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It was supposed to be
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the best kept secret on the planet.
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Codename, the Manhattan Project.
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(dramatic music)
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Its success would ensure the United States'
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dominance over its new rival.
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The Soviets clearly had ambitions, global ambitions.
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Yet from the start, it became
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the target of the greatest industrial
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spy operation of the 20th century.
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(typewriter clacks)
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The Soviets put in place, espionage networks
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that were unimaginable to the United States.
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No secret was safe.
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No one could be trusted.
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They were willing to die for their cause,
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which they did.
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Here is the declassified story
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of the atomic spies who set the world on edge.
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(dramatic music)
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Arlington Hall, the home of the future
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National Security Agency.
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After the end of World War II,
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these men and women have a special mission.
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To decipher the coded messages
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sent by one of their war time allies,
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the Soviet Union.
(phone rings)
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Of course, the United States
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and the Soviet Union are allies,
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but there's a great deal of mistrust
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on both sides, the United States government
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knew that the Soviet Union was spying
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on the United States, the FBI had begun
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several investigations during World War II
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of Soviet espionage in America
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so the relationship was, on the surface,
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friendly, but there was a very strong
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layer of suspicion right below it.
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The task is enormous.
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Agents intercept thousands of undecipherable
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telegrams that pass between Moscow
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and the Soviet embassies, or consulates,
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on American soil.
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But in 1946, thanks to a new, brilliant
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cryptanalyst named Meredith Gardner,
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the team manages to crack a crucial message
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that dates back to December 2nd, 1944.
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(dramatic music)
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The text cites 24 names, names that no one
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would imagine appearing in Soviet documents.
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What was significant about this list of names
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is they were probably the most secret names
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in the world at that time, 'cause all the names
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were nuclear physicists who were
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engaged in the Manhattan Project.
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The Manhattan Project,
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supposedly the United States best kept secret.
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The program to build the first nuclear bomb.
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In Arlington Hall, the discovery
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hits the team like a shock wave.
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How could the Russians have known
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about this top secret program,
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eight months before the US dropped
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the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima?
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(dramatic music)
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After decrypting this telegram,
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American counter-intelligence services
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launch a large scale investigation
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to discover how deeply the Manhattan Project
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has been compromised.
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And most of all, to flush out the moles who did it.
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(crowd cheers and applauds)
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(upbeat music)
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May 8th, 1945, the end of the Second World War
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left Europe exhausted and traumatized
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after six years of conflict.
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In July, 1945, representatives
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of the United States, the United Kingdom
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and Soviet Union meet in Potsdam,
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to decide the fate of the defeated nations.
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Churchill, Truman and Stalin appear
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to stand together to rebuild Europe.
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But behind closed doors, the seeds
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of discord have already begun to sprout.
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In global strategic terms, the principal
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concern about the Soviet Union was
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that the Soviets clearly had ambitions
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not only to extend their sphere of influence
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from Central and Eastern Europe,
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but they had global ambitions.
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At an impasse, they divide
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the world into two parts, the Soviet block
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controlled by the USSR, and the Western block
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led by the United States, between them
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an impossible iron curtain.
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I think the Potsdam conference
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was the first major manifestation of the Cold War.
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In this delicate and contentious
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new arrangement, the Americans,
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for the moment, are one step ahead.
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Just a few years earlier, in 1938,
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the world learned that a German physicist had
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discovered nuclear fission and it's tremendous
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potential for producing an ultra-powerful bomb.
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(bomb rumbles)
(dramatic music)
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Several countries launched atomic bomb
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research programs, but none approached
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the scale of the American one.
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Codename, the Manhattan Project.
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The Manhattan Project is the project
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where the goal is not to do research
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on can you make an atomic bomb,
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how would you do it, no, the goal
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is to make atomic bombs and that requires
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hundreds of thousands of people,
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billions of dollars, creating essentially
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an entirely new industry from scratch.
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(explosion rumbles)
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More than 30 sites across the USA
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and Canada join this colossal endeavor.
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Among them, Oak Ridge, on the banks
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of the Tennessee River, dedicated
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to obtaining Uranium-235.
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Hanford, Washington State, assigned
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to produce Plutonium-239.
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Developing and building the sensitive bomb mechanism
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happens in a once-sleepy town called Los Alamos.
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(upbeat music)
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It was very isolated, but once
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the government came and decided this is where
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they wanted to have their top secret
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scientific research laboratory, it did not appear
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on any maps, suddenly it was not allowed
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to speak the word Los Alamos, it didn't exist.
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There were military police on horseback
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who would patrol the perimeter,
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there were many restrictions at this time
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and perhaps for all time, it was
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the greatest secret in America.
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In this high security boom town,
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dozens of Western scientists gather.
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They're prohibited from discussing their work.
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Phones are tapped, mail intercepted
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and conversations monitored.
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We were immediately told that our mail
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was being sponsored in both directions
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and I knew that I wrote letters to home,
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I had to leave them unsealed so that
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they could be read before they went
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out of Los Alamo, the mail coming back
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was unsealed and then re-sealed by the censor.
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We never used the word bomb,
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we didn't use the word atomic,
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we didn't use the word uranium,
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plutonium, we had secret code names
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for all of those things and so the bomb
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was called the gadget.
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(cars rumble)
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The laboratories are divided
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into divisions, each dedicated to a specific job.
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Conducting this immense orchestra,
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were two men, Leslie Groves, the Manhattan Project's
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military director and Robert Oppenheimer,
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the scientific director.
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They lead a challenging mission,
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not just to develop an atomic bomb
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but rather, two bombs, one with uranium
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and the other with plutonium.
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The Soviets have a different kind
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of nuclear program, they don't invest heavily
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in research, but they excel at espionage.
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(dramatic music)
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Germany, France, the UK, Canada,
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India, Argentina, during the Second World War,
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the USSR set up the largest spy network
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in the world, men and women on the payroll
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of the NKVD, the precursor to the KGB.
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Infiltrate the highest posts in Western countries.
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The Communist ideology, the socialist ideology,
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had a particular attractiveness to a wide number
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of people in the United States and the
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Soviet Intelligence Service was very adept
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at exploiting that and finding people
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that then subsequently were in mid-level
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and senior positions in government
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and in the various elements of the American
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war industry during the war.
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The ideological recruitment of Americans
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is an interesting phenomenon.
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Of course you had the Great Depression,
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there were many reasons, people that were
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disaffected after World War One,
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and Western society in and of itself
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had bred people who saw society
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and capitalism as having failed and Moscow
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as offering another answer and maybe
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a better answer, that was the fertile ground
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with which the Soviets operated.
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There was a belief, a false belief
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as we now know that the Soviet Union
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was a worker's paradise.
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They believe that the United States
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is this imperial power that wants
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to take over the world, so for them,
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putting the united States in check,
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that might lead to a better world.
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(dramatic music)
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The American Nuclear Program
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isn't immune to espionage, spies infiltrate
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every research site, including Los Alamos.
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Despite the drastic security measures,
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the best kept secret in the United States
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is no secret at all.
