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I have a rule that I've
lived by for a long time:
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Always tell the truth.
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That way,
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you don't have to
remember what you said.
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And I was never good at lying.
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Hindus thought of the same rule
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more than 3,000 years ago.
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Satya, truthfulness,
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sits alongside
non-violence, non-stealing
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and several other
Hindu holy laws.
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Jews and Christians have
the Ten Commandments
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as core spiritual
rules for life.
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Muslims can also find them
throughout the Holy Quran.
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Their connection with
God gives these edicts
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power over billions of lives.
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Yet we live in an
age of enlightenment,
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driven by science and reason.
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So do we still need holy laws?
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I'm travelling the world
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to understand the power ancient
rules have over us today.
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2,000 years later,
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any six-year-old that learns
to write can read this.
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My God.
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I'll meet holy people
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who follow holy laws
to the extreme.
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They do not want
to kill even a bug
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or any micro-organism.
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See what happens when
people go against divine rules.
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I'll explore divine retribution.
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Some people escape,
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other people die on the spot.
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And I'll meet a man
who followed God's commandment
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to forgive his son's murderer.
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We just hug each other
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like a father and son.
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Jerusalem.
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A holy city for Jews,
Christians and Muslims.
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People trying to
live side by side
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need a common set of rules.
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As fractious as this
city can be today,
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all three faiths recognize
the holy laws
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Jerusalem was built on:
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the Ten Commandments.
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To see these ancient
edicts for myself,
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I'm meeting Pnina Shor,
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an archaeologist at the
Israel Antiquities Authority,
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home to the ancient
fragments of writing
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known as the Dead Sea Scrolls.
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She has offered me
a rare opportunity:
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a personal encounter,
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with the crown jewel
of her collection,
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the oldest known copy
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of the Ten Commandments.
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This is it.
This is really it.
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This is the only copy
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of the Ten Commandments
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that has survived intact.
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2,000 years old.
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Now, I have been to Qumran,
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where the Dead Sea
Scrolls were found.
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This is the first time
I've ever actually seen
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the scrolls themselves.
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And you're very lucky,
because not everybody
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gets a chance to see
the scrolls face to face.
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The Dead Sea Scrolls
are the most complete
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ancient version of
the Hebrew scriptures.
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They were found in 1947,
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in bone-dry caves at
Qumran near the Dead Sea.
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It's amazing that whatever
this is written on
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could survive that long.
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It's written on parchment,
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which is animal skin,
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and yes, it is a miracle
that it actually survived,
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but it survived because probably
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the conditions in the
caves were the best.
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And so what we're
trying to do here,
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and in the vault where
we keep all the scrolls...
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Recreate that.
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Is to recreate
these conditions.
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00:04:03,677 --> 00:04:05,937
We have copies
of the Ten Commandments.
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They're, they're
all over the place.
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So why is this important?
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Why is it important?
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This is our heritage,
this is our common heritage.
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And this shows us
that 2,000 years later,
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we can all talk about
this and relate to it.
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Know what we're talking about.
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And know what we're
talking about, right.
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I'll read you through, okay?
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Yeah, I am the Lord, thy God.
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I, exactly.
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Yeah, I'm your God.
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I'm your God who took you
out of the land of Egypt,
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and continues all the way down.
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What's it written in,
is it written in Hebrew?
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It's written in Hebrew
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in what we call
the Syrian writing,
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which is the writing
of Second Temple times.
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So what's amazing
about these scrolls
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is that 2,000 years later,
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any six-year-old
that learns to write,
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can read this.
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Get out of here!
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A six-year-old?
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Any six-year-old
who learns to read Hebrew.
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Who learns how to read
Hebrew can read these scrolls.
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Can read this.
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It takes a few minutes,
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but you get used to it
and you can do it.
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Seeing these ancient
laws as a living text
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makes me wonder.
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How did they shape Jewish life
and culture over the millennia?
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Adolfo Roitman is the curator of
Jerusalem's Shrine of the Book.
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Oh, my.
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That's awesome.
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Yes.
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The Shrine of the Book.
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It's the holy of holies,
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like Solomon's Temple,
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and instead of
the Ark of Covenant
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and the Ten Commandments,
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what we have here
are the scrolls,
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the most significant
spiritual treasure of Israel.
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Now, I'm gonna ask you
if there is a difference
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between the commandments
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and the other codes
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of the Middle Eastern tribes.
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What is very significant
here in the scrolls
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is the Ten Commandments,
actually,
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they have two sections.
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One refers to God
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and one refers to human beings.
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The first four
commandments set the rules
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for how people should
act towards God,
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like having no other gods
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and observing the Sabbath.
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The last six concern
human affairs,
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prohibiting killing,
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stealing,
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cheating.
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We are not dealing
just with ideas.
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We are dealing with real life.
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And real life,
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must reflect
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all this
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religious idea.
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The concept that we,
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our community,
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we are a temple,
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we are...
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a spiritual temple.
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When a law is
religious in nature...
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Yes.
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What is the...
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practical side of it?
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How does that manifest itself?
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Okay. Love your
neighbour as yourself.
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It's written.
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But if you don't love him,
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it's not just against him,
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it's against God.
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You have to care...
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for them,
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because all of them
were created by God.
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The good, the bad and the ugly.
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Yes.
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So, now,
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the Ten Commandments...
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have had an incredible influence
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on large parts of the world.
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Yes.
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Do you think that they
influence other religions?
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There is no way
to imagine the history
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of human beings without these
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specific Ten Commandments.
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Why you shouldn't kill...
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a person.
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Why you have to keep morality.
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All these traditions
were very much inspired
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by the Ten Commandments,
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and even human beings that they
belong to other civilizations.
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It's quite astonishing,
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that a list of do's and don'ts,
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written on parchment
thousands of years ago,
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have had such an effect
on the world.
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But it's probably because
the Ten Commandments
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are not just a list
of do's and don'ts.
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They inspired the ancient Jews
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to keep good relations,
not only with God,
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but with their
family and neighbours.
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No matter what your faith,
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this is what creates
a long and lasting society.
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It's hard to find
places on Earth
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where the Ten Commandments
haven't had some effect.
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But they do exist.
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In the remote hillsides
of northern Vietnam,
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there is a culture where
the will of the divine
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is not passed down
through written laws.
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It comes through a person.
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Sociologist Andreas Schneider
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is travelling to a village
of the Hmong ethnic group.
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He wants to understand
how they follow
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the unwritten rules
of the spirit world.
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He is meeting Hang A Sua,
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who was born in the village.
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Oh, Sua.
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Hello.
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Oh, thank you.
I'm glad I've found your house.
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Oh, yeah.
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And you are?
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Yeah, I'm Sua friend.
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He ask me to come here
helping you translate.
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Sua is a Hmong businessman.
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His 94-year-old
grandmother, Sung Thi La,
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is the village shaman.
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Today she will be performing
a divination ceremony
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to speak with the spirits.
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They beginning or starting...
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Oh, they're beginning.
220
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Yeah.
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Let's make it through
the rain, I guess.
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-Yes.
-Thank you!
223
00:10:27,377 --> 00:10:28,683
-Thank you.
-Let's go over there.
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Let's go.
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00:10:29,723 --> 00:10:31,495
The Hmong are animists,
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00:10:31,985 --> 00:10:36,349
believing spirits called 'neeb'
inhabit everything.
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00:10:37,795 --> 00:10:40,025
The Hmong believe
if you behave correctly,
228
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you will be surrounded
by good spirits.
