:51,213
Subsequently, the UFO
was zigzagging around,
353
00:15:51,313 --> 00:15:54,650
as if it was performing
a grid search, Halt said.
354
00:15:54,850 --> 00:15:56,852
And then it shot off
at high speed.
355
00:15:57,953 --> 00:16:01,723
Colonel Halt said that
When he was witnessing the UFO,
356
00:16:02,090 --> 00:16:04,560
the nearby farmyard animals
were going into
357
00:16:04,626 --> 00:16:07,362
an absolute frenzy, as if
something was spooking them.
358
00:16:09,097 --> 00:16:11,066
[narrator] Nick says
if there was ever a case
359
00:16:11,133 --> 00:16:14,269
to make a skeptic
into a believer, this was it.
360
00:16:16,205 --> 00:16:18,941
[Nick] Multiple witnesses,
military personnel
361
00:16:19,007 --> 00:16:21,543
from the two bases at
Bentwaters and Woodbridge.
362
00:16:21,844 --> 00:16:25,314
Radiation readings taken
at the landing site.
363
00:16:25,380 --> 00:16:26,648
This wasn't just
lights in the sky,
364
00:16:26,715 --> 00:16:27,883
this thing actually came down.
365
00:16:28,817 --> 00:16:32,955
I'm not sure what people
should draw from any of this.
366
00:16:33,021 --> 00:16:36,959
I think to a certain extent,
the debate about UFOs
367
00:16:37,025 --> 00:16:38,460
is quite polarized.
368
00:16:38,861 --> 00:16:42,731
Skeptics aren't going to be
convinced unless we do have
369
00:16:42,798 --> 00:16:44,766
the archetypal landing
on the White House lawn.
370
00:16:46,602 --> 00:16:48,904
[narrator] A physical artifact
seems the only way
371
00:16:48,971 --> 00:16:50,105
to end the debate.
372
00:16:50,405 --> 00:16:52,307
It's one of the great
tenets of science,
373
00:16:52,374 --> 00:16:55,978
you must have repeatability.
So scientists must be able
374
00:16:56,044 --> 00:17:00,182
to get this artifact to do
something that we can't do.
375
00:17:00,482 --> 00:17:02,284
And it mustn't be just once.
376
00:17:02,584 --> 00:17:04,052
[narrator] And while Nick
doesn't believe
377
00:17:04,119 --> 00:17:07,756
in little green men,
he does say: We're not alone.
378
00:17:07,856 --> 00:17:09,958
[Nick] In this infinite
universe,
379
00:17:10,025 --> 00:17:12,728
with the laws of physics
and chemistry being constant,
380
00:17:12,794 --> 00:17:16,031
I think it's inconceivable
that it's just us.
381
00:17:16,098 --> 00:17:18,333
I'm sure the universe
is teeming with life.
382
00:17:19,234 --> 00:17:21,870
The question of whether
we're being visited or not
383
00:17:21,937 --> 00:17:23,071
is a separate one.
384
00:17:23,238 --> 00:17:25,674
I can't rule out
the possibility,
385
00:17:25,741 --> 00:17:27,876
but the truth of the matter is,
I don't know
386
00:17:34,449 --> 00:17:38,220
Finally, I want to take you to
a farm in the American Midwest,
387
00:17:38,420 --> 00:17:41,323
where a radiologist
and a military physician
388
00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:43,725
have partnered up
to solve a mystery,
389
00:17:43,792 --> 00:17:45,794
like those
forensic crime shows,
390
00:17:46,261 --> 00:17:47,963
and it all starts
with a rifle...
391
00:17:48,497 --> 00:17:50,165
and a phantom leg.
392
00:17:50,399 --> 00:17:52,701
A very real-looking
phantom leg.
393
00:17:53,435 --> 00:17:56,004
[upbeat music]
394
00:17:57,206 --> 00:17:58,273
[narrator] It's an odd task.
