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[Music]
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in the year 79 ad
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the legendary Italian volcano Mount
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Vesuvius erupted
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[Music]
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[Music]
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it buried the nearby roman town of
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pompeii just over a thousand bodies have
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been found in the partly excavated
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streets and houses
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[Music]
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visitors are still told that the victims
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were all crushed by a huge deluge of
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rock but there is a mystery here few of
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the bodies show any sign of damage or
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violence nor did they succumb to boiling
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hot lava that would have taken a week to
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reach them plenty of time in which to
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escape their town is decimated yet the
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bodies seem to be virtually intact
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now forensic science is rewriting
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history in Pompeii there's evidence of
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one of the rarest of all volcanic
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phenomena the latest data completely
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disproved the traditional explanation
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for the first time it's possible to
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create the definitive hour-by-hour
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account of that terrible day and to
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answer the riddle of Pompeii
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[Music]
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[Music]
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Mount Vesuvius and old Pompeii are now
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both engulfed by the urban sprawl of
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Naples
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[Music]
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Vesuvius is still a destroyer
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it's erupted over 30 times in the last
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two thousand years for centuries lava
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has regularly flowed down the mountain
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and damaged the towns beneath
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[Music]
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professor Harold sa Goodson is the
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foremost authority on Vesuvius
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he studied its every eruption including
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the most recent in 1944
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but the new cone of Vesuvius is right
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behind me here that's the active cone
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has been build-up since the formation of
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the caldera and that cone continues to
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erupt as recently as 1944 when this lava
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flow came down the slope from the crater
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and flowed down here down into the
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caldera
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I said accumulated there it continued to
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float down towards the west and then
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down off the volcano into the into the
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built-up areas following down one of the
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major valleys are the issues from the
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volcano and there it flowed into and
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through the city of San Sebastiano
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destroying many houses and causing
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tremendous damage
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however while it brought heartache to
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thousands only 20 empty actually died it
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is very rare that people get killed by
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lava flows because simply you have a lot
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of time to move out of the way but you
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lose your house is those you plant lose
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your fields and so the destruction is
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very extensive but the death toll is
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almost nil
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[Music]
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so why was the death toll so high during
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Vesuvius his most famous eruption in 79
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AD it was 1500 years before someone
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stumbled on the first clue
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[Music]
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in 1594 the architect Domenico Fontana
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supervised the digging of a tunnel
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through the area to divert water to this
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munitions factory which is still in use
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his workmen hid painted walls bearing
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the inscription Pompeii but it was only
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in 1748 that excavation started in
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earnest
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[Music]
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soon workmen were pulling out treasure
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after treasure
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[Music]
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the excavators were surprised at how
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easy it was to dig for the volcanic
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material that covered the town was not
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rock hard black lava but lava smashed
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into billions of particles of dust and
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pumice
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and buried in it lay the strongest clue
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to the mystery
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in 1863 the archaeologists Duceppe
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Fiorelli noticed that the skeletons of
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the Pompeians were usually found inside
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hollow cavities he decided to pour
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plaster into them and the shapes they