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00:10:42,985 --> 00:10:44,403
If you behave badly,
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you will attract bad spirits.
231
00:10:52,239 --> 00:10:53,827
La acts as a bridge
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between the physical
and spiritual worlds.
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She alone in the village
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can communicate with the spirits
235
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and discover the balance
between good and bad.
236
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Yes, okay.
237
00:11:35,871 --> 00:11:36,600
Yeah.
238
00:11:42,487 --> 00:11:43,273
Yeah.
239
00:11:47,302 --> 00:11:48,022
Yes.
240
00:11:48,597 --> 00:11:49,853
As people gather,
241
00:11:50,016 --> 00:11:51,427
La covers her face
242
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to focus on her connection
to the spirit world.
243
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The Hmong believe
both good and bad spirits
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respond to the shaman's call.
245
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Ahh, okay.
246
00:12:29,173 --> 00:12:32,169
La has sensed the
presence of bad spirits,
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but the good spirits
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have instructed her
how to deal with them.
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Deep in the misty hills
of rural Vietnam,
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a gong rings out.
251
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Signalling a shaman's connection
with the spirit world.
252
00:13:01,171 --> 00:13:03,455
Sociologist Andreas Schneider
253
00:13:03,828 --> 00:13:05,651
is here with the Hmong people,
254
00:13:06,663 --> 00:13:08,413
hoping to gain insight into how
255
00:13:08,474 --> 00:13:10,098
they define the
will of the gods.
256
00:13:11,526 --> 00:13:15,677
Bad spirits invited in by
past wrong-doing in the village
257
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are expelled by fire.
258
00:13:31,205 --> 00:13:32,672
But the shaman, La,
259
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has told the villagers they
must now make a sacrifice
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to the good spirits.
261
00:14:12,622 --> 00:14:13,943
The sacrifice complete,
262
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the shaman must now
perform the last step:
263
00:14:18,490 --> 00:14:21,439
persuade the good spirits
to accept the offering.
264
00:14:22,098 --> 00:14:24,643
So these are horns of animals.
265
00:14:25,491 --> 00:14:26,985
Yeah, this a horn from a goat.
266
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Goat horn.
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00:14:28,849 --> 00:14:31,980
La uses goat horns to
communicate with the spirits.
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00:14:33,059 --> 00:14:36,140
The Hmong believe the spirits
send a coded message
269
00:14:36,313 --> 00:14:37,714
in the patterns of the horns.
270
00:14:38,392 --> 00:14:40,988
Ones that only the shaman
can read correctly.
271
00:14:46,349 --> 00:14:48,886
Uh, we have to say thank you.
272
00:14:48,987 --> 00:14:50,148
Say thank you.
273
00:14:50,284 --> 00:14:51,755
The ceremony is finished.
274
00:14:52,522 --> 00:14:54,480
The wrong-doing
has been corrected.
275
00:14:55,220 --> 00:14:58,181
Everyone gives a bow of
gratitude to the shaman.
276
00:14:58,242 --> 00:14:59,044
Two time.
277
00:14:59,294 --> 00:15:00,234
One more time.
278
00:15:08,093 --> 00:15:10,639
The question that I have is,
279
00:15:11,006 --> 00:15:12,408
what did we have today?
280
00:15:12,535 --> 00:15:14,231
We had basically,
281
00:15:15,018 --> 00:15:18,164
trying... a ceremony that
tried to set things straight.
282
00:15:18,376 --> 00:15:18,922
Yeah.
283
00:15:18,983 --> 00:15:20,538
Something went wrong,
there was an offering,
284
00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:22,910
but who is determining
the rules?
285
00:15:22,971 --> 00:15:24,514
Who is making the laws?
286
00:15:27,283 --> 00:15:30,159
The shaman, with
the spirits, when they come...
287
00:15:30,220 --> 00:15:30,754
Mm-hmm.
288
00:15:30,815 --> 00:15:31,952
They will tell her.
289
00:15:32,013 --> 00:15:35,198
So, of course, there was a
lot of suspense at the end
290
00:15:35,527 --> 00:15:38,858
when the bones were thrown,
291
00:15:38,919 --> 00:15:41,062
to see in which
direction they fall.
292
00:15:42,065 --> 00:15:43,558
What are the results?
293
00:15:43,750 --> 00:15:44,725
What is the result?
294
00:15:48,838 --> 00:15:51,042
The results, everything's good.
295
00:15:51,523 --> 00:15:52,947
I would like to thank her
296
00:15:53,067 --> 00:15:56,321
for helping us to
understand your society.
297
00:15:58,248 --> 00:15:58,911
Okay.
298
00:15:59,801 --> 00:16:01,965
She would like to
thank you, so she...
299
00:16:02,434 --> 00:16:05,849
she will give you some lucky
silver thread for you guys.
300
00:16:09,686 --> 00:16:11,007
As a parting blessing,
301
00:16:11,068 --> 00:16:14,358
La ties a red thread around
each of their wrists.
302
00:16:17,522 --> 00:16:20,351
It's meant to help them stay
in balance with the spirits
303
00:16:20,788 --> 00:16:22,414
and stay on the right path.
304
00:16:25,555 --> 00:16:27,786
Ohhh.
305
00:16:28,239 --> 00:16:29,750
That's how you do it.
306
00:16:31,972 --> 00:16:33,748
Sua's grandmother, La,
307
00:16:34,043 --> 00:16:36,838
received a divine
calling to be a shaman.
308
00:16:38,150 --> 00:16:41,050
Just as Abraham,
he did the urgings of God
309
00:16:41,111 --> 00:16:42,391
to move to Canaan,
310
00:16:42,844 --> 00:16:46,120
La heeded this commandment
from the spirit world.
311
00:16:47,159 --> 00:16:48,673
She felt bound by it.
312
00:16:49,737 --> 00:16:51,818
Being tied to the spirits
313
00:16:51,879 --> 00:16:54,960
helps the Hmong keep
their culture alive,
314
00:16:55,021 --> 00:16:56,253
ties people together,
315
00:16:56,932 --> 00:16:59,147
like millions of red threads
316
00:16:59,208 --> 00:17:01,810
spanning their entire
Asian diaspora.
317
00:17:10,141 --> 00:17:12,077
In many religions,
holy laws dictate
318
00:17:12,138 --> 00:17:14,245
not only how
believers live life,
319
00:17:14,842 --> 00:17:16,379
but how they confront death.
320
00:17:24,648 --> 00:17:27,753
I've come to a cemetery
in Lexington, Kentucky,
321
00:17:28,304 --> 00:17:31,453
to meet Dr. Abdul-Munim
Sombat Jitmoud.
322
00:17:37,536 --> 00:17:40,175
He followed Islam's holiest law
323
00:17:40,592 --> 00:17:42,823
in the face of great
personal tragedy.
324
00:17:46,011 --> 00:17:49,101
I want to tell you myself
how grateful we all are
325
00:17:49,325 --> 00:17:50,759
that you'd take the time to...
326
00:17:51,266 --> 00:17:52,475
spend this time with us.
327
00:17:52,535 --> 00:17:54,573
Yes, sir.
It is mutual, sir.
328
00:17:55,917 --> 00:17:57,314
I understand that you had...
329
00:17:58,047 --> 00:17:58,888
something tragic
330
00:17:59,518 --> 00:18:01,285
to your family.
Can you tell me about it?