395
00:17:58,707 --> 00:18:01,343
Duct taping an artificial leg
to a work bench,
396
00:18:01,543 --> 00:18:03,445
only so it can be
riddled with bullets.
397
00:18:05,113 --> 00:18:08,917
Yeah, shooting a body part,
to me never seems natural.
398
00:18:09,618 --> 00:18:12,688
I like to look past that
a little bit,
399
00:18:12,754 --> 00:18:18,327
and what we gain through
this research is going to help
400
00:18:18,493 --> 00:18:21,563
the soldiers and sailors
and marines in the future.
401
00:18:22,097 --> 00:18:24,666
[narrator] As a military doctor,
Michael Frew has seen
402
00:18:24,733 --> 00:18:27,269
a lot of trauma. But he never
thought he'd be asked
403
00:18:27,336 --> 00:18:30,105
to re-create a sniper
scenario on his farm
404
00:18:30,172 --> 00:18:31,773
out in Lovettsville, Virginia.
405
00:18:32,741 --> 00:18:34,676
Well, he knew we had a range
that was available,
406
00:18:34,743 --> 00:18:37,679
he knew we had weapons,
and he knew we liked to shoot.
407
00:18:38,514 --> 00:18:40,382
[narrator] Radiologist
Dr. Les Folio
408
00:18:40,449 --> 00:18:41,717
is the man behind this.
409
00:18:42,684 --> 00:18:44,987
When we image this,
as we'll see later,
410
00:18:45,454 --> 00:18:49,091
we look at the path,
measure that angle,
411
00:18:49,458 --> 00:18:51,560
and provided we know
the position, like we do here,
412
00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:54,329
and we often do
for field conditions
413
00:18:54,396 --> 00:18:55,731
because of security cameras,
414
00:18:55,998 --> 00:18:58,367
we can recreate that scene,
if you will,
415
00:18:58,934 --> 00:19:00,802
of what that angle is,
416
00:19:00,869 --> 00:19:02,704
where did that shooter
shoot from.
417
00:19:04,940 --> 00:19:06,708
[narrator] So,
with a clinometer in hand,
418
00:19:06,775 --> 00:19:10,245
Les begins the day by marking
targets and choosing angles.
419
00:19:11,313 --> 00:19:14,449
So even down here will work,
so about six shots.
420
00:19:15,050 --> 00:19:16,718
[narrator] An Olympic
pool length away,
421
00:19:16,818 --> 00:19:18,720
the sniper gets into position.
422
00:19:20,022 --> 00:19:22,457
He will be aiming at targets
the size of a penny.
423
00:19:23,859 --> 00:19:28,697
We chose this weapon,
which is a Remington 700,
424
00:19:29,531 --> 00:19:32,901
because it fires
a 30 OTT 6 round
425
00:19:32,968 --> 00:19:37,873
that is very similar in size
and shape and capacity
426
00:19:37,940 --> 00:19:39,241
that our soldiers use.
427
00:19:41,076 --> 00:19:44,313
[Les] Yeah, 92. So it was
a two degree pitch down.
428
00:19:45,414 --> 00:19:47,082
We're looking at
plus or minus five degrees.
429
00:19:47,349 --> 00:19:49,852
Okay, I think
we're ready to shoot.
430
00:19:52,754 --> 00:19:53,856
[Michael] Range is live.
431
00:19:57,192 --> 00:19:58,193
[gunshot]
432
00:19:59,394 --> 00:20:00,429
Let's go check.
433
00:20:01,296 --> 00:20:02,397
[narrator] Target hit.
434
00:20:02,731 --> 00:20:05,300
Next time they want to
make sure they get bone.
435
00:20:05,801 --> 00:20:08,103
This one obviously didn't
hit bone, because it's scraped
436
00:20:08,170 --> 00:20:09,771
and you can see
the internal tissues here,
437
00:20:09,905 --> 00:20:13,008
the red, they look like muscle,
that's what they're made for.