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(solemn music)
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This is Klaus Fuchs, the tennis ball
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is a secret signal.
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Born in Germany, son of an anti-Nazi
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communist pastor, he fled at the beginning
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of the war and pursued an education
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in physics in England.
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While he's in the UK he ends up meeting people
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who are involved the Russian Army Intelligence,
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the GRU, and they basically over some time,
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get him to agree to give him them copies of his work
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and some of this is again, even before
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he's involved in the atomic bomb work
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it's kind of a coincidence that
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he gets pulled in on that.
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Once he gets pulled in on it, they get
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very excited by this, he continues to work on it
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he is very good at his job, he's one
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of the most brilliant people working on the project.
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In 1943, a group of British scientists
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comes to the United States to participate
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in the Manhattan Project, and Klaus Fuchs is among them.
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The Americans are not the only ones
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to benefit from his research.
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He comes to Great Britain, Great Britain
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hosts him, gives him shelter from the Nazis,
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effectively, what does he do, he starts
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spying on the British.
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Then he takes that espionage activity,
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and moves it to North America,
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and starts spying on the Americans.
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The spies during the war, not always
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seeing it as United States versus
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the Soviet Union, I mean, the United States
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and the Soviet Union are allies,
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Fuchs is seeing it more like, Fuchs is helping
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fight the Nazis on two fronts.
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In February, 1944,
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the man with the green book meeting Fuchs
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is a Soviet agent named Harry Gold.
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Harry Gold is a Swiss born chemist,
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and he has been engaged in industrial espionage
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for a long period of time for the Soviets,
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stealing processes, stealing intellectual property,
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systems, chemical processes.
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Harry Gold's sole function in relation
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to Klaus Fuchs is to act as a courier,
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an intermediary, a go-between.
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Klaus Fuchs is supplying information
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that is collected by Harry Gold,
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he doesn't know Harry Gold's true identity.
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Harry Gold then passes it on to a recipient
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who passes it on the NKVD.
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So it's a cut out, if you like.
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(typewriter clacks)
Between February and June,
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1944, Klaus Fuchs drafts dozens of notes
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about his work, top secret information
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directly related to the bomb design,
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which he shares with Harry Gold.
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The original documents provided
274
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:52,420
by the young physicist are still
275
00:15:52,420 --> 00:15:54,043
classified as top secret.
276
00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:59,010
But his spy work is confirmed by
277
00:15:59,010 --> 00:16:02,913
this Soviet telegram, dated July 25th, 1944.
278
00:16:04,550 --> 00:16:07,703
It appears under its codename, REST.
279
00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:11,980
Almost half a year of contact with REST
280
00:16:11,980 --> 00:16:15,143
has demonstrated the value of his work for us.
281
00:16:15,143 --> 00:16:17,510
We consider it necessary to pay him
282
00:16:17,510 --> 00:16:21,173
for this half year, the due reward, $500.
283
00:16:22,320 --> 00:16:23,883
He fully deserves this sum.
284
00:16:27,180 --> 00:16:29,680
The Soviet Intelligence Agency
285
00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:32,670
does not hide its interest in Fuchs,
286
00:16:32,670 --> 00:16:35,611
then suddenly, during the summer of '44,
287
00:16:35,611 --> 00:16:39,003
their recruit receives an unexpected promotion.
288
00:16:45,070 --> 00:16:47,140
Fuchs leaves New York to join
289
00:16:47,140 --> 00:16:48,590
the Theoretical Division at the
290
00:16:48,590 --> 00:16:50,803
Los Alamos Research Center.
291
00:16:51,810 --> 00:16:54,420
He's not some small character, he's put in charge
292
00:16:54,420 --> 00:16:57,560
of some of the hardest problems relating
293
00:16:57,560 --> 00:17:00,020
to the implosion weapons, so the crushing
294
00:17:00,020 --> 00:17:02,550
of the plutonium, because he's very very good
295
00:17:02,550 --> 00:17:04,090
at these kinds of things, he's also put on
296
00:17:04,090 --> 00:17:06,170
problems relating to how to calculate
297
00:17:06,170 --> 00:17:09,160
how explosive your bomb is, some of the original
298
00:17:09,160 --> 00:17:12,830
calculations and papers that are foundational
299
00:17:12,830 --> 00:17:14,740
to making the atomic bomb, have his name
300
00:17:14,740 --> 00:17:17,953
as an author, so he's not minor in any way.
301
00:17:19,910 --> 00:17:21,800
Klaus Fuchs occupies
302
00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:25,760
a strategic spot in Los Alamos research
303
00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:28,670
and he is one of the few scientists to benefit
304
00:17:28,670 --> 00:17:32,040
from a global perspective of the project.
305
00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:33,650
Most people on the Manhattan Project
306
00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:36,510
knew almost nothing about what was going on
307
00:17:36,510 --> 00:17:38,860
and there was sort of once exception to that
308
00:17:38,860 --> 00:17:43,070
and that is the colloquium series at Los Alamos.
309
00:17:43,070 --> 00:17:45,100
These were meetings that would be held
310
00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:47,896
by people who had the highest security
311
00:17:47,896 --> 00:17:50,130
they would have many of these meetings
312
00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:52,010
and Fuchs was allowed to go to all of them.
313
00:17:52,010 --> 00:17:54,670
With these meetings, he knows about huge amounts
314
00:17:54,670 --> 00:17:57,040
of work going on, problems they're having
315
00:17:57,040 --> 00:17:59,910
in parts of the bomb that he's not involved with.
316
00:17:59,910 --> 00:18:03,573
These help him a lot in getting a big picture.
317
00:18:05,090 --> 00:18:07,850
You really can't imagine if what you're trying
318
00:18:07,850 --> 00:18:10,420
to learn is how to make an atomic bomb
319
00:18:10,420 --> 00:18:12,450
there's really no better spy that you would ever
320
00:18:12,450 --> 00:18:14,840
get than Klaus Fuchs, he knew everything
321
00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:17,810
he practically had a photographic memory,
322
00:18:17,810 --> 00:18:20,873
he was involved with everything and nobody suspected him.
323
00:18:22,380 --> 00:18:23,958
The spy, Klaus Fuchs,
324
00:18:23,958 --> 00:18:28,223
is invaluable to the USSR intelligence services.
325
00:18:30,130 --> 00:18:34,070
But in Los Alamos, he's not the only one keeping secrets.
326
00:18:38,910 --> 00:18:40,360
Darling, I have been reading
327
00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:43,410
a lot of books on the Soviet Union.
328
00:18:43,410 --> 00:18:46,720
Dear, I can see how farsighted and intelligence
329
00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:50,300
those leaders are, I've come to a stronger belief
330
00:18:50,300 --> 00:18:53,533
in the principles of socialism and communism.
331
00:18:55,510 --> 00:18:56,960
These words were written
332
00:18:56,960 --> 00:19:00,360
by 22 years old, David Greenglass,
333
00:19:00,360 --> 00:19:03,273
in a letter sent to his wife in June, 1944.