331
00:18:01,923 --> 00:18:02,508
Yes, sir.
332
00:18:02,569 --> 00:18:04,061
Three years ago, of course,
333
00:18:05,144 --> 00:18:07,361
our dearest son, Salahuddin,
got murdered.
334
00:18:09,888 --> 00:18:13,690
Dr. Jitmoud ran an Islamic
academy in Lexington.
335
00:18:16,421 --> 00:18:18,994
He lived here with his wife
and six sons.
336
00:18:21,081 --> 00:18:24,756
In 2015, Dr. Jitmoud's
second youngest son,
337
00:18:24,970 --> 00:18:25,977
Salahuddin,
338
00:18:26,396 --> 00:18:28,131
was working his way
through college
339
00:18:28,191 --> 00:18:30,079
as a pizza delivery driver.
340
00:18:31,441 --> 00:18:33,578
Tell me what you remember
341
00:18:34,594 --> 00:18:36,377
happened actually that night.
342
00:18:36,544 --> 00:18:37,142
Yes, sir.
343
00:18:37,203 --> 00:18:38,831
I gave Salahuddin a call,
344
00:18:39,422 --> 00:18:42,440
and he said,
'Baba, I'm deliver the pizza.'
345
00:18:42,725 --> 00:18:44,702
'Oh, I will call you
later, then.'
346
00:18:44,763 --> 00:18:45,207
He said,
347
00:18:45,917 --> 00:18:47,495
'Inshallah, Baba.'
348
00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:50,663
That was his last word
for me to hear.
349
00:18:50,724 --> 00:18:52,908
Inshallah. That means
'God willing,' right?
350
00:18:53,147 --> 00:18:54,221
Yes, God willing.
351
00:18:54,838 --> 00:18:56,364
Then a few hours later,
352
00:18:56,781 --> 00:18:59,258
he had one more delivery to do.
353
00:19:01,052 --> 00:19:03,615
Salahuddin was called
to an apartment complex
354
00:19:03,675 --> 00:19:05,522
on the outskirts of the city.
355
00:19:07,246 --> 00:19:10,742
Actually, that order
not supposed to be his order.
356
00:19:11,441 --> 00:19:13,673
It's another lady
supposed to deliver,
357
00:19:14,219 --> 00:19:17,097
but she afraid,
so Salahuddin volunteer.
358
00:19:20,140 --> 00:19:21,466
As he approached the door,
359
00:19:21,901 --> 00:19:22,770
he was attacked,
360
00:19:23,070 --> 00:19:23,871
robbed,
361
00:19:24,432 --> 00:19:25,997
and stabbed to death.
362
00:19:32,152 --> 00:19:33,293
Did the police ever...
363
00:19:33,746 --> 00:19:34,866
figure out who?
364
00:19:35,086 --> 00:19:36,153
-Yes.
-Did they catch him?
365
00:19:36,544 --> 00:19:39,453
Trey Alexander Relford,
along with two accomplices,
366
00:19:40,099 --> 00:19:44,013
had devised a plan to rob
a pizza delivery driver.
367
00:19:45,406 --> 00:19:47,125
Salahuddin became their target.
368
00:19:48,996 --> 00:19:51,531
Relford was found guilty
for his role in the killing.
369
00:19:53,166 --> 00:19:55,914
Dr. Jitmoud agreed
to a plea deal
370
00:19:56,314 --> 00:19:59,129
that kept Relford from
receiving the death penalty.
371
00:20:00,126 --> 00:20:02,232
But it was what happened
at the sentencing
372
00:20:02,734 --> 00:20:04,969
that caught the attention
of the media.
373
00:20:27,724 --> 00:20:29,223
I'm sorry about
what happened that day.
374
00:20:33,155 --> 00:20:34,636
He really remorseful,
375
00:20:34,926 --> 00:20:36,772
and he's apologetic to me,
376
00:20:37,562 --> 00:20:39,361
and I feel that
he looking for...
377
00:20:40,686 --> 00:20:43,347
some caring, some comfort.
378
00:20:44,120 --> 00:20:46,097
That's why when I hug him,
I said that...
379
00:20:46,918 --> 00:20:48,170
Wait a minute, wait a minute.
380
00:20:48,377 --> 00:20:49,165
You hugged him?
381
00:20:49,715 --> 00:20:50,543
Yes, sir.
382
00:21:06,798 --> 00:21:09,620
We just hug each other
like a father and son.
383
00:21:10,491 --> 00:21:13,209
And I feel he is one
of my flesh and blood.
384
00:21:20,596 --> 00:21:22,425
And I told him, 'Oh, my son,
385
00:21:23,559 --> 00:21:24,763
I have forgiven you.'
386
00:21:28,259 --> 00:21:30,228
'You have a brand-new
chapter of life.
387
00:21:31,501 --> 00:21:32,953
Make yourself a change
388
00:21:33,244 --> 00:21:35,140
and become a good person.'
389
00:21:36,885 --> 00:21:38,453
That was my message to him.
390
00:21:39,004 --> 00:21:41,016
I think this may be
a good time to take a break.
391
00:21:41,655 --> 00:21:42,488
Thank you.
392
00:21:45,138 --> 00:21:47,479
Where do you get the,
393
00:21:48,149 --> 00:21:51,921
I don't know,
the mercy to do that?
394
00:21:52,446 --> 00:21:53,939
He's the murderer of your son.
395
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:55,357
You, and you forgive?
396
00:21:56,986 --> 00:21:59,512
Mr. Freeman,
it didn't come easy,
397
00:22:00,852 --> 00:22:01,911
but because of...
398
00:22:02,716 --> 00:22:03,564
Shahada,
399
00:22:04,825 --> 00:22:05,978
our deep belief
400
00:22:07,037 --> 00:22:08,522
in the oneness of God.
401
00:22:12,139 --> 00:22:14,672
The Shahada is
the first and greatest
402
00:22:14,733 --> 00:22:16,988
of the Five Pillars of Islam.
403
00:22:18,179 --> 00:22:19,408
These fundamental rules
404
00:22:19,469 --> 00:22:21,714
are the foundation
of the Muslim faith.
405
00:22:23,439 --> 00:22:27,060
The Shahada states that
there is no god but Allah,
406
00:22:28,466 --> 00:22:30,364
and Muhammad is his messenger.
407
00:22:32,332 --> 00:22:34,845
How does that manifest
itself in daily life?
408
00:22:34,906 --> 00:22:36,576
Because God create all of us.
409
00:22:37,168 --> 00:22:40,229
We have to be good to everyone
and be merciful
410
00:22:40,909 --> 00:22:42,771
to the one who hurt us the most,
411
00:22:43,653 --> 00:22:46,201
so that we can earn
Allah forgiveness.
412
00:22:47,127 --> 00:22:48,854
It's Jesus and
the Sermon on the Mount.
413
00:22:49,274 --> 00:22:49,878
Yes.
414
00:22:49,939 --> 00:22:51,160
Forgive thine enemy.
415
00:22:51,652 --> 00:22:52,659
Yes, sir.
416
00:22:53,527 --> 00:22:55,845
Now, there was a moment
417
00:22:56,538 --> 00:23:00,331
in the tragedy
of Salahuddin's death
418
00:23:00,392 --> 00:23:01,922
that gave you some comfort.
419
00:23:01,982 --> 00:23:02,564
Yes, sir.