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produced were amazing
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[Music]
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buried under metres of volcanic material
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the soft tissues of the bodies had
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rotted away leaving only the bones and
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an exact hollow impression of the corpse
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[Music]
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people marveled at the sleeping dead but
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scientists were baffled of the 1,000
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bodies exhumed few had horrendous
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injuries few were trapped or crushed
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it's only now with the invention of 3d
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MRI scanning that strong clues to the
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cause of death can be gleaned at the
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University of Naples
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professor Francesco Sasso has scanned
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five skeletons found just outside
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Pompeii during recent road widening if
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you look at this skull there's an
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anomaly we found in the left maxillary
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sinus tubes a big plug of white powdery
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material in particular if you look
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closely you can see these white
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particles here it looks very like dust
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it seems that the victims were exposed
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to extremely dusty air but could that
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really have accounted for so many deaths
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[Music]
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haroldo Sigurdsson has tried to answer
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this riddle for the last 20 years he's
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conducted an exhaustive study of the
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rock strata at many sites around
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vesuvius and has just completed his
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calculations we are here at the plant is
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up just to the southwest of the volcano
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it's an imperial villa but it's also a
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place where we have a complete
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stratigraphy all of the layers are
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represented here Hato plant is from the
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79 eruption now I'm standing on the
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Roman soil or surface ground level and
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here's the first time this fall
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represented by this layer Sigurdsson has
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established that all of this material
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fell from the sky like rain could the
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Pompeians
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simply have been buried alive
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to find out more
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sigurĂ°sson first turned to the only
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eyewitness account of the eruption that
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of writer Pliny the Younger pliny tells
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us that he his mother and his uncle
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Pliny the Elder were 30 kilometers west
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of Vesuvius at the port of my scene on
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his uncle was the senior official in the
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area and commander of the Roman Navy
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Pliny the Younger z' account focuses on
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the heroic death of his uncle but he
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also provides vital clues to the mystery
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crucially he times the start of the
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eruption at 12:00 noon on the 24th of
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August at noon my mother drew his
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attention to a cloud of unusual size and
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appearance
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[Music]
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he called for his shoes and climbed up
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to a place which would give him the best
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view of the phenomenal
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it's general appearance can be best
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expressed as being like an umbrella pine
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for it rose to a great height on a sort
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of trunk and then split off into
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branches I imagine because it was thrust
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upwards by the first blast and then left
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unsupported as the pressure subsided
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sometimes it looked white sometimes
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blotched and dirty Plenty's description
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of a column of cloud stretching many
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kilometers above him has perplexed
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scientists could the eruption really
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have been this big Sigurdsson has
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measured the total amount of material
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the volcano dropped in the area and
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believes that Pliny was absolutely
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correct rather than a slow lava flow the
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79 AD eruption was an event that only
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happens every two to five thousand years
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a massive explosion of molten rock a
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single volcano has many different styles
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of eruption as Miss Lewis does we know
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that the Soviets produces lava flows
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signifying that the presence of mark
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millar is poor in gases it produces very
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explosive eruptions some of the most
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explosive on earth signifying that it
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also has magnets that are very gas rates
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under Vesuvius is a magma chamber an