334
00:19:04,510 --> 00:19:07,260
He's a mechanical engineer, and is preparing
335
00:19:07,260 --> 00:19:08,926
to join the Engineering Department
336
00:19:08,926 --> 00:19:11,143
at the Los Alamos labs.
337
00:19:12,570 --> 00:19:15,380
A long time communist sympathizer,
338
00:19:15,380 --> 00:19:19,513
he is recruited as a spy by members of his own family.
339
00:19:20,860 --> 00:19:23,302
David Greenglass had a sister,
340
00:19:23,302 --> 00:19:26,533
she was a married to a man named Julius Rosenberg.
341
00:19:28,570 --> 00:19:31,220
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
342
00:19:31,220 --> 00:19:33,540
The couple has been a part of the New York
343
00:19:33,540 --> 00:19:36,123
network of Soviet agents for a long time.
344
00:19:37,240 --> 00:19:41,190
One of their missions is to recruit new spies
345
00:19:41,190 --> 00:19:42,700
so when they find out that David
346
00:19:42,700 --> 00:19:44,940
is joining the Manhattan Project,
347
00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:47,363
they deem him an ideal candidate.
348
00:19:48,247 --> 00:19:51,430
(dramatic music)
349
00:19:51,430 --> 00:19:54,560
In the Autumn of '44, when David Greenglass
350
00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:57,210
is already in Los Alamos, Ethel
351
00:19:57,210 --> 00:20:00,980
and Julius Rosenberg invite his wife to dinner.
352
00:20:00,980 --> 00:20:03,240
Their goal, to persuade her to convince
353
00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:06,013
her husband to collaborate with the enemy.
354
00:20:09,420 --> 00:20:13,143
Several weeks later, this telegram is sent to Moscow.
355
00:20:15,770 --> 00:20:19,060
Enclosed, is David Greenglass' decision.
356
00:20:19,060 --> 00:20:22,040
It appears under the codename, KALIBR
357
00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:24,393
and his wife is renamed OSA.
358
00:20:25,580 --> 00:20:28,571
OSA has returned from a trip to see KALIBR.
359
00:20:28,571 --> 00:20:31,042
KALIBR expressed his readiness to help
360
00:20:31,042 --> 00:20:33,060
in throwing light on the work being
361
00:20:33,060 --> 00:20:35,103
carried on at Camp-2.
362
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:40,760
Camp-2 is the Soviet
363
00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:42,993
codename for Los Alamos.
364
00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:47,170
On December 16th, 1944, Greenglass
365
00:20:47,170 --> 00:20:49,330
becomes an undercover spy in the thick
366
00:20:49,330 --> 00:20:50,643
of the Manhattan Project.
367
00:20:51,730 --> 00:20:53,490
He doesn't have the same expertise
368
00:20:53,490 --> 00:20:55,900
as Klaus Fuchs, and has less access
369
00:20:55,900 --> 00:20:57,613
to technical information.
370
00:21:02,297 --> 00:21:05,297
(typewriter clacks)
371
00:21:08,370 --> 00:21:10,870
KALIBR has arrived in TIRE on leave.
372
00:21:11,854 --> 00:21:14,300
He has given us a handwritten plan
373
00:21:14,300 --> 00:21:17,980
of the layout of Camp-2 and facts known to him
374
00:21:17,980 --> 00:21:19,630
about the work and the personnel.
375
00:21:20,980 --> 00:21:22,670
The basic task of the camp is to make
376
00:21:22,670 --> 00:21:26,683
the mechanism, which is to serve as the detonator.
377
00:21:29,220 --> 00:21:32,300
This NKVD telegram gives a glimpse
378
00:21:32,300 --> 00:21:34,123
of what the young spy was sending.
379
00:21:35,346 --> 00:21:38,360
A map of Los Alamos, but also,
380
00:21:38,360 --> 00:21:40,723
details about the work in progress.
381
00:21:41,870 --> 00:21:44,834
The classified information begins to flow,
382
00:21:44,834 --> 00:21:48,179
out of sight, Klaus Fuchs and David Greenglass
383
00:21:48,179 --> 00:21:51,930
draft detailed reports on their work,
384
00:21:51,930 --> 00:21:55,880
filling pages and pages with mathematical formulas,
385
00:21:55,880 --> 00:21:59,120
copying the plans of various bomb parts
386
00:21:59,120 --> 00:22:01,913
and smuggling out these ultra-sensitive documents.
387
00:22:09,147 --> 00:22:12,147
(suspenseful music)
388
00:22:17,368 --> 00:22:20,201
(car door clacks)
389
00:22:22,510 --> 00:22:25,690
On June 2nd, 1945, Klaus Fuchs
390
00:22:25,690 --> 00:22:29,783
meets in Santa Fe with Harry Gold, his liaison officer.
391
00:22:31,340 --> 00:22:33,630
On this day, he provides one of the most
392
00:22:33,630 --> 00:22:36,810
crucial documents, a detailed plan
393
00:22:36,810 --> 00:22:40,633
of the plutonium bomb, including its dimensions.
394
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,146
It also reveals that the first US tests
395
00:22:44,146 --> 00:22:47,223
are scheduled for as early as July.
396
00:22:49,715 --> 00:22:52,215
(gate creeks)
397
00:22:53,710 --> 00:22:56,700
The following day, Harry Gold rings at a door
398
00:22:56,700 --> 00:22:59,923
in Albuquerque, not far from Santa Fe.
399
00:23:00,940 --> 00:23:02,840
He has a meeting with David Greenglass,
400
00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:04,913
while visiting his wife nearby.
401
00:23:17,630 --> 00:23:19,690
The documents provided by Greenglass
402
00:23:19,690 --> 00:23:22,540
confirm that Fuchs is one of the main suppliers
403
00:23:22,540 --> 00:23:25,243
of top secret information to the Soviets.
404
00:23:28,380 --> 00:23:30,729
There is no doubt that the information
405
00:23:30,729 --> 00:23:35,330
that the Soviets received from Klaus Fuchs
406
00:23:35,330 --> 00:23:39,060
and David Greenglass was absolutely essential
407
00:23:39,060 --> 00:23:42,770
to avoid all the rabbit holes,
408
00:23:42,770 --> 00:23:46,183
all the dead ends, all the red herrings.
409
00:23:47,490 --> 00:23:50,930
They'd saved thousands of hours
410
00:23:50,930 --> 00:23:54,670
and millions of dollars not having
411
00:23:54,670 --> 00:23:57,290
to pursue the full research program,
412
00:23:57,290 --> 00:24:00,430
so they had all the benefit of the spies
413
00:24:00,430 --> 00:24:01,880
within the Manhattan Project.
414
00:24:04,380 --> 00:24:06,510
The question is why do people spy
415
00:24:06,510 --> 00:24:07,930
and why do they take the decision
416
00:24:07,930 --> 00:24:10,150
to spy, what does it mean for them?
417
00:24:10,150 --> 00:24:12,410
If somebody decides to betray their country,
418
00:24:12,410 --> 00:24:15,070
of course, that's a significant event.
