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[announcer] For those who
stretch their imaginations,
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00:00:08,009 --> 00:00:09,927
who envision a future
where technology
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00:00:10,011 --> 00:00:11,929
serves the greater good...
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their mission is our mission.
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At Lockheed Martin,
we never forget
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who we're working for.
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[narrator]
Looks like an ordinary city.
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We know what we'll see
on these streets, inside these walls.
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Or so we think.
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The people living
in this apartment building
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are surrounded by things
they can't see.
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All of us are.
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Everywhere.
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Things too slow
for our eyes to detect...
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or too fast to follow.
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By things that can be seen
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only through light waves
invisible to us.
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Bye, Mom.
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Have fun.
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[blow dryer whirring]
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[narrator] A day in their lives
would look a lot different
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if they could see all
the light waves around them.
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[various conversations
and sounds overlapping]
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Or see other worlds around us
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-[dog whines]
-that are too small...
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microscopic...
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or smaller yet...
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down to the heart
of matter itself.
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[buzzing]
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Imagine if, for one day,
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we could see what they can't--
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all that's too slow,
too fast, too small...
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[thunder cracks]
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Or simply invisible.
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It would forever
change our understanding
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of the planet we live on.
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On this day, we'll see beyond
the limits of human vision.
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Normally, we see light waves
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that bounce off objects.
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They beam into our eyes...
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and onto our retina
at the back of our eye,
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where an upside-down
and backward image appears.
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It's turned into electrical impulses
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that race to the brain...
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which allows us to see
what we need to survive.
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[horn blaring]
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But there's a lot we miss.
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We only see the rainbow
of light waves called visible light.
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But that's just a fraction
of the millions of wavelengths
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in the vast
electromagnetic spectrum.
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Some of this invisible light
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has waves longer
than the rainbow's,
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such as infrared...
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microwaves...
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and radio waves.
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Others are shorter,
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including ultraviolet...
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X-rays...
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and gamma.
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These waves radiate
from the sun...
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space...
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from everything around us.
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[various voices
and conversations]
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[buzzing]
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On the rooftop,
there are creatures
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that can see
other light waves.
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A bee can view the world
through ultraviolet light.
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It can see UV markings
on flowers
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that guide bees
and other pollinators
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right to their pollen.
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All of this
is invisible to you.
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You just see a bee
feeding on nectar.
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Even a mosquito
has an advantage over you.
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Through infrared vision,
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it can see the heat patterns
on your body.
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Warmer spots means more blood
near the surface.
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We have cameras
that can see like a mosquito...
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revealing what's hot...
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and what's not.
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[sizzling]
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The brighter something looks,
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the hotter it is.
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Some wavelengths can pass
right through objects.
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Wonder what's going on inside
the apartment building?
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Gamma rays can show you.
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With X-ray vision, you could see
an egg hidden within a quail...
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the mechanics
of an animal in motion...
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and what's going on inside
anyone's body.
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Radio waves can also
pass through us.
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00:08:06,945 --> 00:08:09,698
An MRI can use them,
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along with magnetic energy,
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to show your heart beating.
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[heart beating]
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The more invisible light waves
we can see,
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the more secrets we uncover
about the world around us.
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But that's only the beginning.
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Some things happen
too slowly for our eyes.
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In the 1930s,
an amateur scientist in Chicago
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wanted to see how flowers move.
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John Nash Ott had the idea
of shooting a single frame of film
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at regular intervals...
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15 minutes apart.
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[camera clicking]
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By projecting the pictures
at the normal speed of movies--
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24 frames per second--
Ott saw that flowers move dramatically
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as they react to light.
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He also had some fun.
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[orchestra plays
lively classical melody]
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We call it
"time-lapse photography,"
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and through it,
we discover movement
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Where our eyes see none.
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We can see how organisms
emerge and grow.
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How a vine survives by creeping
from the forest floor
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to reach the sunlight.