420
00:23:02,625 --> 00:23:03,779
At the time of death,
421
00:23:04,437 --> 00:23:09,036
Islam emphasize that you should
have a moment to say,
422
00:23:09,097 --> 00:23:12,451
'Laa ilaaha ill-Allah'
with the finger up, to testify.
423
00:23:13,111 --> 00:23:15,596
The night of murder,
there was a witness
424
00:23:15,657 --> 00:23:17,805
who had observed Salahuddin...
425
00:23:19,029 --> 00:23:21,525
body lean against the wall,
426
00:23:22,058 --> 00:23:24,008
and his finger go like this.
427
00:23:24,763 --> 00:23:27,375
She realized he is
Muslim, he's Muslim,
428
00:23:27,436 --> 00:23:29,205
because the way he raise finger,
429
00:23:29,423 --> 00:23:31,514
that's meaning
he recite Shahada.
430
00:23:32,495 --> 00:23:34,153
At the time of sorrow,
431
00:23:34,372 --> 00:23:36,691
God send this
incident to comfort me
432
00:23:37,305 --> 00:23:38,748
and all of my sons.
433
00:23:41,539 --> 00:23:42,342
Thank you so much.
434
00:23:42,402 --> 00:23:43,774
Thank you so much.
435
00:23:44,598 --> 00:23:46,705
And peace and blessings
be upon you, sir.
436
00:24:04,448 --> 00:24:05,438
Thank you, sir.
437
00:24:12,086 --> 00:24:15,155
I find what Dr. Jitmoud
did truly humbling.
438
00:24:15,860 --> 00:24:18,141
Of course, he would say he
was just following God's
439
00:24:18,202 --> 00:24:19,778
commandments of Shahada.
440
00:24:21,026 --> 00:24:23,037
I think many people see
God's commandments
441
00:24:23,097 --> 00:24:24,529
as just admonitions.
442
00:24:25,316 --> 00:24:27,050
What people like Dr. Jitmoud
understand
443
00:24:27,170 --> 00:24:28,940
is that they are God's
way of showing us
444
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:30,378
how to live better lives,
445
00:24:31,968 --> 00:24:33,316
as communities,
446
00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:35,163
as individuals,
447
00:24:35,972 --> 00:24:38,513
as members of the human race.
448
00:24:45,123 --> 00:24:48,667
When our instincts might drive
us to revenge and violence,
449
00:24:49,296 --> 00:24:52,159
holy laws can show us
a better way forward.
450
00:24:52,610 --> 00:24:54,411
One religious group
hopes to spread
451
00:24:54,472 --> 00:24:55,874
this message to the whole world
452
00:24:55,986 --> 00:24:58,758
and to eradicate
violence completely.
453
00:25:14,811 --> 00:25:17,080
I've come to Kathmandu, Nepal,
454
00:25:17,240 --> 00:25:18,642
to learn about Jainism,
455
00:25:19,191 --> 00:25:22,849
a faith whose ultimate
holy law is non-violence.
456
00:25:24,696 --> 00:25:27,880
With me is religious
scholar Pankaj Jain.
457
00:25:29,288 --> 00:25:31,437
He's invited me to
the local Jain temple
458
00:25:31,497 --> 00:25:35,031
to witness a religious ceremony
known as the puja.
459
00:25:36,610 --> 00:25:37,747
And here we are.
460
00:25:38,362 --> 00:25:39,211
Okay.
461
00:25:56,599 --> 00:25:59,546
The puja demonstrates
the virtuous way.
462
00:26:00,802 --> 00:26:04,699
Water symbolizes the washing
away of spiritual impurities.
463
00:26:09,572 --> 00:26:11,138
Fire illuminates,
464
00:26:11,468 --> 00:26:13,605
destroying the darkness
of delusion.
465
00:26:34,077 --> 00:26:35,338
Svaha.
466
00:26:35,527 --> 00:26:38,458
Food offerings, such
as rice and almonds,
467
00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:40,255
connote sacrifice.
468
00:26:49,806 --> 00:26:51,188
And dried coconuts
469
00:26:51,557 --> 00:26:55,209
represent the believer's
own mind waking up.
470
00:27:00,488 --> 00:27:02,180
Svaha.
471
00:27:03,288 --> 00:27:07,301
Every human being
ignorantly, they are sad.
472
00:27:07,655 --> 00:27:10,042
But whenever they will
getting the knowledge,
473
00:27:10,103 --> 00:27:13,740
right knowledge, the right
conduct, right character,
474
00:27:13,801 --> 00:27:15,647
then they're becoming
like God would.
475
00:27:16,050 --> 00:27:17,233
This is our aim.
476
00:27:17,333 --> 00:27:19,585
So every soul is...
477
00:27:19,646 --> 00:27:22,058
no one needs to be
killed in this globe.
478
00:27:22,145 --> 00:27:25,136
So we must give
the good knowledge.
479
00:27:28,661 --> 00:27:32,005
I'm curious to know what
knowledge Jains believe
480
00:27:32,066 --> 00:27:35,075
will lead to universal
enlightenment and peace.
481
00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:39,547
So, the religion is called Jain,
482
00:27:40,345 --> 00:27:41,767
and I'm talking to you,
483
00:27:42,426 --> 00:27:44,593
and your name is Jain.
484
00:27:44,894 --> 00:27:45,920
Is that a coincidence?
485
00:27:46,632 --> 00:27:48,827
Jain is a very common surname,
486
00:27:48,888 --> 00:27:51,382
last name for people
practising Jainism.
487
00:27:51,568 --> 00:27:55,105
Jain word itself comes
from Jina, J-I-N-A.
488
00:27:55,605 --> 00:27:57,788
Jina who have conquered
all their passions,
489
00:27:57,907 --> 00:28:00,639
basically those who have
conquered themselves.
490
00:28:02,792 --> 00:28:04,028
Much like Buddhists,
491
00:28:04,284 --> 00:28:06,237
Jains strive for liberation
492
00:28:06,298 --> 00:28:09,831
from the cycle of birth and
death that is reincarnation.
493
00:28:12,417 --> 00:28:16,352
Jinas are people who have
attained that liberation.
494
00:28:18,077 --> 00:28:20,548
So the Jinas, they've
taken five great vows:
495
00:28:21,529 --> 00:28:23,989
truth, non-violence,
non-accumulation,
496
00:28:24,049 --> 00:28:26,391
celibacy, and non-stealing.
497
00:28:26,667 --> 00:28:29,152
Every Jain hopes to
become like Jina,
498
00:28:29,213 --> 00:28:30,959
so we follow their path.
499
00:28:31,643 --> 00:28:34,452
So these five vows...
500
00:28:34,519 --> 00:28:35,085
Vows.
501
00:28:35,146 --> 00:28:39,400
Is there one or two
more important than others?
502
00:28:39,754 --> 00:28:41,481
Typically, Jains
today describe...
503
00:28:41,710 --> 00:28:44,124
their religion by
the most fundamental
504
00:28:44,248 --> 00:28:46,445
practice that is
Ahimsa, or non-violence.
505
00:28:47,037 --> 00:28:49,221
Let's stop and have compassion
506
00:28:49,281 --> 00:28:51,524
towards your fellow
beings in the universe.
507
00:28:52,084 --> 00:28:54,093
How do you live like that?
508
00:28:54,758 --> 00:28:57,149
Jains really practice
non-violence
509
00:28:57,289 --> 00:28:58,970
by practising vegetarianism.