419
00:24:15,070 --> 00:24:17,160
People that decide to do these things,
420
00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:19,890
many cases, they have significant egos.
421
00:24:19,890 --> 00:24:23,090
Either they believe themselves above risk
422
00:24:23,090 --> 00:24:24,887
or they have some special role in the world
423
00:24:24,887 --> 00:24:27,373
and this is gonna be a chance to make their mark.
424
00:24:33,180 --> 00:24:35,570
As details of the American project
425
00:24:35,570 --> 00:24:38,450
gradually pass into the hands of the NKVD
426
00:24:38,450 --> 00:24:43,411
in July of 1945, 250 scientists and technicians
427
00:24:43,411 --> 00:24:46,370
find themselves in the middle of the desert,
428
00:24:46,370 --> 00:24:49,803
organizing the very first atomic bomb tests.
429
00:24:51,347 --> 00:24:54,097
(dramatic music)
430
00:24:55,385 --> 00:24:58,385
(explosion rumbles)
431
00:25:02,970 --> 00:25:07,970
On July 16th, 1945, at 5:30 in the morning,
432
00:25:07,990 --> 00:25:10,410
a powerful explosion equivalent
433
00:25:10,410 --> 00:25:14,103
to 20,000 tons of TNT resounds.
434
00:25:16,040 --> 00:25:18,000
The atomic mushroom is visible
435
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:20,403
within a radius of 300 kilometers.
436
00:25:23,770 --> 00:25:26,620
Shortly after, the United States
437
00:25:26,620 --> 00:25:30,180
sends Japan an ultimatum to surrender,
438
00:25:30,180 --> 00:25:33,004
but on July 28th, the Japanese government
439
00:25:33,004 --> 00:25:35,123
rejects the proposition.
440
00:25:36,137 --> 00:25:39,054
(airplane rumbles)
441
00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:46,640
On August 6th, 1945, the atomic bomb,
442
00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:48,973
Little Boy, strikes Hiroshima.
443
00:25:50,172 --> 00:25:53,193
70,000 people are killed instantly.
444
00:25:54,310 --> 00:25:55,943
Just as many are injured.
445
00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:01,380
Three days later, the US launches
446
00:26:01,380 --> 00:26:04,363
a second bomb, Fat Man, on Nagasaki.
447
00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:07,993
This time, 40,000 deaths.
448
00:26:14,050 --> 00:26:15,920
With his back against the wall,
449
00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:18,373
Japan surrenders on September 2nd, 1945.
450
00:26:32,060 --> 00:26:34,790
For now, the United States has sole possession
451
00:26:34,790 --> 00:26:38,770
of this new and inconceivably powerful weapon.
452
00:26:38,770 --> 00:26:41,193
It assures the Americans of their dominance.
453
00:26:42,510 --> 00:26:44,400
But what they are about to discover
454
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:46,163
will shake everything they know.
455
00:26:51,785 --> 00:26:54,535
(dramatic music)
456
00:26:55,610 --> 00:26:59,430
In 1946, just a few months after the war,
457
00:26:59,430 --> 00:27:01,940
the men and women of Arlington Hall
458
00:27:01,940 --> 00:27:05,273
work tirelessly to try to crack the Russian telegrams.
459
00:27:07,540 --> 00:27:09,280
The Russian secret services use
460
00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:13,183
a highly effective encryption method, the one-time pad.
461
00:27:20,670 --> 00:27:23,210
First, it's a question of converting
462
00:27:23,210 --> 00:27:25,280
the letters of the message into a series
463
00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:28,450
of numbers, based on a straddling checker board
464
00:27:28,450 --> 00:27:30,113
memorized by the agent.
465
00:27:34,310 --> 00:27:37,633
The numbers are then gathered into groups of five.
466
00:27:38,550 --> 00:27:43,143
Then, a one time pad containing random numbers is added.
467
00:27:44,930 --> 00:27:47,773
Only the sender and the receiver of the message
468
00:27:47,773 --> 00:27:49,853
have these matching pads.
469
00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:54,500
The numbers of the same column are added
470
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:59,500
two by two, then the tenth digits are erased.
471
00:28:02,900 --> 00:28:04,743
Here is the message as sent.
472
00:28:06,360 --> 00:28:08,840
To decode it, the recipient will use
473
00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:11,310
the same straddling checker board
474
00:28:11,310 --> 00:28:13,520
and then most importantly, the same
475
00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:16,373
one-time pad to reverse the operation.
476
00:28:22,270 --> 00:28:25,400
Even the most powerful supercomputer
477
00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:30,400
in the world, cannot break a one-time pad message
478
00:28:31,430 --> 00:28:36,430
if it's done correctly, with the five important steps.
479
00:28:37,276 --> 00:28:41,800
Random number, only two copies,
480
00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:45,100
one with the sender, one with the receiver,
481
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:48,483
destroyed immediately after it's used.
482
00:28:49,500 --> 00:28:53,560
The user adds, the receiver subtracts
483
00:28:53,560 --> 00:28:57,700
and the fifth, the length of the key
484
00:28:57,700 --> 00:29:00,230
needs to be equal at least to the length
485
00:29:00,230 --> 00:29:03,270
of the message and with those five conditions
486
00:29:03,270 --> 00:29:07,142
in place, you have an unbreakable message.
487
00:29:07,142 --> 00:29:09,892
(dramatic music)
488
00:29:14,710 --> 00:29:16,840
For months the cryptanalysts
489
00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:18,810
at Arlington Hall struggle with these
490
00:29:18,810 --> 00:29:20,803
impressive disposable pads.
491
00:29:23,136 --> 00:29:26,370
But in early 1946, a new recruit
492
00:29:26,370 --> 00:29:28,323
joins the Russian project team.
493
00:29:29,930 --> 00:29:32,333
His name, Meredith Gardner.
494
00:29:44,310 --> 00:29:46,440
This brilliant linguist manages
495
00:29:46,440 --> 00:29:48,373
to unearth the elusive flaw.
496
00:29:50,670 --> 00:29:54,060
Duplicates in the single use code sheets,
497
00:29:54,060 --> 00:29:56,260
extremely small series of perfectly
498
00:29:56,260 --> 00:29:59,793
identical numbers found in several telegrams.
499
00:30:05,830 --> 00:30:09,370
Once the Soviet Union was in World War II,
500
00:30:09,370 --> 00:30:14,003
the intelligence traffic ramped up enormously.
501
00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:17,970
They're sending enormous numbers of messages
502
00:30:17,970 --> 00:30:20,643
and thus using enormous numbers of one-time pads.
503
00:30:22,940 --> 00:30:24,713
This is the pre-computer age.
504
00:30:26,010 --> 00:30:28,170
Today, if you wanna generate random numbers,
505
00:30:28,170 --> 00:30:30,800
a computer can do it, and it can generate
506
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:33,833
random numbers from now until the end of time.
507
00:30:35,060 --> 00:30:37,570
It was a lot harder and a lot more time consuming
508
00:30:37,570 --> 00:30:40,870
to generate random numbers during World War II.
509
00:30:40,870 --> 00:30:43,263
And they couldn't manufacture enough.