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A passion-flower vine
tosses its tendrils
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like a grappling hook,
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wrenches itself up,
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and throws open
its sun-catching blossom.
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We can see
living things decompose...
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providing resources that allow
new life to flourish.
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Dead matter can be food
for slime molds,
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among the simplest life-forms.
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Time-lapse shows that they
are constantly on the move.
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One slime mold
is astonishingly complex.
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When individual cells
run out of food,
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they group together
and form stalks
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with spores at the top.
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The spores can be picked up
by the wind or passersby
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and carried to a place
with more food.
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Good boy.
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[narrator]
On a grander scale,
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time-lapse allows us
to see our planet in motion.
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We can view not only
the vast sweep of nature...
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00:13:32,646 --> 00:13:35,982
but the restless movement
of humanity.
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00:13:41,947 --> 00:13:45,826
Each streaking dot
represents a passenger plane.
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00:13:45,867 --> 00:13:50,705
By turning air traffic data
into time-lapse imagery,
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we can see something
that's above us constantly...
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but invisible--
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the vast network of air travel
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over the United States.
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00:14:09,432 --> 00:14:12,727
We can do the same thing
with ships at sea--
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turn data into a time-lapse view.
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00:14:24,948 --> 00:14:28,243
Decades of data give us
a view of our entire planet
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as a single organism,
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sustained by currents
circulating through the sea...
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00:14:36,459 --> 00:14:39,129
by moisture and warmth,
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00:14:39,212 --> 00:14:41,548
swirling through the atmosphere,
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00:14:43,008 --> 00:14:45,218
pulsing with lightning,
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adorned by the Aurora Borealis.
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00:14:48,263 --> 00:14:51,391
It may be the ultimate
time-lapse image--
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the anatomy of Earth,
brought to life.
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[narrator]
At the other extreme of time,
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there are things that happen
too fast for our eyes.
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But we have technology
to see that world, too.
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[film narrator]
Introducing Dr. Harold E. Edgerton
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of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
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His stroboscope light,
my friends, is really something,
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00:15:45,820 --> 00:15:48,990
and it's put' the "super"in super-speed photography.
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00:15:49,074 --> 00:15:51,451
While normally film runs
through the average movie camera
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at .90 feel' a minute,
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00:15:52,786 --> 00:15:56,957
Edgerton's flicker box
can handle 125 feel' a second.
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00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:59,876
In normal speed movies,a bullet' shot' from the muzzle
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of a high-pa wered air gunis invisible-
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00:16:03,838 --> 00:16:06,758
Now Edgerton reallyphotographs a bullet' in flight'-
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Watch it come in from the left'-
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Here, fascinating patterns
of movement.
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And when you recall that
all the action of this bulb smashing
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actual! y took place
in the fraction of a second,
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00:16:19,562 --> 00:16:23,692
you realize that here is speed
in movie photography, indeed!
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[narrator] High-speed cameras
do the opposite of time-lapse.
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They shoot images thousands,
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or even millions of times
faster than our vision.
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When played back
at 24 images per second...
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they show us remarkable
things we normally miss.
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00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:32,302
[screech echoing]
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When you see drops
hit the water,
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here's what you don't see.
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00:18:02,457 --> 00:18:06,169
Every drop bounces like a ball.
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00:18:09,881 --> 00:18:12,634
Held together
by surface tension,
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00:18:12,717 --> 00:18:15,470
it continues to get smaller
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and smaller.
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00:18:21,017 --> 00:18:24,395
This happens every time
a raindrop hits a puddle.
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[thunder rumbling]
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A hundred times every second,
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lightning strikes
somewhere on Earth.
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Little was known about lightning
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till high-speed cameras turned
the research upside down.
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Literally.
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[thunder rumbling]
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What our eyes see
is energy flowing downward
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from the clouds.
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Now we can see
that electricity also moves
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upward from the ground.
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00:19:08,898 --> 00:19:10,859
[thunder rumbling]
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00:19:25,915 --> 00:19:27,750
If we can see lightning bolts...