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underground tank of molten rock from the
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crater above Sigurdsson has calculated
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it is five kilometers in diameter and
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three kilometers down as it fills up it
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causes earthquakes and heating of the
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groundwater the rock above it eventually
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splits a fish air appears and a thin
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column of magma makes its way to the
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surface if it leaks out slowly it
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results in a lava flow
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[Music]
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but in 79 ad the column couldn't squeeze
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out of the surface because of dense rock
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formations over hundreds of years the
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pressure built up if you have a break of
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hundreds of years or an extensive break
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of no activity magma is still coming up
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into the reservoir and as it accumulates
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in the reservoir that magma undergoes
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certain chemical changes that lead to a
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buildup of gases in the magma at noon on
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the 24th of August the buildup of gases
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cracked the volcano's cone the trapped
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molten rock shot up into the air
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fragmented and cooled into billions of
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particles of dust and pumice
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high-altitude winds blew it to the
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southeast within minutes
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Pompeii was at the center of the deluge
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but this isn't what killed the victims
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[Music]
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the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD was
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the biggest for 4000 years
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geological data shows that had ejected
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10,000 tons of material every second
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such was its power that rock flew many
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kilometres up into the sky and then
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hurtled down towards Pompeii
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however Professor seiga-san's theory is
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that most of the population survived the
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downfall because the material is too
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light to kill them for the magma is
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moving up from great depth it's subject
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to a great pressure deep in the earth
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all the gases are pressed into the magma
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into the liquid but when the liquid
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moves higher the gas has come out in
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their form bubbles and the bubbles get
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bigger and they get more numerous and
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they they effervesce if you like and it
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forms a foam the magma turns into foam
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the foam is filled with gas cavities
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that are filled with steam and that foam
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is then ejected explosively and breaks
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up solidifies in the in the atmosphere
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the the magma of the liquid surrounding
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the bubbles forms glass volcanic glass
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and what we end up with is pumice very
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light weight material low density floats
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on water but it is rock it's rock full
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of bubbles
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indeed circuits and is able to calculate
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how quickly the pomace dropped by
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comparing the crater size - how far
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Palace traveled he can show that it fell
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at around 20 centimeters an hour and
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according to Pliny the Younger people
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were able to protect themselves as a
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protection against the falling objects
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they put pillows on their heads tied
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down with cloth
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two writers 2,000 years apart show that
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the population of Pompeii should simply
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have been able to walk away so why
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didn't they all leave it seems at first
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people did not know what was happening
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[Music]
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educated Romans certainly knew what
278
00:17:23,869 --> 00:17:30,859
volcanoes were Pliny the Elder wrote
279
00:17:28,099 --> 00:17:36,888
about Mount Etna in Sicily and was aware
280
00:17:30,859 --> 00:17:38,839
of the existence of lava flows he would
281
00:17:36,888 --> 00:17:43,969
also have read the engineer Vitruvius
282
00:17:38,839 --> 00:17:46,459
who wrote fifty years before him he
283
00:17:43,970 --> 00:17:48,379
believed for sooo vyas was a volcano but
284
00:17:46,460 --> 00:17:49,490
that it was dormant and therefore no
285
00:17:48,378 --> 00:17:54,548
cause for concern
286
00:17:49,490 --> 00:17:54,548
[Music]
287
00:17:59,419 --> 00:18:04,499
at that time the crater of Vesuvius was
288
00:18:02,489 --> 00:18:09,600
described as being draped with
289
00:18:04,499 --> 00:18:12,778
vegetation and and difficult to access
290
00:18:09,599 --> 00:18:14,908
also we have evidence from frescoes so
291
00:18:12,778 --> 00:18:18,569
there's a famous fresco I was found in
292
00:18:14,909 --> 00:18:24,480
Pompeii that shows the volcano as being
293
00:18:18,569 --> 00:18:26,849
forested this heavy vegetation indicates
294
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:30,690
that Vesuvius hadn't erupted at all for
295
00:18:26,849 --> 00:18:42,058
a long time modern geological studies
296
00:18:30,690 --> 00:18:44,100
suggest for around 400 years but while
297
00:18:42,058 --> 00:18:46,499
they'd never seen or heard of Vesuvius
298
00:18:44,099 --> 00:18:50,939
erupting the Pompeians were no strangers
299
00:18:46,499 --> 00:18:53,970
to earthquakes in 62 AD one nearly wiped
300
00:18:50,940 --> 00:18:55,830