510
00:30:44,940 --> 00:30:47,640
So they decided, let's use some
511
00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:49,863
of the one-time pads twice.
512
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:54,083
How likely is it that anybody will ever find out?
513
00:30:55,040 --> 00:31:00,040
So they began to reproduce one-time pad pages
514
00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:03,783
and slip them into new one-time pads.
515
00:31:08,130 --> 00:31:11,300
Exploiting these minuscule repetitions,
516
00:31:11,300 --> 00:31:14,400
Gardner cracks the Soviet intelligence exchanges
517
00:31:16,670 --> 00:31:18,850
and learns that the top secret
518
00:31:18,850 --> 00:31:21,630
Manhattan Project has been compromised
519
00:31:21,630 --> 00:31:24,393
down to the names of project scientists.
520
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:31,860
Now the interesting point, it that the scientists
521
00:31:31,860 --> 00:31:34,610
who had been employed in the Manhattan Project
522
00:31:34,610 --> 00:31:38,320
worked there at Los Alamos under alias
523
00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:40,920
so although some of them were very well known
524
00:31:40,920 --> 00:31:45,253
Nobel Prize winners, even they operated under alias.
525
00:31:47,650 --> 00:31:50,240
American intelligence people are stunned.
526
00:31:50,240 --> 00:31:54,310
Here's a Russian cable naming the American scientists
527
00:31:54,310 --> 00:31:56,430
that are working on the atomic bomb.
528
00:31:56,430 --> 00:31:58,970
Names that were not publicly known.
529
00:31:58,970 --> 00:32:03,420
So this was really the first major realization
530
00:32:03,420 --> 00:32:05,510
on the part of American Intelligence
531
00:32:05,510 --> 00:32:08,560
that Soviet espionage had penetrated
532
00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:09,813
the atomic bomb project.
533
00:32:13,180 --> 00:32:16,100
The cryptanalysts a Arlington Hall
534
00:32:16,100 --> 00:32:20,000
work relentlessly to flush out Soviet spies
535
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:22,463
but decoding new telegrams takes time.
536
00:32:24,765 --> 00:32:27,515
(crowd applauds)
537
00:32:28,790 --> 00:32:31,870
Meanwhile, in the USSR, the nuclear
538
00:32:31,870 --> 00:32:36,600
research program has grown, in total secrecy,
539
00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:39,780
starting in 1945, the ranks swell
540
00:32:39,780 --> 00:32:43,333
to nearly 600,000 employees and scientists.
541
00:32:44,540 --> 00:32:49,000
And on August 29th, 1949 in Kazakhstan,
542
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,683
the Soviet Union orders its first nuclear test.
543
00:32:53,774 --> 00:32:58,774
(dramatic music)
(explosion rumbles)
544
00:33:02,570 --> 00:33:07,153
The USSR becomes the second country with the atomic bomb.
545
00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:15,480
The atomic bomb that the Soviets detonated
546
00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:20,480
in August 1949, was probably an exact replica
547
00:33:21,305 --> 00:33:26,030
of the Fat Man bomb that the United States
548
00:33:26,030 --> 00:33:27,463
dropped on Nagasaki.
549
00:33:29,250 --> 00:33:31,836
From everything we know, the Soviets
550
00:33:31,836 --> 00:33:35,244
did not deviate from the plans that they
551
00:33:35,244 --> 00:33:40,110
received courtesy of espionage of the American
552
00:33:40,110 --> 00:33:42,423
and British work at Los Alamos.
553
00:33:45,220 --> 00:33:48,743
The information gave the Soviets a clear leg up.
554
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:52,670
Realizing the extent
555
00:33:52,670 --> 00:33:54,910
of the security breach, the Americans
556
00:33:54,910 --> 00:33:57,020
ramp up their efforts to decipher
557
00:33:57,020 --> 00:34:01,500
Soviet telegrams, remaining it the VENONA project.
558
00:34:01,500 --> 00:34:04,940
Gradually, they decode more messages,
559
00:34:04,940 --> 00:34:07,247
plunging the American intelligence services
560
00:34:07,247 --> 00:34:10,463
into absolute and utter horror.
561
00:34:18,290 --> 00:34:21,810
The original documents are still top secret,
562
00:34:21,810 --> 00:34:25,580
stashed in the secure archives of the NSA,
563
00:34:25,580 --> 00:34:28,550
but in recent years, copies of the translations
564
00:34:28,550 --> 00:34:31,350
by Meredith Gardner and his colleagues
565
00:34:31,350 --> 00:34:33,460
have been declassified.
566
00:34:33,460 --> 00:34:37,100
Among these thousands of pages is this telegram
567
00:34:37,100 --> 00:34:41,013
involving text that dates back to February, 1944.
568
00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:46,470
On the 5th February,
569
00:34:46,470 --> 00:34:49,113
a meeting took place between GUS and REST.
570
00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:54,788
LIBERAL, referring to his ignorance of the problem
571
00:34:54,788 --> 00:34:58,010
expresses the wish that our man should meet KALIBR
572
00:34:58,910 --> 00:35:00,460
and interrogate him personally.
573
00:35:02,580 --> 00:35:07,580
GUS, REST, LIBERAL, KALIBR,
574
00:35:07,720 --> 00:35:12,710
ARNO, CHARLES, code names found in the deciphered
575
00:35:12,710 --> 00:35:16,010
VENONA papers, all of them associated
576
00:35:16,010 --> 00:35:20,210
with what the Soviets call the ENORMOUS project,
577
00:35:20,210 --> 00:35:22,943
aka, the Manhattan Project.
578
00:35:26,990 --> 00:35:28,320
If we talk about the impact of VENONA
579
00:35:28,320 --> 00:35:30,520
was certainly monumental on American
580
00:35:30,520 --> 00:35:33,240
counter-intelligence and American national security.
581
00:35:33,240 --> 00:35:34,740
Before that, of course, many people
582
00:35:34,740 --> 00:35:37,236
had denied or did not want to see
583
00:35:37,236 --> 00:35:40,100
that the Soviet Union was not a faithful ally
584
00:35:40,100 --> 00:35:41,870
that during the war they'd used that time
585
00:35:41,870 --> 00:35:44,577
to target the United States.
586
00:35:44,577 --> 00:35:47,327
(dramatic music)
587
00:35:51,870 --> 00:35:53,680
A network of Soviet spies
588
00:35:53,680 --> 00:35:55,580
has uncovered the United States
589
00:35:55,580 --> 00:35:59,480
deepest military secret, US intelligence
590
00:35:59,480 --> 00:36:02,590
starts a relentless hunt to flush out
591
00:36:02,590 --> 00:36:04,883
the men hiding behind these pseudonyms.
592
00:36:06,870 --> 00:36:09,630
FBI Special Agent Robert Lamphere
593
00:36:09,630 --> 00:36:11,273
leads the investigation.
594
00:36:12,150 --> 00:36:14,460
He sifts through the decoded telegrams
595
00:36:14,460 --> 00:36:16,303
looking for the smallest clue.