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[crashing, rumbling]
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We can see almost anything
that's lightning-fast.
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00:19:39,012 --> 00:19:40,847
When a dragonfly flutters by,
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you may not realize
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it's the greatest flyer in nature.
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It can hover...
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fly backwards...
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00:19:57,030 --> 00:19:59,115
and even upside down.
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00:20:03,036 --> 00:20:07,081
No one knew the secret.
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00:20:07,165 --> 00:20:10,043
But high speed shows
that a dragonfly can move
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00:20:10,126 --> 00:20:12,879
all four wings
in different directions
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at the same time.
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00:20:16,883 --> 00:20:19,093
No aircraft can do this.
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00:20:25,183 --> 00:20:28,686
If we can see how nature's
ingenious devices work...
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00:20:30,188 --> 00:20:32,106
we can imitate them.
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00:20:46,079 --> 00:20:49,999
By tracking markers
on an insect's wings,
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00:20:50,083 --> 00:20:53,086
we can visualize
the airflow they produce.
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00:21:04,889 --> 00:21:10,186
What we learn could lead us
to new kinds of robotic flyers
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00:21:10,270 --> 00:21:13,189
that expand our vision
of important events
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00:21:13,273 --> 00:21:15,149
in remote places.
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00:21:24,117 --> 00:21:26,494
How many secrets remain
to be discovered
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00:21:26,577 --> 00:21:30,164
in the super-fast worlds of nature?
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00:21:46,639 --> 00:21:50,226
We move through
the landscape like giants,
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00:21:50,310 --> 00:21:54,355
unaware of the wonders
too small for us to see.
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00:21:58,276 --> 00:22:01,821
Long ago, we noticed
that a glass sphere
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00:22:01,904 --> 00:22:04,198
made things appear larger.
222
00:22:06,701 --> 00:22:11,331
Grinding it down into a lens
magnified objects even more.
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00:22:16,002 --> 00:22:22,675
Stacking lenses in a tube
greatly multiplied the effect,
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00:22:22,759 --> 00:22:25,636
and the compound microscope
was born.
225
00:22:29,182 --> 00:22:32,393
It let us peer into a world
we'd never seen before.
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00:22:36,272 --> 00:22:40,693
Suddenly, we could see
creatures in common pond water
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00:22:40,735 --> 00:22:43,196
that we didn't
even know existed.
228
00:23:35,123 --> 00:23:38,751
But there is a limitation
to the compound microscope.
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00:23:38,835 --> 00:23:43,005
We can't see down
into the scales of the butterfly's wing
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00:23:43,089 --> 00:23:46,426
because visible light waves
are too big.
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00:23:46,467 --> 00:23:48,678
Everything smaller
goes out of focus.
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00:23:51,097 --> 00:23:53,141
We needed a microscope
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00:23:53,224 --> 00:23:56,269
that used something smaller
than visible light.
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00:23:58,729 --> 00:24:02,150
The scanning electron microscope
fires electrons,
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00:24:02,233 --> 00:24:04,902
smaller than atoms,
creating an image
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00:24:04,986 --> 00:24:08,448
that magnifies things
by as much as a million times.
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00:24:21,377 --> 00:24:23,921
It shows that deep
inside the tiny scales
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00:24:24,005 --> 00:24:26,174
of a butterfly's wing
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00:24:26,257 --> 00:24:29,635
are even smaller structures
240
00:24:29,719 --> 00:24:35,391
which are shaped to reflect
only pure blue light waves,
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00:24:35,475 --> 00:24:39,312
giving the wings
of a Morpho butterfly
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00:24:39,353 --> 00:24:43,399
one of the most brilliant blues
in nature.
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00:24:53,951 --> 00:24:56,913
The electron microscope
reveals things
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00:24:56,996 --> 00:25:00,374
both bizarre and beautiful.
245
00:25:00,458 --> 00:25:03,044
Guess what this is.