510
00:28:59,429 --> 00:29:03,647
They have never even tasted
meat or egg or seafood.
511
00:29:03,833 --> 00:29:05,661
The root vegetables
512
00:29:06,290 --> 00:29:08,120
is also amounts to violence,
513
00:29:08,196 --> 00:29:10,521
because when you kill
the root of a plant,
514
00:29:11,027 --> 00:29:12,342
you're killing the entire plant.
515
00:29:13,102 --> 00:29:15,734
Another example of
practising non-violence,
516
00:29:15,928 --> 00:29:17,353
is when monks and nuns,
517
00:29:17,413 --> 00:29:21,190
they keep sweeping the
floor by a peacock brush,
518
00:29:21,658 --> 00:29:23,924
so that they do not
kill even a bug.
519
00:29:24,489 --> 00:29:25,947
Alright, so what
about breathing?
520
00:29:26,007 --> 00:29:29,986
I mean, there, things float
in the air, they're there.
521
00:29:30,202 --> 00:29:30,988
What do you do there?
522
00:29:31,049 --> 00:29:33,094
Right, so there is
one sect in Jainism,
523
00:29:33,221 --> 00:29:36,015
in which they put a mask
on their mouth.
524
00:29:37,634 --> 00:29:39,932
They're not supposed to
even unintentionally...
525
00:29:40,142 --> 00:29:41,996
breathe in any micro-organism.
526
00:29:43,231 --> 00:29:45,688
Some Jains,
usually late in life,
527
00:29:46,062 --> 00:29:47,610
take the vow of non-violence
528
00:29:47,671 --> 00:29:50,368
to the point where
they stop eating altogether
529
00:29:51,067 --> 00:29:53,415
and allow themselves to die.
530
00:29:54,924 --> 00:29:56,188
Is it unfair...
531
00:29:56,597 --> 00:29:59,550
to label this as a
bit of extremism?
532
00:30:00,350 --> 00:30:03,359
I prefer the word 'ultimate
example of non-violence.'
533
00:30:03,447 --> 00:30:04,940
Ahimsa, or non-violence,
534
00:30:05,263 --> 00:30:07,770
leads to peaceful coexistence,
535
00:30:08,884 --> 00:30:12,310
more acceptance of different
faiths, different practices,
536
00:30:12,557 --> 00:30:15,833
and that was really embraced
by great leaders such as...
537
00:30:16,073 --> 00:30:17,168
Mahatma Gandhi.
538
00:30:19,633 --> 00:30:20,981
And Mahatma Gandhi,
539
00:30:21,129 --> 00:30:22,315
in turn, influenced
540
00:30:22,581 --> 00:30:23,851
Dr. Martin Luther King
541
00:30:24,180 --> 00:30:25,454
in the United States
542
00:30:27,394 --> 00:30:30,061
and also Nelson Mandela
in South Africa.
543
00:30:31,311 --> 00:30:32,839
The world could
use more Jainism.
544
00:30:32,900 --> 00:30:34,214
-Yes.
-That's for sure.
545
00:30:34,275 --> 00:30:35,768
Very well said. Yeah.
546
00:30:35,888 --> 00:30:38,059
Definitely non-violence
is needed.
547
00:30:38,701 --> 00:30:39,369
Peace on Earth.
548
00:30:39,438 --> 00:30:40,241
Peace on Earth.
549
00:30:40,302 --> 00:30:41,043
Yeah.
550
00:30:57,092 --> 00:30:58,248
Non-violence.
551
00:30:58,794 --> 00:30:59,682
Ahimsa.
552
00:31:01,137 --> 00:31:02,875
Some of the people
I admire most,
553
00:31:03,553 --> 00:31:06,728
Gandhi, Martin Luther King,
Mandela,
554
00:31:06,789 --> 00:31:08,602
all lived by this principle.
555
00:31:10,077 --> 00:31:11,228
For the Jains,
556
00:31:11,802 --> 00:31:12,991
non-violence
557
00:31:13,639 --> 00:31:15,112
represents a higher road,
558
00:31:15,945 --> 00:31:16,751
to strive,
559
00:31:17,871 --> 00:31:18,932
to live above
560
00:31:19,500 --> 00:31:20,487
our base of instincts,
561
00:31:21,916 --> 00:31:22,977
to be more...
562
00:31:24,755 --> 00:31:25,511
god-like.
563
00:31:29,993 --> 00:31:31,576
But for every high road,
564
00:31:31,936 --> 00:31:33,208
there's a low road.
565
00:31:34,065 --> 00:31:36,924
There's another way to keep
the faithful on the right path:
566
00:31:37,674 --> 00:31:39,780
fear of divine retribution.
567
00:31:49,688 --> 00:31:50,901
Naples, Italy.
568
00:31:54,813 --> 00:31:58,045
This metropolis sits in the
shadow of an active volcano,
569
00:31:58,594 --> 00:31:59,736
Mount Vesuvius.
570
00:32:00,988 --> 00:32:04,271
When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD,
571
00:32:04,569 --> 00:32:07,992
it buried a different city
in ash and volcanic rock:
572
00:32:09,570 --> 00:32:10,325
Pompeii.
573
00:32:13,787 --> 00:32:15,970
When natural disaster strikes,
574
00:32:16,905 --> 00:32:20,235
there are people who see it
as a sign of the wrath of God.
575
00:32:21,529 --> 00:32:23,761
Just like in Sodom and Gomorrah,
576
00:32:23,943 --> 00:32:26,784
God is punishing
unrepentant sinners.
577
00:32:28,241 --> 00:32:29,473
Hurricane Katrina
578
00:32:30,477 --> 00:32:32,018
and the Haitian earthquake
579
00:32:32,079 --> 00:32:34,839
were both labelled acts
of divine retribution
580
00:32:35,148 --> 00:32:36,580
by radical preachers.
581
00:32:44,398 --> 00:32:46,789
I'm meeting archaeologist
and historian
582
00:32:46,849 --> 00:32:48,472
Andrew Wallace-Hadrill.
583
00:32:49,472 --> 00:32:50,408
I want to know
584
00:32:50,544 --> 00:32:52,823
whether ancient
Romans saw the fire
585
00:32:52,884 --> 00:32:55,269
and brimstone that
engulfed Pompeii
586
00:32:55,513 --> 00:32:56,923
as divine punishment.
587
00:32:57,918 --> 00:32:59,197
So, that's it right there.
588
00:33:00,315 --> 00:33:01,377
That's Vesuvius.
589
00:33:02,387 --> 00:33:04,369
They organized their forum
590
00:33:05,258 --> 00:33:06,913
to look at the mountain.
591
00:33:07,249 --> 00:33:10,065
How many people
would you say lived here?
592
00:33:10,272 --> 00:33:13,453
The estimates vary between,
say, 10,000 and 20,000.
593
00:33:20,126 --> 00:33:23,566
What happens is
when Vesuvius blows,
594
00:33:25,608 --> 00:33:28,036
there's a column that
shoots up into the air,
595
00:33:28,097 --> 00:33:30,705
20 miles up into
the stratosphere.
596
00:33:40,282 --> 00:33:41,488
And it rains
597
00:33:42,424 --> 00:33:44,040
the little pebbles of pumice,
598
00:33:44,286 --> 00:33:47,036
and it just fills
this entire area,
599
00:33:47,427 --> 00:33:49,070
but that's not the killer.
600
00:33:53,151 --> 00:33:54,686
The killer is later.