596
00:36:18,340 --> 00:36:19,870
It became clear that there was one
597
00:36:19,870 --> 00:36:22,930
particular source, whose code names were
598
00:36:22,930 --> 00:36:27,113
first of all CHARLES and then REST, R-E-S-T.
599
00:36:27,970 --> 00:36:30,120
Bob Lamphere was able to identify
600
00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:33,030
one particular text which indicated
601
00:36:33,030 --> 00:36:37,847
that CHARLES had traveled over Christmas 1944
602
00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:44,150
to New Haven, Connecticut, and by going back
603
00:36:44,150 --> 00:36:47,870
to Los Alamos and checking the furlough records
604
00:36:47,870 --> 00:36:50,220
and to see who had been given leave
605
00:36:50,220 --> 00:36:52,910
over that particular period, it was possible
606
00:36:52,910 --> 00:36:55,410
to narrow down the number of suspects
607
00:36:55,410 --> 00:36:58,620
to three individuals and then ultimately,
608
00:36:58,620 --> 00:37:01,090
it was discovered that Klaus Fuchs
609
00:37:01,090 --> 00:37:04,500
had a sister living in New Haven, Connecticut
610
00:37:04,500 --> 00:37:09,220
and on that basis, the evidence pointed to
611
00:37:09,220 --> 00:37:10,610
Klaus Fuchs and he became
612
00:37:10,610 --> 00:37:12,273
the focus of the investigation.
613
00:37:15,059 --> 00:37:17,809
(dramatic music)
614
00:37:18,960 --> 00:37:20,730
Meanwhile, Klaus Fuchs
615
00:37:20,730 --> 00:37:23,180
has returned to England, to work
616
00:37:23,180 --> 00:37:24,993
on the British atomic project.
617
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:29,023
So the Crown Secret Service questions him first.
618
00:37:32,151 --> 00:37:34,250
The problem for the British and American
619
00:37:34,250 --> 00:37:38,110
investigators was to extract some kind
620
00:37:38,110 --> 00:37:41,090
of evidence from him that would incriminate him
621
00:37:41,090 --> 00:37:43,060
but that would not compromise the source
622
00:37:43,060 --> 00:37:47,140
of the information because the decryption program
623
00:37:47,140 --> 00:37:50,283
was still running and there was still
624
00:37:50,283 --> 00:37:54,160
contemporaneous traffic that was being intercepted
625
00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:57,300
and being read, albeit retrospectively.
626
00:37:57,300 --> 00:38:00,810
So the key was to extract information
627
00:38:00,810 --> 00:38:04,403
from Fuchs and this was done in a very causal
628
00:38:04,403 --> 00:38:08,563
interrogation that was conducted by MI5 in a pub.
629
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:15,680
Over a period of three long lunches
630
00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:18,056
with his interrogator, Klaus Fuchs
631
00:38:18,056 --> 00:38:22,023
started to compromise himself.
632
00:38:23,455 --> 00:38:26,920
(typewriter clacks)
633
00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:28,630
The spy, Klaus Fuchs
634
00:38:28,630 --> 00:38:30,303
is arrested and imprisoned.
635
00:38:32,860 --> 00:38:35,750
During his interrogations, British and American
636
00:38:35,750 --> 00:38:38,880
intelligence services discover the shocking extent
637
00:38:38,880 --> 00:38:40,893
of his collaboration with the enemy.
638
00:38:45,810 --> 00:38:47,640
In his confession to the British
639
00:38:47,640 --> 00:38:50,070
and the follow-up confession to the FBI as well,
640
00:38:50,070 --> 00:38:54,090
Fuchs tells them that he gave the Soviet Union
641
00:38:54,090 --> 00:38:56,690
information on pretty much everything
642
00:38:56,690 --> 00:38:58,769
to do with the design of the bomb.
643
00:38:58,769 --> 00:39:00,840
He gave them all the dimensions,
644
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:02,310
he told them how it was laid out,
645
00:39:02,310 --> 00:39:04,010
so we're talking about what's the size
646
00:39:04,010 --> 00:39:06,170
of the plutonium at the core, what
647
00:39:06,170 --> 00:39:08,590
surrounds that, how do the explosives work,
648
00:39:08,590 --> 00:39:10,590
what is the principle, what is the math?
649
00:39:12,240 --> 00:39:14,060
This guy gave everything he remembered,
650
00:39:14,060 --> 00:39:15,560
and he remembered many things.
651
00:39:19,410 --> 00:39:22,250
He was an ideological man in the guise
652
00:39:22,250 --> 00:39:24,880
of being your mild-mannered scientist
653
00:39:24,880 --> 00:39:27,330
but in fact, he was primarily driven by ideology.
654
00:39:28,330 --> 00:39:30,410
When he's nice to people at Los Alamos
655
00:39:30,410 --> 00:39:32,090
he was always thinking, these are all
656
00:39:32,090 --> 00:39:33,720
nice people I wanna work with them
657
00:39:33,720 --> 00:39:35,440
and all the rest but they really don't recognize
658
00:39:35,440 --> 00:39:37,687
that the future of the world lies somewhere else
659
00:39:37,687 --> 00:39:40,463
and that's probably how he justified it to himself.
660
00:39:42,070 --> 00:39:45,250
Klaus Fuchs articulated the view
661
00:39:45,250 --> 00:39:47,910
that the information that he had been
662
00:39:47,910 --> 00:39:50,090
entrusted with in the Second World War
663
00:39:50,090 --> 00:39:53,790
was of universal nature and should not
664
00:39:53,790 --> 00:39:56,540
just have been the monopoly of the American government.
665
00:40:00,950 --> 00:40:02,490
The first link in the chain
666
00:40:02,490 --> 00:40:05,230
of atomic spies has broken, and thanks
667
00:40:05,230 --> 00:40:08,713
to Fuchs, the hunt for other members proceeds.
668
00:40:20,027 --> 00:40:22,610
(metal clinks)
669
00:40:29,692 --> 00:40:32,442
(dramatic music)
670
00:40:38,930 --> 00:40:41,210
The next suspect on the list is someone
671
00:40:41,210 --> 00:40:43,790
called GUS, or ARNO.
672
00:40:43,790 --> 00:40:47,843
The Soviets refer to him as Klaus Fuchs' liaison officer.
673
00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:53,470
During interrogation, Fuchs formally
674
00:40:53,470 --> 00:40:56,593
identifies the New Yorker, Harry Gold in a photo.
675
00:40:59,140 --> 00:41:02,430
Arrested in May of 1950, Harry Gold
676
00:41:02,430 --> 00:41:06,687
confesses quickly, and the dominoes fall one by one.