out the town historian ray Lawrence has
301
00:18:53,970 --> 00:18:58,100
studied the houses of the town and the
302
00:18:55,829 --> 00:19:00,388
surrounding area of campaign iya
303
00:18:58,099 --> 00:19:02,579
campaigner is associate hill ways with
304
00:19:00,388 --> 00:19:05,788
earthquakes so there's a certain amount
305
00:19:02,579 --> 00:19:08,989
of yes it's campaign eeeh so there are
306
00:19:05,788 --> 00:19:11,308
earthquakes so off the 880 62 earthquake
307
00:19:08,989 --> 00:19:13,139
Seneca would tell us that somebody's mad
308
00:19:11,308 --> 00:19:15,480
if they want to give up coming to
309
00:19:13,138 --> 00:19:16,558
Pompeii for instance because they're
310
00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:20,489
frightened of earthquakes you'd say
311
00:19:16,558 --> 00:19:22,230
that's the wrong motive in fact
312
00:19:20,489 --> 00:19:24,600
archaeologists have found strong
313
00:19:22,230 --> 00:19:27,690
evidence of earthquake activity in the
314
00:19:24,599 --> 00:19:29,368
weeks leading up to the eruption the
315
00:19:27,690 --> 00:19:31,379
villa castilla monte on the main
316
00:19:29,368 --> 00:19:33,538
shopping street was a typical large
317
00:19:31,378 --> 00:19:40,648
townhouse which had suffered recent
318
00:19:33,538 --> 00:19:42,989
damage before the 24th of August ad 79
319
00:19:40,648 --> 00:19:44,209
this area had suffered very badly from
320
00:19:42,989 --> 00:19:48,090
earthquakes and there was a need to
321
00:19:44,210 --> 00:19:49,950
reconstruct things this is a house where
322
00:19:48,089 --> 00:19:51,298
a lot of change has happened because
323
00:19:49,950 --> 00:19:53,129
we're not just dealing with one house
324
00:19:51,298 --> 00:19:55,548
we're dealing with a block of houses
325
00:19:53,128 --> 00:19:57,298
which are all interconnected so
326
00:19:55,548 --> 00:19:59,460
different things are happening in
327
00:19:57,298 --> 00:20:00,989
different parts of the house it's
328
00:19:59,460 --> 00:20:02,340
thought that in the back for instance
329
00:20:00,989 --> 00:20:04,288
and painters had been working that
330
00:20:02,339 --> 00:20:07,249
morning because there's a Paint Pot
331
00:20:04,288 --> 00:20:07,249
found in the corner
332
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:13,580
and it's not just the Villa Castilla
333
00:20:09,769 --> 00:20:16,160
Monte there are patched up masonry
334
00:20:13,579 --> 00:20:19,309
cracks and patched up frescoes all over
335
00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:21,650
Pompeii the Pompeians may not have known
336
00:20:19,309 --> 00:20:30,470
that imminent volcanoes also cause
337
00:20:21,650 --> 00:20:33,350
tremors when the huge eruption of rain
338
00:20:30,470 --> 00:20:37,309
and pumice started they must have been
339
00:20:33,349 --> 00:20:39,709
scared but their experience of
340
00:20:37,309 --> 00:20:45,589
earthquakes told them to sit it out
341
00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:47,990
rather than fleeing within the structure
342
00:20:45,589 --> 00:20:50,000
of the eruption itself that there's a
343
00:20:47,990 --> 00:20:52,190
certain amount of waiting and seeing and
344
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:52,640
then somebody comes to tell you you're
345
00:20:52,190 --> 00:20:54,830
an idiot
346
00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:57,020
unless you believe and even people like
347
00:20:54,829 --> 00:20:57,679
penny the younger sits down and reads
348
00:20:57,019 --> 00:20:59,839
from Livy
349
00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:02,269
Livia's history of Rome rather than
350
00:20:59,839 --> 00:21:04,039
leaving the building and it's only when
351
00:21:02,269 --> 00:21:07,490
one of his uncle's friends who's from
352
00:21:04,039 --> 00:21:09,230
Spain comes to see him and says look why
353
00:21:07,490 --> 00:21:10,549
don't you leave that's the obvious thing
354
00:21:09,230 --> 00:21:12,950
to do at this moment in time the
355
00:21:10,549 --> 00:21:16,369
building will fall apart and you should
356
00:21:12,950 --> 00:21:18,769
simply go a new mapping study by
357
00:21:16,369 --> 00:21:21,229
Professor de Corollas has analysed all
358
00:21:18,769 --> 00:21:23,269
the old excavation records he has
359
00:21:21,230 --> 00:21:25,400
plotted what bodies were found where and
360
00:21:23,269 --> 00:21:28,339
it confirms that people did show a
361
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:30,350
degree of hesitation before leaving it
362
00:21:28,339 --> 00:21:31,879
all could all get for somebody like me
363
00:21:30,349 --> 00:21:33,559
what we can say is it the first natural
364
00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:35,240
reaction of those who had relatives or
365
00:21:33,559 --> 00:21:36,829
friends in the city must have been to go
366
00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:38,150
and look for them as well as to go and
367
00:21:36,829 --> 00:21:41,259
look for the most precious objects in
368
00:21:38,150 --> 00:21:44,600
their homes in order to take them away
369
00:21:41,259 --> 00:21:46,490
Susy que viene la casa port Olivia this
370
00:21:44,599 --> 00:21:48,319
is now scientifically confirmed as many
371
00:21:46,490 --> 00:21:53,029
human bodies had by the many pressures
372
00:21:48,319 --> 00:21:55,099
of a novena sea Gnomeo subjective rates
373
00:21:53,029 --> 00:21:57,139
yossi queen the key therefore whoever
374
00:21:55,099 --> 00:21:58,609
did whoever managed to escape must have
375
00:21:57,140 --> 00:22:01,130
thought of taking away their personal
376
00:21:58,609 --> 00:22:03,169
properties we also find and this is
377
00:22:01,130 --> 00:22:04,580
quite obvious their house key I mean
378
00:22:03,170 --> 00:22:06,650
many bodies were found with the iron
379
00:22:04,579 --> 00:22:08,419
house key of their own homes so those
380
00:22:06,650 --> 00:22:12,009
who ran away first locked their houses
381
00:22:08,420 --> 00:22:12,009
and then left we know this for sure
382
00:22:16,079 --> 00:22:21,199
this early hesitation was to prove fatal
383
00:22:23,230 --> 00:22:27,160
[Music]
384
00:22:28,089 --> 00:22:32,689
circuit's ins calculations showed that
385
00:22:30,470 --> 00:22:35,329
the rate at which the volcano ejected
386
00:22:32,690 --> 00:22:42,289
material actually increased in the first
387
00:22:35,329 --> 00:22:45,980
few hours this pumice fault begins to
388
00:22:42,289 --> 00:22:48,859
form probably around noon and unless you
389
00:22:45,980 --> 00:22:50,870
see it's getting coarser the cautioning
390
00:22:48,859 --> 00:22:52,879
of the pumice fall is due to increased
391
00:22:50,869 --> 00:22:54,769
intensity of the eruption the eruption
392
00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:56,840
is getting more violent there's more
393
00:22:54,769 --> 00:22:59,359
energy there's a higher rate of magma
394
00:22:56,839 --> 00:23:02,029
initially the magma is coming out at the
395
00:22:59,359 --> 00:23:05,529
rate of about a million kilograms per
396
00:23:02,029 --> 00:23:08,539
second towards the upper part of this
397
00:23:05,529 --> 00:23:10,160
layer we call this the white pumice
398
00:23:08,539 --> 00:23:11,750
towards the upper part of it it was
399
00:23:10,160 --> 00:23:13,519
coming out about 10 million kilograms
400
00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:16,339
per second so there's an increased
401
00:23:13,519 --> 00:23:19,009
tenfold increase in the rate of flow of
402
00:23:16,339 --> 00:23:22,250
the magma out of the volcano this
403
00:23:19,009 --> 00:23:24,799
particular states of the eruption we
404
00:23:22,250 --> 00:23:27,140
call the plinian stage in honor of the
405
00:23:24,799 --> 00:23:29,000
plea knees they've the plane of the
406
00:23:27,140 --> 00:23:32,150
younger was the first one to document
407
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:34,279
and observe this type of activity and
408
00:23:32,150 --> 00:23:35,750
you observed an eruption column that
409
00:23:34,279 --> 00:23:38,119
went up to great height in the
410
00:23:35,750 --> 00:23:40,130
atmosphere actually we've done some
411
00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:43,549
modeling and investigations on this
412
00:23:40,130 --> 00:23:45,350
particular deposit and and the phase of
413
00:23:43,549 --> 00:23:48,619
the eruption and we know that it started
414
00:23:45,349 --> 00:23:50,959
off as about a 17 kilometers high
415
00:23:48,619 --> 00:23:53,589