601
00:33:55,304 --> 00:33:56,996
When the column collapses...
602
00:34:00,168 --> 00:34:02,893
You get pyroclastic surges.
603
00:34:03,201 --> 00:34:05,083
That is really hot gas.
604
00:34:05,652 --> 00:34:07,356
400 degrees Fahrenheit
605
00:34:07,556 --> 00:34:09,717
by the time it reaches Pompeii.
606
00:34:15,376 --> 00:34:17,170
There's no way
you can survive it.
607
00:34:24,971 --> 00:34:25,985
That's a person?
608
00:34:26,732 --> 00:34:28,420
That's actually a cast.
609
00:34:30,203 --> 00:34:31,315
And inside of it,
610
00:34:31,498 --> 00:34:32,485
there's still the bones.
611
00:34:32,955 --> 00:34:36,013
-Inside of... skull, bones?
-Yeah, yeah.
612
00:34:37,484 --> 00:34:38,627
Holy cow.
613
00:34:39,737 --> 00:34:42,378
You can see he's covering
his face because...
614
00:34:43,068 --> 00:34:45,623
-Yeah, he can't breathe.
-He can't breathe, can't breathe.
615
00:34:46,363 --> 00:34:48,098
Vesuvius's victims were found
616
00:34:48,212 --> 00:34:51,043
when excavations
started in 1748.
617
00:34:51,753 --> 00:34:53,681
Beginning in the 19th century,
618
00:34:53,976 --> 00:34:57,159
dozens of them were preserved
by creating plaster casts.
619
00:34:58,360 --> 00:35:00,592
How did they make sense
of what happened here?
620
00:35:00,653 --> 00:35:03,236
We actually don't know whether
they blamed the gods or not,
621
00:35:03,296 --> 00:35:05,711
but the gods really
matter for them.
622
00:35:05,919 --> 00:35:07,182
You go into a house,
623
00:35:07,751 --> 00:35:09,443
there are shrines to the gods.
624
00:35:10,125 --> 00:35:11,659
-Okay, can we see any of that?
-Yes.
625
00:35:11,925 --> 00:35:12,946
-I want to see.
-Let's go see.
626
00:35:16,378 --> 00:35:18,839
Excavations of Pompeii
not only unearthed
627
00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:21,243
bodies frozen in
their moment of death,
628
00:35:21,866 --> 00:35:24,473
it also gave
archaeologists insight
629
00:35:24,534 --> 00:35:28,148
into what everyday Romans
believed about divine will.
630
00:35:30,599 --> 00:35:32,403
Alright, what is this, Andrew?
631
00:35:32,463 --> 00:35:34,511
So, this, this is
a household shrine.
632
00:35:35,435 --> 00:35:37,429
It's where you worship the Lares
633
00:35:37,490 --> 00:35:38,919
who are the household gods.
634
00:35:39,642 --> 00:35:41,818
For the ancients, the gods
are here in the house.
635
00:35:42,092 --> 00:35:43,516
They're out there in the street.
636
00:35:43,683 --> 00:35:44,748
They're everywhere.
637
00:35:46,951 --> 00:35:47,809
Is that Merc?
638
00:35:48,156 --> 00:35:50,220
That's Mercury.
And do you see down here?
639
00:35:50,281 --> 00:35:50,861
Yeah.
640
00:35:50,922 --> 00:35:52,171
You've got a little altar.
641
00:35:52,276 --> 00:35:52,877
Yeah.
642
00:35:53,241 --> 00:35:54,773
And on the altar's an offering.
643
00:35:54,834 --> 00:35:56,189
This is how you do a sacrifice.
644
00:35:56,423 --> 00:35:57,143
Alright.
645
00:35:57,522 --> 00:35:59,533
In the household, you sacrifice
646
00:35:59,593 --> 00:36:00,690
just things like eggs
647
00:36:01,196 --> 00:36:03,054
and a bit of, a bit of flour.
648
00:36:03,114 --> 00:36:04,203
You'd leave it up here.
649
00:36:05,925 --> 00:36:07,199
It may only be a cake,
650
00:36:07,315 --> 00:36:08,695
but you're sacrificing it.
651
00:36:08,809 --> 00:36:09,800
Instead of eating it,
652
00:36:09,995 --> 00:36:11,378
you're putting it
out for the gods.
653
00:36:11,640 --> 00:36:12,619
And it's part of...
654
00:36:12,885 --> 00:36:14,971
this sort of deal that
you're doing with the gods.
655
00:36:15,885 --> 00:36:17,213
You give something to them...
656
00:36:17,335 --> 00:36:18,784
-They give something to you.
-Yep.
657
00:36:18,845 --> 00:36:21,037
-Quid pro quo.
-Quid pro quo.
658
00:36:23,136 --> 00:36:27,967
So with all this
sacrificing and offerings,
659
00:36:28,312 --> 00:36:30,435
did the people feel that
660
00:36:31,195 --> 00:36:32,773
somehow they did something wrong
661
00:36:32,833 --> 00:36:34,634
and they're being
punished by the gods?
662
00:36:35,428 --> 00:36:37,787
You don't have this idea of...
663
00:36:38,364 --> 00:36:40,749
the eruption, as
divine punishment.
664
00:36:41,038 --> 00:36:43,611
They haven't got
one great, angry god
665
00:36:43,672 --> 00:36:45,601
who if you don't worship him,
666
00:36:45,994 --> 00:36:47,203
will destroy your city.
667
00:36:47,264 --> 00:36:48,800
You've got loads of gods,
668
00:36:49,033 --> 00:36:50,647
and they're much
more interested in,
669
00:36:50,748 --> 00:36:53,034
have I offended
this particular god?
670
00:36:53,371 --> 00:36:54,942
Is Mercury upset with me?
671
00:36:55,126 --> 00:36:57,285
Is that why I'm not making
a profit this year?
672
00:36:58,369 --> 00:37:01,234
The Roman gods didn't care
about your moral conduct.
673
00:37:02,138 --> 00:37:04,230
There were no divine
rules to break.
674
00:37:05,072 --> 00:37:07,134
The only way to
incur their wrath
675
00:37:07,661 --> 00:37:09,313
was to be stingy
with your gifts.
676
00:37:10,595 --> 00:37:11,640
What about other religions?
677
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:12,985
I mean, how did they...
678
00:37:13,528 --> 00:37:15,390
explain Vesuvius?
679
00:37:15,472 --> 00:37:16,999
Really what we get
680
00:37:17,153 --> 00:37:18,647
is a much later
681
00:37:19,317 --> 00:37:21,305
Judeo-Christian interpretation,
682
00:37:21,365 --> 00:37:22,203
because they thought,
683
00:37:22,519 --> 00:37:24,618
what does the eruption
mean to people?
684
00:37:24,678 --> 00:37:26,977
And they go to
the biblical story
685
00:37:27,038 --> 00:37:29,539
of Sodom and Gomorrah,
and it's seen as...
686
00:37:29,713 --> 00:37:30,949
an act of God...
687
00:37:31,010 --> 00:37:31,455
Right.
688
00:37:31,516 --> 00:37:33,942
Punishing, but that's,
that's not antique.
689
00:37:34,309 --> 00:37:36,748
That's not what the ancients
were making of it. That's us!
690
00:37:44,821 --> 00:37:47,382
When nature unleashes
its raw power,
691
00:37:47,874 --> 00:37:50,610
be it with volcanoes,
earthquakes,
692
00:37:50,670 --> 00:37:52,564
hurricanes or tsunamis,
693
00:37:53,362 --> 00:37:54,579
we are humbled
694
00:37:54,842 --> 00:37:56,463
by our human frailty.