246
00:25:03,127 --> 00:25:04,795
A butterfly egg.
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00:25:07,423 --> 00:25:09,592
The skin of a shark.
248
00:25:13,513 --> 00:25:15,598
A caterpillar's mouth.
249
00:25:18,601 --> 00:25:21,521
The eye of a fruit fly.
250
00:25:24,941 --> 00:25:27,485
An eggshell.
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00:25:32,073 --> 00:25:34,659
A tomato stem.
252
00:25:37,328 --> 00:25:39,580
A flea.
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00:25:43,584 --> 00:25:46,546
A snail's tongue.
254
00:25:50,091 --> 00:25:53,386
We think we know most
of the animal kingdom,
255
00:25:53,427 --> 00:25:56,556
but there may be millions
of tiny species
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00:25:56,597 --> 00:25:59,517
waiting to be discovered.
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00:26:09,694 --> 00:26:12,446
Even the air we breathe
258
00:26:12,530 --> 00:26:16,492
is full of unseeable stuff--
259
00:26:16,576 --> 00:26:18,619
pollen...
260
00:26:20,705 --> 00:26:23,583
skin flakes...
261
00:26:25,293 --> 00:26:27,587
insect parts...
262
00:26:28,671 --> 00:26:31,549
animal hairs.
263
00:26:36,137 --> 00:26:40,891
There's even matter from space,
264
00:26:40,975 --> 00:26:43,477
including micro diamonds and jewels
265
00:26:43,561 --> 00:26:47,648
from other planets
and supernova explosions.
266
00:26:50,526 --> 00:26:53,613
30,000 tons of space dust
267
00:26:53,696 --> 00:26:57,533
falls to the Earth every year.
268
00:26:59,744 --> 00:27:02,204
Some of it is
in every breath inhaled
269
00:27:02,288 --> 00:27:07,168
by all the living things on Earth,
270
00:27:07,251 --> 00:27:09,462
including you.
271
00:27:09,503 --> 00:27:12,048
[speaking quietly, laughing]
272
00:27:12,131 --> 00:27:15,301
And it gets
even more personal.
273
00:27:15,343 --> 00:27:19,221
There are unseen creatures
living all over your body,
274
00:27:19,305 --> 00:27:22,683
possibly including mites
that spend their entire lives
275
00:27:22,767 --> 00:27:26,937
dwelling on your eyelashes,
276
00:27:27,021 --> 00:27:30,650
crawling with their eight legs
over your skin at night.
277
00:27:31,901 --> 00:27:33,694
They're on some of you...
278
00:27:33,778 --> 00:27:35,821
right now.
279
00:27:38,991 --> 00:27:43,496
When you're unlucky enough
to get a case of head lice,
280
00:27:43,579 --> 00:27:45,831
this is what's living
in your hair.
281
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:50,711
More than 1,000 strains of bacteria
282
00:27:50,795 --> 00:27:52,797
could be in your belly button.
283
00:27:54,340 --> 00:27:56,842
This is what causes stinky feet.
284
00:28:01,889 --> 00:28:05,685
Some 32 million bacteria
live on your skin,
285
00:28:05,726 --> 00:28:08,896
most of them harmless
286
00:28:08,979 --> 00:28:11,565
or even good for you.
287
00:28:11,649 --> 00:28:15,111
There are far more organisms
living on you
288
00:28:15,194 --> 00:28:17,488
than there are people on Earth.
289
00:28:20,825 --> 00:28:23,703
It turns out that the world
of the really small
290
00:28:23,786 --> 00:28:26,706
is full of clever things
we can use.
291
00:28:26,747 --> 00:28:29,792
The surface of a lotus leaf
repels almost any liquid.
292
00:28:29,875 --> 00:28:32,420
[girl]
Whoa! That's so cool!
293
00:28:32,628 --> 00:28:37,299
[narrator] A super-close
look reveals the secret:
294
00:28:37,383 --> 00:28:40,010
tiny hair-like bumps
that cause drops
295
00:28:40,094 --> 00:28:41,762
to roll right off the leaf.