eruption column and we went up to about
416
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:53,590
32 kilometers
417
00:23:56,799 --> 00:24:02,329
in fact the heat generated by the
418
00:23:59,930 --> 00:24:04,250
eruption was so great that the pumice
419
00:24:02,329 --> 00:24:07,009
was carried 30 kilometers above the
420
00:24:04,250 --> 00:24:09,940
Earth's surface three times higher than
421
00:24:07,009 --> 00:24:09,940
airliners fly
422
00:24:12,659 --> 00:24:17,909
with Pliny providing the start time of
423
00:24:14,848 --> 00:24:20,189
new say blitzen's flow rate data show
424
00:24:17,909 --> 00:24:22,019
that by 4:00 in the afternoon Pompeii
425
00:24:20,190 --> 00:24:25,548
was smothered in a blanket of pumice
426
00:24:22,019 --> 00:24:25,548
nearly a meter deep
427
00:24:28,259 --> 00:24:34,369
by this stage the roofs all over the
428
00:24:30,599 --> 00:24:34,369
town were under unbearable pressure
429
00:24:36,470 --> 00:24:39,568
[Music]
430
00:24:40,130 --> 00:24:45,110
between them and the end of the day
431
00:24:42,419 --> 00:24:47,309
almost all of the 20,000 people
432
00:24:45,109 --> 00:24:51,289
archaeologists estimate lived in the
433
00:24:47,308 --> 00:24:51,289
city did finally live
434
00:24:57,890 --> 00:25:04,250
but 1044 bodies have been recovered
435
00:25:01,069 --> 00:25:08,899
within the city walls why did they and
436
00:25:04,250 --> 00:25:10,970
perhaps even more stay new findings
437
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:13,690
suggests that not everyone may have been
438
00:25:10,970 --> 00:25:13,690
able to flee
439
00:25:18,220 --> 00:25:23,288
professor's Chaparro low and casino have
440
00:25:20,679 --> 00:25:25,480
been able to extract DNA from 13
441
00:25:23,288 --> 00:25:27,759
skeletons found at a house in the town's
442
00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:31,599
main shopping street the cars are poly
443
00:25:27,759 --> 00:25:36,929
bo the results show that there were
444
00:25:31,599 --> 00:25:36,928
strong bonds of attachment lovers family
445
00:25:37,798 --> 00:25:42,788
in the people from Polybius house there
446
00:25:40,630 --> 00:25:45,370
were two people with the disease spina
447
00:25:42,788 --> 00:25:48,220
bifida although we can't say if it would
448
00:25:45,369 --> 00:25:50,379
have affected him in any way but there
449
00:25:48,220 --> 00:25:52,808
are telltale signs for why they may have
450
00:25:50,380 --> 00:25:54,549
stayed one of these people was a young
451
00:25:52,808 --> 00:25:57,250
pregnant woman at the end of her term
452
00:25:54,548 --> 00:25:59,589
very close to giving birth and this
453
00:25:57,250 --> 00:26:01,690
perhaps could be the reason they decided
454
00:25:59,589 --> 00:26:03,250
not to flee to stay in the house and to
455
00:26:01,690 --> 00:26:08,140
hope to save themselves
456
00:26:03,250 --> 00:26:11,619
maybe she lives in Gaza the spirit is a
457
00:26:08,140 --> 00:26:13,509
lasting one decides to stay because one
458
00:26:11,619 --> 00:26:15,038
lover is sick and they can't flee
459
00:26:13,509 --> 00:26:20,109
because they want to remain together
460
00:26:15,038 --> 00:26:22,650
that seems reasonable to me they avoid
461
00:26:20,109 --> 00:26:22,649
sa vision
462
00:26:23,038 --> 00:26:27,700
these pictures show some of them in the
463
00:26:25,509 --> 00:26:30,069
position they were found two of them in
464
00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:32,470
particular these two are holding hands
465
00:26:30,069 --> 00:26:35,168
this of course suggests a very strong
466
00:26:32,470 --> 00:26:37,089
family bond we think that one of the two
467
00:26:35,169 --> 00:26:42,640
is a teenager so he's probably holding
468
00:26:37,089 --> 00:26:45,038
his father's hand in addition to DNA
469
00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:47,140
testing professor Sasso has found that
470
00:26:45,038 --> 00:26:48,609
in the group he has analyzed there was
471
00:26:47,140 --> 00:26:53,200
someone who may have been in too much
472
00:26:48,609 --> 00:26:55,538
pain to flee well this subject suffered
473
00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:57,850
from toothache a serious toothache in
474
00:26:55,538 --> 00:27:01,000
the roots and he also suffered from an
475
00:26:57,849 --> 00:27:02,829
abscess of the maxillary sinus it's one
476
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:06,009
of those tooth aches where half the face
477
00:27:02,829 --> 00:27:08,259
is swollen up and in great pain that's
478
00:27:06,009 --> 00:27:10,720
one reason he may have stayed if there
479
00:27:08,259 --> 00:27:12,339
were other reasons we don't know but he
480
00:27:10,720 --> 00:27:14,558
must have been somebody with a strong
481
00:27:12,339 --> 00:27:17,769
resistance to pain he probably was a
482
00:27:14,558 --> 00:27:19,779
soldier or a gladiator this perfectly
483
00:27:17,769 --> 00:27:25,019
healed wound it's obviously a sword
484
00:27:19,779 --> 00:27:25,019
wound shows he was a fighter a tough man
485
00:27:31,230 --> 00:27:35,980
whether they were forced to stay or
486
00:27:33,759 --> 00:27:40,048
whether they fled the population of
487
00:27:35,980 --> 00:27:40,048
Pompeii must have feared the worst
488
00:27:50,730 --> 00:27:56,179
bizarre weather could only have added to
489
00:27:53,279 --> 00:27:56,178
the sense of doom
490
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,909
follow the elements are working against
491
00:28:02,048 --> 00:28:05,829
you there
492
00:28:02,909 --> 00:28:07,510
continuous lightning strikes because one
493
00:28:05,829 --> 00:28:09,548
of the properties of a big explosive
494
00:28:07,509 --> 00:28:12,339
eruption like this is that it basically
495
00:28:09,548 --> 00:28:14,019
short circuits the electrical conditions
496
00:28:12,339 --> 00:28:16,388
between the earth and the upper
497
00:28:14,019 --> 00:28:18,399
atmosphere and that produces almost
498
00:28:16,388 --> 00:28:20,019
continuous lightning in the in the
499
00:28:18,398 --> 00:28:23,158
eruption cloud so that would have been a
500
00:28:20,019 --> 00:28:23,159
frightful scene
501
00:28:30,858 --> 00:28:37,648
pliny the elder's predicament
502
00:28:33,028 --> 00:28:39,690
illustrates the growing chaos he tried
503
00:28:37,648 --> 00:28:42,718
to lead the Roman Navy to the coast near
504
00:28:39,690 --> 00:28:44,820
Pompeii to evacuate refugees but they
505
00:28:42,719 --> 00:28:47,479
were beaten back by huge flows of
506
00:28:44,819 --> 00:28:47,479
floating pumice
507
00:28:48,470 --> 00:28:54,548
he eventually landed at stabby eye and
508
00:28:50,779 --> 00:28:57,250
took refuge with his friend pompon Yanis
509
00:28:54,548 --> 00:29:00,048
but soon the rescuer became a hostage
510
00:28:57,250 --> 00:29:02,740
finding the door of his room blocked by
511
00:29:00,048 --> 00:29:02,740
the palace wall
512
00:29:04,028 --> 00:29:08,869
they debated whether to stay indoors or
513
00:29:06,919 --> 00:29:10,820
take that chance in the open for the
514
00:29:08,869 --> 00:29:13,069
buildings were now shaking with violent
515
00:29:10,819 --> 00:29:14,689
shocks and seemed to be swaying to and
516
00:29:13,069 --> 00:29:19,700
fro as if they were torn from their
517
00:29:14,690 --> 00:29:22,070
foundations outside on the other hand
518
00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:24,528
there was the danger of falling pumice
519
00:29:22,069 --> 00:29:26,950
stones even though these were light and
520
00:29:24,528 --> 00:29:26,950
porous
521
00:29:27,419 --> 00:29:33,390
however after comparing the risks they
522
00:29:30,759 --> 00:29:33,390
chose the latter
523
00:29:44,500 --> 00:29:49,849
from Pliny the Younger account it seems
524
00:29:47,359 --> 00:29:51,679
that his uncle Pliny the Elder made it
525
00:29:49,849 --> 00:29:54,079
to the relative safety of stabby I be
526
00:29:51,680 --> 00:29:57,289
touched by the late evening but by that
527
00:29:54,079 --> 00:30:00,919
stage around 9 or 10 p.m. the eruption
528
00:29:57,289 --> 00:30:04,639
was at its most powerful in Pompeii the
529
00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:07,250
pumice was getting very deep let's look
530
00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:09,259
at the pumice that has accumulated here
531
00:30:07,250 --> 00:30:12,200
to a height of or a thickness of almost
532
00:30:09,259 --> 00:30:14,480
two and a half meters of course we begin
533
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:16,039