677
00:41:08,830 --> 00:41:11,952
In order to save his neck, he compromised
678
00:41:11,952 --> 00:41:14,180
the other person that he had serviced
679
00:41:14,180 --> 00:41:16,120
as a courier who was, of course,
680
00:41:16,120 --> 00:41:19,608
David Greenglass, and when David Greenglass
681
00:41:19,608 --> 00:41:22,980
was interviewed, in order to save his neck,
682
00:41:22,980 --> 00:41:25,005
he had a choice of really compromising
683
00:41:25,005 --> 00:41:29,320
either his wife, Ruth, or his sister, Ethel
684
00:41:29,320 --> 00:41:32,063
and he identified as a Soviet spy
685
00:41:32,063 --> 00:41:35,400
his own sister, Ethel Rosenberg
686
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:37,457
and that, of course, drew the attention
687
00:41:37,457 --> 00:41:39,643
to her husband, Julius.
688
00:41:48,645 --> 00:41:51,395
(crowd chatters)
689
00:41:56,750 --> 00:41:58,030
The Rosenberg trial
690
00:41:58,030 --> 00:42:00,880
at the end of 1950, became one of the most
691
00:42:00,880 --> 00:42:03,763
famous US trails of the 20th century.
692
00:42:04,960 --> 00:42:07,910
The telegrams decrypted under the VENONA project
693
00:42:07,910 --> 00:42:11,570
attests to their guilt, but at no time
694
00:42:11,570 --> 00:42:13,823
are the documents presented to the court.
695
00:42:17,210 --> 00:42:19,280
The VENONA material was never mentioned
696
00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:21,743
in any court proceeding during this era.
697
00:42:22,760 --> 00:42:25,290
The United States government did not want
698
00:42:25,290 --> 00:42:27,670
to reveal that it had partially
699
00:42:27,670 --> 00:42:30,540
broken into the Soviet codes.
700
00:42:30,540 --> 00:42:34,730
There's an irony here because within a very short time
701
00:42:34,730 --> 00:42:36,810
after the VENONA break throughs
702
00:42:36,810 --> 00:42:39,730
had been achieved, the Soviets knew we had done it
703
00:42:39,730 --> 00:42:42,180
because they had a spy within the VENONA project.
704
00:42:47,720 --> 00:42:51,163
So the prosecution of the Rosenbergs
705
00:42:51,163 --> 00:42:54,070
was based really on evidence from
706
00:42:54,070 --> 00:42:57,640
the supplied by witnesses including, of course,
707
00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:00,993
David Greenglass and the evidence was overwhelming.
708
00:43:04,240 --> 00:43:06,360
Despite the proof, the Rosenbergs
709
00:43:06,360 --> 00:43:09,713
refused to cooperate or confess to espionage.
710
00:43:12,750 --> 00:43:15,390
Faced with the couples stubborn silence,
711
00:43:15,390 --> 00:43:19,613
the court decides the ultimate sentence, death.
712
00:43:20,890 --> 00:43:21,820
It is the first time
713
00:43:21,820 --> 00:43:23,670
in peace time that such a death penalty
714
00:43:23,670 --> 00:43:26,290
has been handed down, and while appeals
715
00:43:26,290 --> 00:43:28,420
to the highest courts are planned,
716
00:43:28,420 --> 00:43:30,245
it certainly appears that the spies
717
00:43:30,245 --> 00:43:34,463
are headed along a one-way street.
718
00:43:37,830 --> 00:43:40,310
To the very day of their execution,
719
00:43:40,310 --> 00:43:43,130
the FBI made it clear, and the American government
720
00:43:43,130 --> 00:43:45,380
made it clear that if the Rosenbergs talked
721
00:43:45,380 --> 00:43:47,180
they would spared the death penalty,
722
00:43:48,610 --> 00:43:50,240
but the government underestimated
723
00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:51,910
their fanaticism, they were willing
724
00:43:51,910 --> 00:43:53,690
to make their children orphans
725
00:43:53,690 --> 00:43:55,190
and their children were small.
726
00:43:58,160 --> 00:44:00,603
They were willing to die for their cause.
727
00:44:02,650 --> 00:44:03,483
Which they did.
728
00:44:08,500 --> 00:44:10,710
By far, the Rosenbergs
729
00:44:10,710 --> 00:44:12,550
who became public face of the fight
730
00:44:12,550 --> 00:44:14,430
against communist traitors,
731
00:44:14,430 --> 00:44:17,163
pay the highest price in the Soviet spy hunt.
732
00:44:18,380 --> 00:44:20,850
While they receive the death penalty,
733
00:44:20,850 --> 00:44:23,190
Klaus Fuchs is sentenced to 14 years
734
00:44:23,190 --> 00:44:24,593
in prison in the UK.
735
00:44:27,380 --> 00:44:30,030
David Greenglass is sentenced to 15 years
736
00:44:31,230 --> 00:44:33,223
and Harry Gold, 30.
737
00:44:35,260 --> 00:44:37,500
But they only represent a fraction
738
00:44:37,500 --> 00:44:39,205
of the vast spy networks woven
739
00:44:39,205 --> 00:44:43,003
by the Soviet Union around the Manhattan Project.
740
00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:48,120
As the months go by, other code names
741
00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:51,060
appeared in the decrypted telegrams,
742
00:44:51,060 --> 00:44:56,060
STAR, KALISTRAAT, MLAD, QUANTUM,
743
00:44:56,280 --> 00:44:58,864
more looters of classified information
744
00:44:58,864 --> 00:45:02,060
but who are they, how to crack
745
00:45:02,060 --> 00:45:03,803
their secret identities?
746
00:45:07,610 --> 00:45:10,971
In 1951, as the Rosenbergs are tried,
747
00:45:10,971 --> 00:45:13,780
the cryptologist, Meredith Gardner
748
00:45:13,780 --> 00:45:17,090
decodes the most explicit telegram yet.
749
00:45:17,090 --> 00:45:20,363
Sent from New York to Moscow seven years earlier.
750
00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:25,420
BECK visited Theodore Hall,
751
00:45:25,420 --> 00:45:27,993
19 years old, the son of a furrier.
752
00:45:29,150 --> 00:45:31,890
He is a graduate of Harvard University,
753
00:45:31,890 --> 00:45:34,020
as a talented physicist, he was taken on
754
00:45:34,020 --> 00:45:37,677
for government work, according to BECK's account,
755
00:45:37,677 --> 00:45:40,320
Hall has an exceptionally keen mind
756
00:45:40,320 --> 00:45:43,293
and a broad outlook, and is politically developed.
757
00:45:44,290 --> 00:45:46,160
At the present time, Hall is in charge
758
00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:47,693
of a group at CAMP-2.
759
00:45:49,330 --> 00:45:51,867
H handed over to BECK a report about the camp
760
00:45:51,867 --> 00:45:55,023
and named the personnel employed on ENORMOUS.
761
00:45:56,080 --> 00:45:57,680
He decided to do this on the advice
762
00:45:57,680 --> 00:46:00,560
of his colleague, Saville Sax,
763
00:46:00,560 --> 00:46:02,793
a gymnast living in TIRE.
764
00:46:05,410 --> 00:46:08,160
(dramatic music)
765
00:46:15,690 --> 00:46:17,790
It's a big break for the FBI.
766
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:21,670
They identify Theodore Hall, a young
767
00:46:21,670 --> 00:46:25,750
Harvard physicist, still working at Los Alamos
768
00:46:25,750 --> 00:46:27,853
and presumably, still spying.