296
00:28:45,891 --> 00:28:47,810
Maybe we could mimic this,
297
00:28:47,893 --> 00:28:51,731
making a coating to shield
airplanes from ice buildup.
298
00:29:03,534 --> 00:29:07,163
Once, it was a mystery
299
00:29:07,246 --> 00:29:10,750
how a gecko could walk up
smooth glass.
300
00:29:10,791 --> 00:29:15,045
Gecko feet are covered
by half a million tiny bristles
301
00:29:15,129 --> 00:29:17,673
that branch into split ends,
302
00:29:17,757 --> 00:29:21,677
each with a pad on the tip.
303
00:29:21,761 --> 00:29:23,721
The structures build up
an electrical charge
304
00:29:23,804 --> 00:29:27,850
that attracts them
to the surface,
305
00:29:27,933 --> 00:29:31,771
adding up to incredible
sticking power
306
00:29:31,812 --> 00:29:34,315
and a model
for a new kind of robot
307
00:29:34,398 --> 00:29:37,109
that could climb
almost anything.
308
00:29:48,454 --> 00:29:51,707
A spider also harbors secrets.
309
00:29:51,791 --> 00:29:56,295
Spider silk thread is,
pound for pound, stronger than steel
310
00:29:56,378 --> 00:29:58,798
and yet completely elastic.
311
00:30:01,008 --> 00:30:02,885
Imagine what we might build
312
00:30:02,968 --> 00:30:05,888
if we could produce
a synthetic version.
313
00:30:05,971 --> 00:30:11,727
The first step is getting
a closer look at spider silk.
314
00:30:11,811 --> 00:30:15,648
The journey could take us
all the way down to what we call
315
00:30:15,731 --> 00:30:17,691
the nanoworld.
316
00:30:21,487 --> 00:30:25,991
The silk is 100 times thinner
than a human hair.
317
00:30:28,077 --> 00:30:33,332
On it, there's bacteria.
318
00:30:33,415 --> 00:30:38,754
Near the bacteria,
ten times smaller, a virus.
319
00:30:38,838 --> 00:30:42,341
Inside that, ten times smaller,
320
00:30:42,424 --> 00:30:45,845
three strands of its DNA.
321
00:30:45,928 --> 00:30:49,765
And nearing the limit
of our most powerful microscopes,
322
00:30:49,849 --> 00:30:52,852
single carbon atoms.
323
00:30:52,935 --> 00:30:56,856
Four of them are the size
of one nanometer.
324
00:31:02,903 --> 00:31:06,949
Welcome to the nanoworld.
325
00:31:09,952 --> 00:31:15,875
This incomprehensibly small
place is the new frontier.
326
00:31:15,958 --> 00:31:20,170
Exploring it will lead
to huge changes in our lives.
327
00:31:22,631 --> 00:31:26,051
Our most advanced microscopes
can now see this:
328
00:31:26,135 --> 00:31:29,513
individual atoms, though fuzzy,
329
00:31:29,597 --> 00:31:34,101
proving years of scientific theory,
simulated here.
330
00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:39,064
And not only can we see them--
331
00:31:39,106 --> 00:31:41,567
with the tip
of a powerful microscope,
332
00:31:41,650 --> 00:31:45,070
we can actually move atoms
333
00:31:45,112 --> 00:31:49,742
and begin to create
amazing nano devices.
334
00:31:49,825 --> 00:31:51,827
Some could one day
patrol your body
335
00:31:51,911 --> 00:31:54,413
for all kinds of diseases,
336
00:31:54,496 --> 00:31:58,083
and clean out clogged arteries
along the way.
337
00:32:04,006 --> 00:32:07,009
Tiny chemical machines
of the future
338
00:32:07,092 --> 00:32:11,013
may even repair DNA.