here around noon on the 24th on the
534
00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:18,200
ground on the Roman ground that I'm
535
00:30:16,039 --> 00:30:22,099
standing on and here it was covered with
536
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:23,509
pig arm for us and then during the early
537
00:30:22,099 --> 00:30:25,819
stages of the eruption we have an
538
00:30:23,509 --> 00:30:27,980
accumulation of the of the white pumice
539
00:30:25,819 --> 00:30:30,189
ball falling out of the sky and
540
00:30:27,980 --> 00:30:36,319
accumulating here gradually during the
541
00:30:30,190 --> 00:30:38,390
afternoon of the 24th and around our
542
00:30:36,319 --> 00:30:40,879
late afternoon or evening to begin to
543
00:30:38,390 --> 00:30:44,750
see a change in the color of the humus
544
00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:48,560
ball turning darker gray and that
545
00:30:44,750 --> 00:30:50,720
continues to fall up to about 3 or 4 in
546
00:30:48,559 --> 00:30:53,480
the morning on the next day when the
547
00:30:50,720 --> 00:30:56,240
first surge reaches Pompeii and that is
548
00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:59,140
that dark band what we see on the top of
549
00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:59,140
this excavation
550
00:31:01,579 --> 00:31:07,189
with no lava flows and only a few large
551
00:31:04,609 --> 00:31:09,169
rocks in the deposit scientists have
552
00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:11,690
naturally assumed that this never-ending
553
00:31:09,170 --> 00:31:18,130
cascade of pumice is what eventually
554
00:31:11,690 --> 00:31:21,140
overcame the victims but astonishingly
555
00:31:18,130 --> 00:31:26,810
circuits and findings show this is not
556
00:31:21,140 --> 00:31:28,940
the case we see the tremendous effects
557
00:31:26,809 --> 00:31:30,889
of that sorts on the people and we see
558
00:31:28,940 --> 00:31:32,900
where the people where in Pompeii
559
00:31:30,890 --> 00:31:35,270
they weren't down here at ground level
560
00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:37,310
they weren't walking around they weren't
561
00:31:35,269 --> 00:31:38,869
being buried by the pumice fall but
562
00:31:37,309 --> 00:31:41,569
rather they were walking on top of it
563
00:31:38,869 --> 00:31:50,879
and we see the remains right here on top
564
00:31:41,569 --> 00:31:54,460
[Music]
565
00:31:50,880 --> 00:31:56,710
amazingly sigurĂ°sson speery is that just
566
00:31:54,460 --> 00:31:59,319
about everyone survived the constant
567
00:31:56,710 --> 00:32:03,419
pumice fall by continuing to walk on top
568
00:31:59,319 --> 00:32:03,418
of the ever-growing carpet of rock
569
00:32:05,769 --> 00:32:17,098
their cause of death was about to arrive
570
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:17,098
[Music]
571
00:32:39,599 --> 00:32:45,099
when the eruption finally subsided
572
00:32:42,299 --> 00:32:47,680
Pompeii was buried in four meters of
573
00:32:45,099 --> 00:32:50,319
pumice centuries later as the
574
00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:56,860
excavations commenced a pattern started
575
00:32:50,319 --> 00:33:00,428
to emerge a few bodies were found deep
576
00:32:56,859 --> 00:33:02,229
down indicating they died early on
577
00:33:00,429 --> 00:33:03,170
they appeared to have been hit by
578
00:33:02,230 --> 00:33:07,480
falling masonry
579
00:33:03,170 --> 00:33:10,029
[Music]
580
00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:12,120
but the vast majority were found much
581
00:33:10,029 --> 00:33:16,569
higher up near the surface
582
00:33:12,119 --> 00:33:19,589
indicating they died later in fact they
583
00:33:16,569 --> 00:33:21,849
were all founded exactly the same level
584
00:33:19,589 --> 00:33:24,819
strongly suggesting they died at
585
00:33:21,849 --> 00:33:29,619
virtually the same time and none of them
586
00:33:24,819 --> 00:33:32,559
had any apparent injuries I think they
587
00:33:29,619 --> 00:33:39,189
died for lack of oxygen by suffocation
588
00:33:32,559 --> 00:33:40,960
that's oficio by suffocation one of them
589
00:33:39,190 --> 00:33:42,519
had his mouth open it was shocking
590
00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:44,829
because if you look at the excavation
591
00:33:42,519 --> 00:33:47,579
pictures when the skeleton was found his
592
00:33:44,829 --> 00:33:51,909
mouth was wide open for lack of oxygen
593
00:33:47,579 --> 00:33:54,309
family value same thing with the horses
594
00:33:51,910 --> 00:33:57,070
their head was turned they were on the
595
00:33:54,309 --> 00:34:00,029
floor but their mouth was turned up so
596
00:33:57,069 --> 00:34:00,029
they clearly lacked oxygen
597
00:34:05,430 --> 00:34:11,909
the position of the bodies is powerful
598
00:34:07,769 --> 00:34:14,340
evidence it strongly suggests that the
599
00:34:11,909 --> 00:34:14,970
victims died by inhaling something
600
00:34:14,340 --> 00:34:22,079
lethal
601
00:34:14,969 --> 00:34:24,658
but what some of the mouths of the
602
00:34:22,079 --> 00:34:27,659
victims of Pompeii seems to confirm this
603
00:34:24,659 --> 00:34:29,550
hypotheses some of them are lifted up on
604
00:34:27,659 --> 00:34:32,159
their arms as if craning their necks
605
00:34:29,550 --> 00:34:34,590
upwards towards some slightly cleaner
606
00:34:32,159 --> 00:34:36,419
air we're still waiting to prove this
607
00:34:34,590 --> 00:34:45,240
but they must have had some serious
608
00:34:36,418 --> 00:34:49,190
breathing difficulties so what could
609
00:34:45,239 --> 00:34:49,189
have made the air suddenly so deadly
610
00:34:50,190 --> 00:34:54,210
if breathing dust had been the cause
611
00:34:52,289 --> 00:34:56,069
surely they would all have died at
612
00:34:54,210 --> 00:35:02,400
different times because of different
613
00:34:56,068 --> 00:35:04,500
lung capacities and hiding places it is
614
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:07,500
only now after 20 years of painstaking
615
00:35:04,500 --> 00:35:11,068
analysis that Sigurdsson can prove what
616
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:14,119
really happened Vesuvius generated what
617
00:35:11,068 --> 00:35:17,759
is now known as a pyroclastic surge
618
00:35:14,119 --> 00:35:17,759
[Music]
619
00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:25,660
I was very lucky to be involved in the
620
00:35:23,289 --> 00:35:27,969
research on a very similar eruption that
621
00:35:25,659 --> 00:35:29,949
took place in 1982 and I was the
622
00:35:27,969 --> 00:35:33,309
eruption of el chichon volcano in Mexico
623
00:35:29,949 --> 00:35:36,339
that killed about 2,000 people and in
624
00:35:33,309 --> 00:35:39,039
that eruption several surges were
625
00:35:36,340 --> 00:35:41,559
produced that were witnessed and people
626
00:35:39,039 --> 00:35:43,329
were killed in those and I I was on the
627
00:35:41,559 --> 00:35:45,460
scene there about two days after the
628
00:35:43,329 --> 00:35:47,259
eruption and was able to study those
629
00:35:45,460 --> 00:35:51,970
surges and they look exactly like these
630
00:35:47,260 --> 00:35:54,400
surges sigit soms identification of
631
00:35:51,969 --> 00:35:56,259
surge layers in the rock at Pompeii was
632
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:58,470
the answer scientists had been waiting
633
00:35:56,260 --> 00:35:58,470
for
634
00:35:58,590 --> 00:36:04,420
not every volcano develops a surge it's
635
00:36:02,110 --> 00:36:06,820
a complex phenomenon where the eruption
636
00:36:04,420 --> 00:36:08,619
can be seen like a jet engine the power
637
00:36:06,820 --> 00:36:10,960
it's generating is keeping the whole
638
00:36:08,619 --> 00:36:13,239
column up in the air but as the crater
639
00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:16,240
around the eruption starts to cave in it
640
00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:19,009
interrupts the flow of power the column
641
00:36:16,239 --> 00:36:22,469
briefly collapses
642
00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:24,720
the result is a falling cloud that hits
643
00:36:22,469 --> 00:36:27,598
the ground at over 200 kilometres an
644
00:36:24,719 --> 00:36:30,000
hour it spreads out over a vast area
645
00:36:27,599 --> 00:36:32,130
like a giant dust filled hurricane
646
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:36,869
knocking over walls destroying
647
00:36:32,130 --> 00:36:39,210
everything in its path the mystery of