695
00:37:57,815 --> 00:37:59,769
The Romans believed
that their gods
696
00:38:00,267 --> 00:38:02,000
needed constant attention,
697
00:38:02,578 --> 00:38:04,608
in order to offer protection.
698
00:38:05,815 --> 00:38:08,157
But there were no
commandments to be broken.
699
00:38:08,835 --> 00:38:11,838
No moral failings that
would cause their wrath.
700
00:38:14,521 --> 00:38:17,122
Today, most people
on Earth believe
701
00:38:17,183 --> 00:38:20,596
we must live by divinely
inspired moral laws.
702
00:38:21,594 --> 00:38:23,063
But when cultures clash,
703
00:38:23,733 --> 00:38:25,829
holy laws come into conflict,
704
00:38:26,446 --> 00:38:28,906
and people take
divine retribution
705
00:38:28,979 --> 00:38:30,302
into their own hands.
706
00:38:57,105 --> 00:38:59,489
Thou shalt not commit adultery.
707
00:39:02,241 --> 00:39:04,698
Thou shalt not covet
thy neighbour's house.
708
00:39:08,301 --> 00:39:10,124
Thou shalt not steal.
709
00:39:11,743 --> 00:39:16,205
Those Jewish laws merged
with the political systems
710
00:39:16,610 --> 00:39:18,245
of ancient Greece and Rome
711
00:39:19,039 --> 00:39:20,932
and helped build
the Western world.
712
00:39:22,168 --> 00:39:23,813
But they aren't universal rules.
713
00:39:24,895 --> 00:39:27,679
They don't form the
foundation of all societies.
714
00:39:29,551 --> 00:39:31,108
One faith's prohibition
715
00:39:31,838 --> 00:39:33,274
could be another's virtue.
716
00:39:34,490 --> 00:39:35,399
And...
717
00:39:35,892 --> 00:39:37,187
as cultures meet,
718
00:39:37,804 --> 00:39:39,974
commandments can drive
a wedge between them.
719
00:39:47,098 --> 00:39:49,964
In Bamiyan,
Afghanistan, in 2001,
720
00:39:50,289 --> 00:39:52,313
the Taliban ordered
that the tallest
721
00:39:52,517 --> 00:39:54,320
statues of Buddha in the world
722
00:39:54,756 --> 00:39:55,656
be destroyed.
723
00:39:57,306 --> 00:39:59,559
The motivation was
the Islamic prohibition
724
00:39:59,619 --> 00:40:01,572
against idolatrous images,
725
00:40:02,252 --> 00:40:05,411
stemming from the second
commandment of Jewish law.
726
00:40:06,843 --> 00:40:10,137
Most Muslims decried
these acts as extreme
727
00:40:10,638 --> 00:40:12,570
and intolerant of other faiths.
728
00:40:15,946 --> 00:40:18,026
But mass destruction
of religious icons
729
00:40:18,086 --> 00:40:19,398
has happened before.
730
00:40:19,984 --> 00:40:21,128
The perpetrators...
731
00:40:21,539 --> 00:40:22,395
were Christian.
732
00:40:27,164 --> 00:40:28,831
The conflict erupted here,
733
00:40:29,061 --> 00:40:30,532
in Istanbul, Turkey,
734
00:40:31,237 --> 00:40:33,038
1,300 years ago.
735
00:40:34,205 --> 00:40:35,773
Journalist Nelufar Hedayat
736
00:40:35,834 --> 00:40:38,248
has come here to visit
the Hagia Sophia.
737
00:40:43,341 --> 00:40:45,535
And to learn how a holy law
738
00:40:45,596 --> 00:40:48,271
divided the entire
Christian Empire.
739
00:40:49,496 --> 00:40:51,293
She's meeting archaeologist
740
00:40:51,516 --> 00:40:53,026
Alessandra Ricci.
741
00:40:53,086 --> 00:40:54,743
-Hello.
-How are you?
742
00:40:54,878 --> 00:40:57,778
So nice to meet you.
Welcome to Istanbul.
743
00:41:00,631 --> 00:41:01,721
My God.
744
00:41:02,958 --> 00:41:05,756
It looks so much bigger
on the inside.
745
00:41:07,169 --> 00:41:09,525
This is a building
that envelops you.
746
00:41:09,585 --> 00:41:11,734
You're hit by
the majesty of it all.
747
00:41:11,794 --> 00:41:14,530
It's just so stunning.
748
00:41:15,094 --> 00:41:16,390
This place just looks like
749
00:41:16,451 --> 00:41:19,239
there's layer upon
layer of history.
750
00:41:20,877 --> 00:41:24,752
The Hagia Sophia
was built in the year 537
751
00:41:24,819 --> 00:41:26,634
by Emperor Justinian.
752
00:41:27,638 --> 00:41:28,568
At the time,
753
00:41:28,898 --> 00:41:31,354
it was the largest
building in the world,
754
00:41:31,849 --> 00:41:33,221
and the greatest church
755
00:41:33,435 --> 00:41:35,533
in the Byzantine
Christian Empire.
756
00:41:37,832 --> 00:41:40,448
In 1453, the Ottomans
conquered the city
757
00:41:40,509 --> 00:41:43,191
and turned Hagia Sophia
into a mosque.
758
00:41:44,172 --> 00:41:45,888
Since 1935,
759
00:41:46,188 --> 00:41:47,311
it's been a museum
760
00:41:47,660 --> 00:41:49,736
where visitors can
see spectacular
761
00:41:49,797 --> 00:41:51,866
religious art from both faiths.
762
00:41:53,629 --> 00:41:55,840
One of these artworks,
the Deeisis,
763
00:41:56,322 --> 00:41:59,039
is a window into a
tumultuous century
764
00:41:59,199 --> 00:42:00,773
of early Christianity.
765
00:42:01,637 --> 00:42:03,369
Here, on this wall,
766
00:42:03,883 --> 00:42:05,925
in the centre is Christ
767
00:42:06,539 --> 00:42:10,416
and then is his mother,
the mother of God,
768
00:42:10,623 --> 00:42:13,047
and John the Baptist over here.
769
00:42:13,546 --> 00:42:16,178
Alessandra, this is
absolutely beautiful,
770
00:42:16,238 --> 00:42:18,663
but I've seen countless
images just like this
771
00:42:18,723 --> 00:42:19,802
within Christianity.
772
00:42:19,862 --> 00:42:21,554
Why is this controversial?
773
00:42:21,726 --> 00:42:23,976
This representation of Christ
774
00:42:24,037 --> 00:42:27,673
might have been similar
to an earlier one,
775
00:42:27,734 --> 00:42:29,951
which decorated the entrance
776
00:42:30,011 --> 00:42:33,717
into the Imperial Palace
of the Byzantine emperors.
777
00:42:34,049 --> 00:42:38,779
And in 726, the
Emperor Leo decided
778
00:42:38,906 --> 00:42:42,234
to remove and actually destroy
779
00:42:42,295 --> 00:42:44,763
that holy representation
of Christ.
780
00:42:47,028 --> 00:42:49,073
The destruction
was the opening salvo
781
00:42:49,133 --> 00:42:50,842
of more than a hundred years
782
00:42:51,212 --> 00:42:53,204
where the Christian
Empire banned
783
00:42:53,265 --> 00:42:55,265
graven images in religious art.