438
00:20:16,812 --> 00:20:17,880
Range is live.
439
00:20:18,580 --> 00:20:21,450
[upbeat music]
440
00:20:22,718 --> 00:20:23,719
[gunshot]
441
00:20:26,455 --> 00:20:27,523
Probably right on.
442
00:20:31,593 --> 00:20:32,661
[narrator] A stark difference
443
00:20:32,728 --> 00:20:34,830
between the entry
and exit wounds.
444
00:20:35,063 --> 00:20:36,431
[Michael] Every shot counted.
445
00:20:37,165 --> 00:20:38,600
[Les] Well, the CT
will tell the story.
446
00:20:39,301 --> 00:20:41,036
[narrator] So,
with the badly wounded limb,
447
00:20:41,170 --> 00:20:42,638
Les heads to the lab.
448
00:20:44,273 --> 00:20:47,476
[Les] Computer tomography
is the main stay of imaging
449
00:20:47,543 --> 00:20:49,211
when it comes to
ballistic trauma.
450
00:20:49,278 --> 00:20:50,879
We're dealing with
metallic fragments
451
00:20:50,946 --> 00:20:54,783
or bone fragments that have
been secondary missiles.
452
00:20:55,784 --> 00:20:57,186
[narrator] The images
are revealing.
453
00:20:57,252 --> 00:20:58,353
The bullet enters.
454
00:20:58,554 --> 00:21:01,190
Hits the fibula and then
tibia before exiting.
455
00:21:01,857 --> 00:21:05,561
So, now that the blast test
dummy leg has been
456
00:21:05,994 --> 00:21:09,164
scanned in the CT, we can see
the wound path nicely here.
457
00:21:09,431 --> 00:21:11,133
[narrator] The imagery proves
that this method
458
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:13,936
can accurately confirm
where a sniper was standing,
459
00:21:14,002 --> 00:21:15,904
and where the leg
was most vulnerable.
460
00:21:16,271 --> 00:21:19,808
A big turning point, not only
to help solve cold cases,
461
00:21:20,042 --> 00:21:21,510
also to help the living.
462
00:21:21,777 --> 00:21:24,346
A radiologist can quickly
paint the picture,
463
00:21:24,413 --> 00:21:26,715
and then we can do
more effective CT triage,
464
00:21:27,115 --> 00:21:30,319
which means the triage not just
into the CT, "who's next?",
465
00:21:30,385 --> 00:21:31,820
because you may have
20 people waiting,
466
00:21:32,354 --> 00:21:34,256
but who then is next
for the operating room
467
00:21:34,323 --> 00:21:36,191
based on the critical organs
468
00:21:36,258 --> 00:21:37,759
damaged in that wound path.
469
00:21:37,893 --> 00:21:40,162
[narrator] Beyond the lab,
this data is being compared
470
00:21:40,229 --> 00:21:43,065
to combat casualty files,
teaching soldiers how to
471
00:21:43,131 --> 00:21:45,901
better position themselves
in war, and prompting
472
00:21:45,968 --> 00:21:48,270
the creation of
more protective body armor.
473
00:21:48,670 --> 00:21:52,674
Just one more thing
Dr. Les Folio can be proud of.
474
00:21:58,313 --> 00:22:00,482
You know those forensic
crime shows are still
475
00:22:00,549 --> 00:22:02,417
quite popular,
well I think we've got
476
00:22:02,484 --> 00:22:04,453
the inspiration
for a new series here.
477
00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:07,956
Oh yes, CSI radiologist
on the scene.
478
00:22:08,090 --> 00:22:10,626
Well, that's all we've
got time for today.
479
00:22:10,692 --> 00:22:13,028
Thanks very much for watching
How Tech Works .
480
00:22:13,562 --> 00:22:15,631
Until next time,
I'm Basil Singer.
481
00:22:16,231 --> 00:22:19,234
[ending music]
38994
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