769
00:46:29,790 --> 00:46:33,164
And also Saville Sax, one of his friends,
770
00:46:33,164 --> 00:46:36,743
code names, STAR and MLAD.
771
00:46:41,370 --> 00:46:44,050
Ted Hall is a very interesting example
772
00:46:44,050 --> 00:46:48,100
of a very young spy with a political commitment
773
00:46:48,100 --> 00:46:51,793
and he used Saville Sax as a courier.
774
00:46:54,600 --> 00:46:56,780
It is clear from the VENONA traffic
775
00:46:56,780 --> 00:47:00,470
that he was cooperating with the NKVD
776
00:47:00,470 --> 00:47:02,470
and passed a lot of information to them
777
00:47:02,470 --> 00:47:03,813
and was highly regarded.
778
00:47:06,580 --> 00:47:08,260
With Hall, it's also a case of ego.
779
00:47:08,260 --> 00:47:10,110
I mean, Hall is the youngest member
780
00:47:10,110 --> 00:47:12,430
of the Manhattan Project, and it's clear
781
00:47:12,430 --> 00:47:15,210
that he feels like he's pretty smart
782
00:47:15,210 --> 00:47:16,570
and he's getting to be with all
783
00:47:16,570 --> 00:47:18,610
these Novel Prize winners and do this cool work
784
00:47:18,610 --> 00:47:20,710
but he also worked for the Soviet Union.
785
00:47:20,710 --> 00:47:23,120
If you're 19, that sounds very exciting
786
00:47:23,120 --> 00:47:26,143
so he's changing the world just by talking.
787
00:47:28,900 --> 00:47:30,963
After identifying the two men,
788
00:47:30,963 --> 00:47:33,533
the FBI faces a problem.
789
00:47:34,410 --> 00:47:36,670
How to approach them without divulging
790
00:47:36,670 --> 00:47:39,367
the existence of the VENONA project?
791
00:47:43,300 --> 00:47:45,280
After a long period of investigation
792
00:47:45,280 --> 00:47:48,040
and surveillance both are picked up
793
00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,247
on the same day and then interrogated separately
794
00:47:51,247 --> 00:47:54,350
and confronted with the allegation
795
00:47:54,350 --> 00:47:57,680
that both of them have acted as Soviet spies.
796
00:47:57,680 --> 00:47:59,300
Each not realizing that the other
797
00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:02,137
has been arrested, goes to considerable lengths
798
00:48:02,137 --> 00:48:07,137
to protest their innocence and not to implicate the others.
799
00:48:10,580 --> 00:48:12,250
They figure it out, but they are unable
800
00:48:12,250 --> 00:48:15,010
to get a clean case against Ted Hall
801
00:48:15,010 --> 00:48:17,133
and as a result, he never goes to prison.
802
00:48:21,850 --> 00:48:23,602
He dies a free man because they could not
803
00:48:23,602 --> 00:48:26,430
find a way to prosecute him without
804
00:48:26,430 --> 00:48:29,513
making it clear that VENONA sources were involved.
805
00:48:32,310 --> 00:48:34,620
Not until the declassification
806
00:48:34,620 --> 00:48:38,300
of the VENONA project telegrams in 1995,
807
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:41,860
does anyone outside the NSA or the FBI
808
00:48:41,860 --> 00:48:45,583
know about Theodore Hall and his liaison officer.
809
00:48:49,540 --> 00:48:52,660
The irony goes that all of the secrecy
810
00:48:52,660 --> 00:48:57,660
provisions the scientists at Los Alamos had to endure
811
00:49:01,870 --> 00:49:04,310
was it all in vain, I mean it was certainly
812
00:49:04,310 --> 00:49:06,110
compromised to a great extent
813
00:49:06,110 --> 00:49:08,753
by the actions of these individuals.
814
00:49:16,960 --> 00:49:18,840
Some experts believe
815
00:49:18,840 --> 00:49:20,960
that Klaus Fuchs, David Greenglass
816
00:49:20,960 --> 00:49:24,080
Ted Hall, and the other atomic spies
817
00:49:24,080 --> 00:49:26,033
rebalanced the world powers.
818
00:49:28,270 --> 00:49:32,450
Others insist they tipped the planet closer to Armageddon.
819
00:49:32,450 --> 00:49:35,153
Either way, there is no going back.
820
00:49:38,470 --> 00:49:41,210
When you judge Operation Enormous,
821
00:49:41,210 --> 00:49:43,340
I think that you can say that this is
822
00:49:43,340 --> 00:49:46,378
an extraordinary manifestation
823
00:49:46,378 --> 00:49:49,943
of espionage being conducted at its highest level.
824
00:49:54,788 --> 00:49:58,160
(explosion rumbles)
825
00:49:58,160 --> 00:50:01,320
This provided the Soviets with an atomic weapon
826
00:50:01,320 --> 00:50:03,860
in August, 1949, which dramatically
827
00:50:03,860 --> 00:50:07,225
changed history, so it's hard to exaggerate
828
00:50:07,225 --> 00:50:10,623
the influence, the impact of these spies.
829
00:50:14,989 --> 00:50:16,070
The Manhattan Project had bene referred
830
00:50:16,070 --> 00:50:17,650
at the end of the war as the best kept secret
831
00:50:17,650 --> 00:50:19,780
of the war, and then you find out that
832
00:50:19,780 --> 00:50:22,573
it's full of spies who were everywhere in it?
833
00:50:23,610 --> 00:50:26,760
So that's one of a couple of thing that happens
834
00:50:26,760 --> 00:50:29,500
about 1949, early 1950, that really
835
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:31,470
makes it seem impossible to imagine
836
00:50:31,470 --> 00:50:33,266
a world in which the United States
837
00:50:33,266 --> 00:50:35,340
and the Soviet Union are gonna somehow get along
838
00:50:35,340 --> 00:50:37,150
in some easy way and everybody just starts
839
00:50:37,150 --> 00:50:38,570
making as many weapons as they can,
840
00:50:38,570 --> 00:50:39,670
so it's very profound.
841
00:50:41,430 --> 00:50:44,490
The infiltration of the Manhattan Project
842
00:50:44,490 --> 00:50:47,090
and the theft of the atomic bomb plans
843
00:50:47,090 --> 00:50:50,586
escalated the tension between the two superpowers.
844
00:50:50,586 --> 00:50:53,930
Suddenly, it was not about how to win the war
845
00:50:55,070 --> 00:50:57,413
but how to avoid nuclear war.
846
00:50:58,833 --> 00:51:01,209
(dramatic music)
In the 21st century,
847
00:51:01,209 --> 00:51:03,980
the scope of this amazing spy affair,
848
00:51:03,980 --> 00:51:07,823
on both sides of the iron curtain is finally exposed.
849
00:51:09,850 --> 00:51:12,490
Revealing a story that remained top secret
850
00:51:12,490 --> 00:51:17,303
for so long, and which transformed the face of the world.
851
00:51:21,055 --> 00:51:23,805
(dramatic music)
65319
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