339
00:32:14,183 --> 00:32:16,977
One of the wildest things
about the nano world,
340
00:32:17,061 --> 00:32:19,647
substances here
behave differently
341
00:32:19,730 --> 00:32:23,317
than the same material
does in our world.
342
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:27,947
To us,
gold is golden in color.
343
00:32:27,988 --> 00:32:31,158
But nano gold
can be any color.
344
00:32:31,241 --> 00:32:35,037
It absorbs light
and generates heat,
345
00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:38,540
leading to an idea:
346
00:32:38,624 --> 00:32:41,543
injecting nano-sized gold particles
347
00:32:41,627 --> 00:32:44,171
into the bloodstream...
348
00:32:47,633 --> 00:32:52,972
which are chemically coded
to attach to cancerous cells.
349
00:32:53,055 --> 00:32:57,142
An incoming laser beam
heats the gold particles...
350
00:33:00,562 --> 00:33:03,148
burning the cells.
351
00:33:09,154 --> 00:33:12,449
The promise of nano
goes beyond medicine.
352
00:33:12,533 --> 00:33:16,161
Another material
with far different nano properties
353
00:33:16,203 --> 00:33:18,914
is carbon,
354
00:33:18,998 --> 00:33:24,586
the same breakable stuff
found in pencil lead.
355
00:33:24,670 --> 00:33:29,174
At the nano scale,
it has mind-boggling strength.
356
00:33:29,216 --> 00:33:33,095
With it, we've created
the world's thinnest material,
357
00:33:33,178 --> 00:33:34,722
graphene,
358
00:33:34,805 --> 00:33:37,641
one carbon atom thick.
359
00:33:37,725 --> 00:33:39,935
It's harder than diamonds
360
00:33:40,019 --> 00:33:43,188
but nearly
as flexible as rubber.
361
00:33:43,230 --> 00:33:48,110
Turned into a roll,
it's called a carbon nanotube,
362
00:33:48,193 --> 00:33:53,198
one of the strongest
and lightest materials on Earth.
363
00:33:58,454 --> 00:34:00,789
With it, we could
one day make things
364
00:34:00,873 --> 00:34:04,293
we can only dream about today.
365
00:34:06,253 --> 00:34:10,132
It may even be possible
to use carbon nanotubes
366
00:34:10,215 --> 00:34:14,261
to build an elevator to space.
367
00:34:18,265 --> 00:34:22,770
We are on the threshold
of extraordinary advances
368
00:34:22,853 --> 00:34:25,981
born of our drive to see
all that's hidden
369
00:34:26,065 --> 00:34:28,067
in the world around us.
370
00:34:51,006 --> 00:34:52,925
On a summer evening,
371
00:34:53,008 --> 00:34:56,887
under an endless rain
of cosmic dust,
372
00:34:56,970 --> 00:35:00,265
the air full of pollen
and skin flakes
373
00:35:00,307 --> 00:35:03,352
and bits of everything on Earth...
374
00:35:05,521 --> 00:35:07,940
people go about their lives...
375
00:35:09,441 --> 00:35:11,151
- Happy birthday.
-Happy birthday.
376
00:35:11,235 --> 00:35:13,362
Oh!
377
00:35:13,445 --> 00:35:15,989
[narrator]
surrounded by the unseeable.
378
00:35:27,376 --> 00:35:32,631
Knowing there's much more
around us than we can see...
379
00:35:32,673 --> 00:35:36,385
forever changes
our understanding of the world.
380
00:35:36,468 --> 00:35:38,303
[whooping, laughter]
381
00:35:40,472 --> 00:35:43,350
Who knows what waits
to be seen...
382
00:35:43,433 --> 00:35:45,811
[utensil clinking on glass]
383
00:35:45,894 --> 00:35:48,355
What new wonders
will transform our lives.
384
00:35:48,438 --> 00:35:51,233
[man speaking,
people laughing]
385
00:35:51,316 --> 00:35:53,986
We will just have to see.
28982
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