648
00:36:36,869 --> 00:36:41,220
the search is that as it settles it
649
00:36:39,210 --> 00:36:43,858
leaves nothing but a very thin layer of
650
00:36:41,219 --> 00:36:45,689
ash which is quickly buried by further
651
00:36:43,858 --> 00:36:50,949
palace wall
652
00:36:45,690 --> 00:36:56,159
over here we go to the wall of the
653
00:36:50,949 --> 00:37:01,299
deposit where we can see the other
654
00:36:56,159 --> 00:37:03,359
surges quite clearly we have the fall
655
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:05,710
deposit the pomace vault deposit here
656
00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:09,760
quite large promises because we're
657
00:37:05,710 --> 00:37:12,240
fairly close to the volcano and the
658
00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:16,270
first search forming this thin layer
659
00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:18,129
followed by another stage of fallout so
660
00:37:16,269 --> 00:37:20,409
the first search represents the first
661
00:37:18,130 --> 00:37:22,450
collapse of the eruption column instead
662
00:37:20,409 --> 00:37:24,699
of a very high plenty on eruption column
663
00:37:22,449 --> 00:37:27,549
it's produced this material we now have
664
00:37:24,699 --> 00:37:29,500
a collapse or a fountain of Ash and
665
00:37:27,550 --> 00:37:32,110
pumice coming out of the volcano flowing
666
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:34,150
down the sides and creating a glowing
667
00:37:32,110 --> 00:37:36,630
avalanche of pumice and ash reaching
668
00:37:34,150 --> 00:37:39,250
this site then in a few minutes
669
00:37:36,630 --> 00:37:41,500
sigurĂ°sson has calculated that vesuvius
670
00:37:39,250 --> 00:37:44,260
took 20 hours to eject all of its
671
00:37:41,500 --> 00:37:46,659
material in the resulting 4 meter thick
672
00:37:44,260 --> 00:37:49,480
pumice layer there are six Serge layers
673
00:37:46,659 --> 00:37:51,819
by measuring where they are Sigurdsson
674
00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:53,300
is at last able to show exactly when
675
00:37:51,820 --> 00:37:57,289
they happened
676
00:37:53,300 --> 00:37:59,390
the first was at 1:00 a.m. it's spread
677
00:37:57,289 --> 00:38:01,509
west and pulverized the town of
678
00:37:59,389 --> 00:38:01,509
Herculaneum
679
00:38:02,739 --> 00:38:12,099
at 2:15 a.m. there was a second bigger
680
00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:14,050
search at 6:30 a.m. 18 and a half hours
681
00:38:12,099 --> 00:38:19,199
after the eruption had first started an
682
00:38:14,050 --> 00:38:19,200
even larger third surge was generated
683
00:38:20,829 --> 00:38:26,909
luckily it ran out of energy just
684
00:38:23,110 --> 00:38:26,910
reaching the northern walls of Pompeii
685
00:38:30,539 --> 00:38:36,019
nevertheless it must have made the air
686
00:38:33,030 --> 00:38:36,019
thick with dust
687
00:38:39,170 --> 00:38:45,740
at 7:30 a.m. still choking and wheezing
688
00:38:42,380 --> 00:38:49,780
the inhabitants of Pompeii were overrun
689
00:38:45,739 --> 00:38:49,779
by search number four
690
00:38:52,739 --> 00:38:55,799
[Music]
691
00:38:56,380 --> 00:39:01,900
they were slain by an ashen dust-filled
692
00:38:59,380 --> 00:39:06,250
wind that swept over them at more than
693
00:39:01,900 --> 00:39:09,750
200 kilometers an hour not only that it
694
00:39:06,250 --> 00:39:09,750
was also viciously hot
695
00:39:11,159 --> 00:39:21,730
sort of make our way gently on top of
696
00:39:14,889 --> 00:39:25,629
the we're into the pumice ball we see
697
00:39:21,730 --> 00:39:29,559
that the search is actually a very thin
698
00:39:25,630 --> 00:39:31,809
layer search number four it's only about
699
00:39:29,559 --> 00:39:34,960
five to ten centimeters in thickness
700
00:39:31,809 --> 00:39:37,900
but this search and the subsequent
701
00:39:34,960 --> 00:39:40,630
search over here are the the deposits
702
00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:42,190
that contain all of the human remains or
703
00:39:40,630 --> 00:39:44,470
almost all of the human remains in
704
00:39:42,190 --> 00:39:47,019
pompeii in addition they contain
705
00:39:44,469 --> 00:39:49,868
building material that was carried along
706
00:39:47,019 --> 00:39:52,960
in the inserts and that is now being
707
00:39:49,869 --> 00:39:54,730
preserved over here to my right you see
708
00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:58,329
several of the bodies of the people that
709
00:39:54,730 --> 00:40:02,199
were suffocated index fixated in the
710
00:39:58,329 --> 00:40:04,030
search because of the very high heat and
711
00:40:02,199 --> 00:40:08,019
searing high temperatures and being
712
00:40:04,030 --> 00:40:11,890
choked essentially on inhaling the hot
713
00:40:08,019 --> 00:40:14,318
ash and dusty air so this is one of
714
00:40:11,889 --> 00:40:17,739
these excellent sites where we can see
715
00:40:14,318 --> 00:40:19,719
the relationship between the volcanic
716
00:40:17,739 --> 00:40:22,808
processes the generation of the hot
717
00:40:19,719 --> 00:40:26,618
search and how it the fact that the
718
00:40:22,809 --> 00:40:28,660
people demonstrating to us clearly what
719
00:40:26,619 --> 00:40:31,390
was the lethal agent of the eruption
720
00:40:28,659 --> 00:40:33,750
here in Pompeii there was the fourth
721
00:40:31,389 --> 00:40:33,750
search
722
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:41,599
in fact there is strong evidence that
723
00:40:38,630 --> 00:40:45,910
the pyroclastic surge was at least 100
724
00:40:41,599 --> 00:40:48,200
degrees Celsius hot enough to boil water
725
00:40:45,909 --> 00:40:50,059
lapping by recording the temperature
726
00:40:48,199 --> 00:40:52,639
around the victims must have reached
727
00:40:50,059 --> 00:40:54,590
rather high levels why do I think the
728
00:40:52,639 --> 00:40:56,900
temperature was that high because we
729
00:40:54,590 --> 00:40:58,940
didn't find any bacteria in the soil
730
00:40:56,900 --> 00:41:01,340
surrounding the victims but we found
731
00:40:58,940 --> 00:41:03,920
bacteria in the natural cavities of the
732
00:41:01,340 --> 00:41:05,990
bone remains of the victims this means
733
00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:13,070
that the temperature was hot enough to
734
00:41:05,989 --> 00:41:16,909
boil and sterilize the soil the victims
735
00:41:13,070 --> 00:41:19,340
of pompeii had a horrible death a thick
736
00:41:16,909 --> 00:41:22,279
red-hot hurricane roared in their faces
737
00:41:19,340 --> 00:41:24,500
like a jet blast it seared their skin
738
00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:28,490
and filled the insides of their mouths
739
00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:30,400
noses and lungs with scalding dust that
740
00:41:28,489 --> 00:41:33,229
is why many look like they are sleeping
741
00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:35,030
they fell to the ground struggling in
742
00:41:33,230 --> 00:41:39,019
vain to shield themselves from the
743
00:41:35,030 --> 00:41:42,109
hellish burning wind but as quickly as
744
00:41:39,019 --> 00:41:44,230
it came the surge disappeared leaving
745
00:41:42,108 --> 00:41:47,588
its victims to die of their burns
746
00:41:44,230 --> 00:41:47,588
struggling to breathe
747
00:41:49,570 --> 00:41:57,050
it's very humbling for me to see this as
748
00:41:53,809 --> 00:41:59,090
a scientist I can come distance myself
749
00:41:57,050 --> 00:42:01,220
from it to some extent but then again
750
00:41:59,090 --> 00:42:03,289
I'm reminded by the number of colleagues
751
00:42:01,219 --> 00:42:06,039
that I've had and friends who died in
752
00:42:03,289 --> 00:42:09,619
surges like this in pyroclastic flows
753
00:42:06,039 --> 00:42:13,309
it's also reminds me of scenes I saw
754
00:42:09,619 --> 00:42:15,529
when I was working in Mexico in 1982 two
755
00:42:13,309 --> 00:42:19,190
days after the eruption of algae John
756
00:42:15,530 --> 00:42:21,830
where I 18 hundred people were killed in
757
00:42:19,190 --> 00:42:24,829
surges of this sort and I had the
758
00:42:21,829 --> 00:42:30,799
unpleasant experience of of seeing the
759
00:42:24,829 --> 00:42:33,489
bodies interred from that event so it's
760
00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:33,490
a horrible sight
761
00:42:40,429 --> 00:42:46,909
only a handful of volcanoes every
762
00:42:42,739 --> 00:42:51,489
century generate an eruption column few
763
00:42:46,909 --> 00:42:51,489