784
00:42:55,789 --> 00:42:57,231
They were doing this because
785
00:42:57,292 --> 00:43:00,050
the Second Commandment says,
'Thou shalt not make unto thee
786
00:43:00,201 --> 00:43:01,568
any graven images.'
787
00:43:01,628 --> 00:43:02,334
Right.
788
00:43:02,411 --> 00:43:05,570
A lot of figural representations
789
00:43:05,631 --> 00:43:08,744
of the holy were
destroyed in the city
790
00:43:08,805 --> 00:43:12,300
and probably around
the Byzantine Empire.
791
00:43:13,768 --> 00:43:15,349
In Islam, in my faith,
792
00:43:15,759 --> 00:43:19,505
we prohibit the
representation of God
793
00:43:19,566 --> 00:43:21,828
or the prophet
Muhammad, in any form,
794
00:43:22,063 --> 00:43:25,661
but in Christianity this was
so important and fundamental.
795
00:43:25,721 --> 00:43:27,317
How did this start?
796
00:43:27,654 --> 00:43:29,008
If we look east,
797
00:43:29,145 --> 00:43:33,537
beyond the borders
of the Byzantine Empire,
798
00:43:33,798 --> 00:43:36,416
at this very moment
what you have
799
00:43:36,545 --> 00:43:38,273
is the rise of Islam,
800
00:43:38,458 --> 00:43:40,128
and it was the rise of Islam
801
00:43:40,298 --> 00:43:42,437
that may have encouraged Leo
802
00:43:42,497 --> 00:43:44,560
to look at that commandment
803
00:43:44,883 --> 00:43:47,338
in a more strict fashion,
804
00:43:47,398 --> 00:43:49,837
by saying you should not worship
805
00:43:50,113 --> 00:43:52,185
these human images
806
00:43:52,311 --> 00:43:55,414
and not associate
them with the divine.
807
00:43:56,614 --> 00:43:58,729
It wasn't just the rise of Islam
808
00:43:58,789 --> 00:44:01,671
that spurred Leo to rethink
the Second Commandment.
809
00:44:02,357 --> 00:44:04,127
In his powerful empire,
810
00:44:04,381 --> 00:44:06,848
images of Christ
were also being used
811
00:44:06,909 --> 00:44:08,584
for non-religious ends.
812
00:44:08,860 --> 00:44:11,150
What you have here is an empress
813
00:44:11,211 --> 00:44:14,368
by the name of Irene,
and next to her
814
00:44:14,502 --> 00:44:18,249
is her second husband,
Constantine Monomachos.
815
00:44:19,162 --> 00:44:22,099
And what the imperial figures
are doing here...
816
00:44:22,160 --> 00:44:22,807
Yes.
817
00:44:22,868 --> 00:44:25,519
They are carrying
a donation to the church.
818
00:44:25,580 --> 00:44:26,904
-Of money?
-Yes.
819
00:44:27,414 --> 00:44:28,620
And we've got it right here,
820
00:44:28,681 --> 00:44:31,520
where emperor and empress
are sat next to Christ.
821
00:44:31,580 --> 00:44:33,759
And putting yourself
into the picture like this,
822
00:44:33,986 --> 00:44:35,696
I can see how that
would be problematic
823
00:44:35,757 --> 00:44:37,432
when it comes to the
Second Commandment.
824
00:44:38,508 --> 00:44:41,480
The ideological battle
over the Second Commandment
825
00:44:41,673 --> 00:44:44,724
raged back and forth until 843,
826
00:44:45,247 --> 00:44:46,960
when Empress Theodora
827
00:44:47,251 --> 00:44:49,939
permanently reinstated
the use of icons.
828
00:44:50,599 --> 00:44:53,221
What you see standing
above the apse,
829
00:44:53,568 --> 00:44:56,230
which was the holiest
place of the building,
830
00:44:56,353 --> 00:44:59,477
is this beautiful mosaic
of the mother of God,
831
00:44:59,727 --> 00:45:01,220
the Theotokos.
832
00:45:01,393 --> 00:45:02,907
She's holding on her lap
833
00:45:03,183 --> 00:45:04,532
the infant Jesus,
834
00:45:04,993 --> 00:45:09,912
and this mosaic marks the
return of religious imagery
835
00:45:10,120 --> 00:45:13,753
in Eastern Mediterranean
Christian churches.
836
00:45:18,553 --> 00:45:21,117
I'm from Afghanistan,
Alessandra,
837
00:45:21,178 --> 00:45:24,105
and the religious
extremists there
838
00:45:24,332 --> 00:45:27,686
have destroyed important parts
839
00:45:28,049 --> 00:45:30,816
of our cultural
and historic DNA.
840
00:45:31,332 --> 00:45:34,669
So you don't have to go far
in history to see the importance
841
00:45:35,857 --> 00:45:37,827
of these images of the divine
842
00:45:37,988 --> 00:45:39,950
and what it means to people.
843
00:45:41,305 --> 00:45:43,558
Today, this
breathtaking building
844
00:45:43,618 --> 00:45:46,803
stands as a shining example
of religious tolerance.
845
00:45:47,706 --> 00:45:49,735
The first Ottoman sultan
of Istanbul
846
00:45:49,796 --> 00:45:52,469
turned the Hagia Sofia
into a mosque,
847
00:45:53,156 --> 00:45:55,773
but he did not destroy
the Christian icons.
848
00:45:56,700 --> 00:45:58,402
He merely plastered over them,
849
00:45:58,838 --> 00:46:00,833
preserving them for history.
850
00:46:01,601 --> 00:46:02,352
I think...
851
00:46:02,570 --> 00:46:04,223
what we are seeing here is this
852
00:46:04,284 --> 00:46:07,155
beautiful visual
rendering of the holy,
853
00:46:07,469 --> 00:46:11,275
that stand here and
are made available
854
00:46:11,335 --> 00:46:15,432
to all visitors of all faith
and of all cultures.
855
00:46:17,100 --> 00:46:18,134
Such a joy.
856
00:46:28,801 --> 00:46:31,355
Do we still need holy laws?
857
00:46:32,529 --> 00:46:34,066
In the hands of fanatics,
858
00:46:34,289 --> 00:46:36,153
they can lead to moral judgements
859
00:46:36,423 --> 00:46:37,403
and conflict.
860
00:46:38,293 --> 00:46:40,676
But they can also point us
in the right direction,
861
00:46:41,607 --> 00:46:44,634
on the path to valuing
peace above all else.
862
00:46:45,749 --> 00:46:47,822
Living in harmony with others.
863
00:46:50,823 --> 00:46:53,376
And forgiving the most
grievous wrongs.
864
00:46:53,895 --> 00:46:55,798
I think divine laws
865
00:46:56,068 --> 00:46:58,028
are so embedded in our lives
866
00:46:58,727 --> 00:47:00,003
that they are here to stay.
867
00:47:00,833 --> 00:47:01,981
Question is,
868
00:47:02,648 --> 00:47:03,927
how do we use them?
869
00:47:04,802 --> 00:47:06,755
To divide and demean,
870
00:47:07,426 --> 00:47:11,361
or as a reminder to honour
and respect each other,
871
00:47:12,396 --> 00:47:13,993
and to take care of this...
872
00:47:14,270 --> 00:47:16,185
remarkable world we live in.
873
00:47:16,235 --> 00:47:20,785
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