of those cause pyroclastic surge glands
764
00:42:51,699 --> 00:42:56,078
even fewer are ever captured on film
765
00:42:56,679 --> 00:43:04,848
during the 1997 eruption of Montserrat a
766
00:43:00,079 --> 00:43:07,369
small surge was created typically it was
767
00:43:04,849 --> 00:43:12,230
fast hot and devastated everything in
768
00:43:07,369 --> 00:43:17,660
its path with little warning it killed
769
00:43:12,230 --> 00:43:20,230
20 people this is what killed the people
770
00:43:17,659 --> 00:43:20,230
of Pompeii
771
00:43:25,429 --> 00:43:30,259
it should have been the end but
772
00:43:27,858 --> 00:43:34,900
Sigurdsson has found one massive final
773
00:43:30,260 --> 00:43:34,900
surge far deadlier than all the rest
774
00:43:35,980 --> 00:43:41,500
at 8 a.m. it swept down the mountain
775
00:43:38,769 --> 00:43:45,358
through Herculaneum through Pompeii and
776
00:43:41,500 --> 00:43:45,358
out into the countryside beyond
777
00:43:47,739 --> 00:43:52,068
many who had fled the town and thought
778
00:43:50,150 --> 00:43:55,840
they had escaped were caught up in
779
00:43:52,068 --> 00:43:58,329
Vesuvius final deadly breath
780
00:43:55,840 --> 00:44:00,370
in fact the outer fringes reached the
781
00:43:58,329 --> 00:44:03,400
beach at stabby I wear prinnies uncle
782
00:44:00,369 --> 00:44:04,690
was trapped again his account exactly
783
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:08,470
matches seiga-san's
784
00:44:04,690 --> 00:44:10,119
geological data the flames and smell of
785
00:44:08,469 --> 00:44:12,250
sulfur which gave warning of the
786
00:44:10,119 --> 00:44:16,259
approaching fire drove the others to
787
00:44:12,250 --> 00:44:19,500
take flight and roused him to stand up
788
00:44:16,260 --> 00:44:22,330
he stood and in suddenly collapsed I
789
00:44:19,500 --> 00:44:24,429
imagine because the dense fumes choked
790
00:44:22,329 --> 00:44:26,619
his breathing by blocking his windpipe
791
00:44:24,429 --> 00:44:36,519
which was constitutionally weak and
792
00:44:26,619 --> 00:44:39,909
narrow and often inflamed when daylight
793
00:44:36,519 --> 00:44:43,000
returned on the 26th two days after the
794
00:44:39,909 --> 00:44:46,690
last day he had seen his body was found
795
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:49,769
intact and uninjured still fully clothed
796
00:44:46,690 --> 00:44:52,840
and looking more like sleep and death
797
00:44:49,769 --> 00:44:55,030
news of his uncle's misfortune no doubt
798
00:44:52,840 --> 00:44:56,950
came from sailors and slaves who had
799
00:44:55,030 --> 00:44:59,220
been far enough away to survive the
800
00:44:56,949 --> 00:45:02,230
vestigial effects of the last surge
801
00:44:59,219 --> 00:45:04,559
Pliny the Younger narrowly missed being
802
00:45:02,230 --> 00:45:07,570
overwhelmed by the massive cloud himself
803
00:45:04,559 --> 00:45:10,090
it had traveled 30 kilometers across the
804
00:45:07,570 --> 00:45:12,130
Bay of Naples looking like a black tidal
805
00:45:10,090 --> 00:45:16,050
wave and hit the headland of my sea
806
00:45:12,130 --> 00:45:16,050
gnome just as it ran out of energy
807
00:45:17,949 --> 00:45:23,359
people bewail their own fate all that of
808
00:45:21,409 --> 00:45:25,730
their relatives and there were some who
809
00:45:23,360 --> 00:45:29,030
prayed for death in their terror of
810
00:45:25,730 --> 00:45:31,579
dying many sought the aid of the gods
811
00:45:29,030 --> 00:45:33,980
but still more imagined there were no
812
00:45:31,579 --> 00:45:36,139
gods left and that the universe was
813
00:45:33,980 --> 00:45:38,769
plunged into eternal darkness for
814
00:45:36,139 --> 00:45:38,769
evermore
815
00:45:40,670 --> 00:45:47,119
[Music]
816
00:45:53,199 --> 00:45:58,419
the complete devastation inside Pompeii
817
00:45:55,900 --> 00:46:01,000
but also the horrors found outside its
818
00:45:58,420 --> 00:46:03,789
walls lead to the suspicion that many
819
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:05,769
many more of the refugees must have died
820
00:46:03,789 --> 00:46:07,980
while fleeing on the roads and on the
821
00:46:05,769 --> 00:46:07,980
beaches
822
00:46:09,530 --> 00:46:20,840
[Music]
823
00:46:18,130 --> 00:46:23,960
the area covered by the final surge
824
00:46:20,840 --> 00:46:24,590
cloud is so unusually vast that only 1%
825
00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:25,960
of it
826
00:46:24,590 --> 00:46:31,039
has been excavated
827
00:46:25,960 --> 00:46:31,039
[Music]
828
00:46:33,679 --> 00:46:38,659
in fact no matter where the
829
00:46:35,778 --> 00:46:41,048
archaeologists dig they always find
830
00:46:38,659 --> 00:46:41,048
bodies
831
00:46:42,230 --> 00:46:46,250
looking for a stylist to the south of
832
00:46:45,559 --> 00:46:47,989
Pompeii
833
00:46:46,250 --> 00:46:49,760
there was the river port and another
834
00:46:47,989 --> 00:46:52,789
chance to escape could be to get to the
835
00:46:49,760 --> 00:46:54,619
river port take a boat and leave their
836
00:46:52,789 --> 00:46:59,509
excavations there at the end of the 19th
837
00:46:54,619 --> 00:47:01,760
century in the actual river now that
838
00:46:59,510 --> 00:47:03,020
area which we call Meridian Asia is it
839
00:47:01,760 --> 00:47:05,570
gained under excavation by the
840
00:47:03,019 --> 00:47:10,369
superintendent of Pompeii and more than
841
00:47:05,570 --> 00:47:11,480
80 bodies have been recovered which
842
00:47:10,369 --> 00:47:13,849
means that they probably had already
843
00:47:11,480 --> 00:47:20,088
fled Pompeii all the surrounding area
844
00:47:13,849 --> 00:47:22,660
and had taken shelter in that area thus
845
00:47:20,088 --> 00:47:26,358
discovery of bodies far outside pompeii
846
00:47:22,659 --> 00:47:28,759
suggests a huge death toll seiga-san's
847
00:47:26,358 --> 00:47:32,150
prediction is that although 1,000 have
848
00:47:28,760 --> 00:47:35,690
been found 10 times that died half the
849
00:47:32,150 --> 00:47:40,480
population 10,000 people failed to
850
00:47:35,690 --> 00:47:40,480
escape the final pyroclastic surge
851
00:47:48,298 --> 00:47:54,009
so the big question is where are all the
852
00:47:51,039 --> 00:47:56,349
thousands of bodies are the Pompeians my
853
00:47:54,009 --> 00:47:58,929
suspicion is that they're down south
854
00:47:56,349 --> 00:48:01,869
south of the city south outside the city
855
00:47:58,929 --> 00:48:06,368
walls buried underneath the pyroclastic
856
00:48:01,869 --> 00:48:08,619
flows the searches in the region of the
857
00:48:06,369 --> 00:48:11,019
Sarno Valley the region where the Sarno
858
00:48:08,619 --> 00:48:14,380
River flows now it's a region that is
859
00:48:11,018 --> 00:48:15,728
now fairly densely inhabited it's a
860
00:48:14,380 --> 00:48:17,588
region where there probably will not be
861
00:48:15,728 --> 00:48:20,169
a lot of archaeological excavation in
862
00:48:17,588 --> 00:48:23,768
the future because of dense population
863
00:48:20,170 --> 00:48:25,690
and but if we want to find out more
864
00:48:23,768 --> 00:48:27,848
about the fate of the Pompeians I think
865
00:48:25,690 --> 00:48:30,719
that's where we should look not in the
866
00:48:27,849 --> 00:48:30,719
city but outside
867
00:48:32,010 --> 00:48:36,310
[Music]
868
00:48:33,119 --> 00:48:37,529
pliny does not tell us if most Pompeians
869
00:48:36,309 --> 00:48:39,759
lived or died
870
00:48:37,530 --> 00:48:43,990
subsequent Roman writers make little
871
00:48:39,760 --> 00:48:45,970
mention of them it is known that the
872
00:48:43,989 --> 00:48:48,299
emperor Titus spent a fortune in
873
00:48:45,969 --> 00:48:52,859
redevelopment aid for the area
874
00:48:48,300 --> 00:48:55,570
[Music]
875
00:48:52,860 --> 00:48:57,970
but the material that buried them and
876
00:48:55,570 --> 00:49:00,100
their bones tells us that they suffered
877
00:48:57,969 --> 00:49:01,629
one of the rarest and deadliest of all
878
00:49:00,099 --> 00:49:07,719
volcanic phenomena
879
00:49:01,630 --> 00:49:11,289
[Music]
880
00:49:07,719 --> 00:49:13,269
a hot pyroclastic surge that choked and
881
00:49:11,289 --> 00:49:15,489
burnt them as a result of the collapse
882
00:49:13,269 --> 00:49:21,369
of one of the biggest eruption columns
883
00:49:15,489 --> 00:49:24,868
of all time an eruption that few had a
884
00:49:21,369 --> 00:49:24,869
hope of surviving
885
00:49:25,980 --> 00:49:34,269
you
886
00:49:26,840 --> 00:49:34,269
[Music]
887
00:49:39,480 --> 00:49:41,539
you
98106
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